Analysis on the law of occurrence of shallow geothermal energy in Zhoukou City of Henan Province,China

In this paper, through data collection and field investigation, the development and utilization status of shallow geothermal energy in Zhoukou urban area was discussed. Based on the analysis of hydrogeological conditions, rock and soil structure characteristics and field test research, the spatial distribution characteristics of rock and soil in the study area were summarized. The study shows that Zhoukou City is located in the alluvial plain of Huanghuai, and the loose deposits of river alluvial genesis range 0-200 m. These loose deposits and groundwater stored in their pores are the main carriers of shallow geothermal energy. In the central part of the Yinghe River in the middle of the study area, the aquifer thickness is within 200 m, the particle size is coarser, the water-bearing degree and recharge capacity is better. On this basis, the paper uses AHP to evaluate the suitability of shallow geothermal energy development and utilization to guide the rational development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy resources.     

山东省鲁北地区浅层地热能资源评价

鲁北地区于2001年已陆续开始应用热泵技术开发浅层地热能,但区内的浅层地热能资源评价工作却严重滞后,制约了区内浅层地热能资源的开发和合理利用。为促进鲁北地区浅层地热能的开发利用,省政府拿出专项资金,开展了鲁北地区浅层地热能的资源评价工作,前期在调查区域内开发利用现状和摸清地质条件的基础上,采用层次分析法,分别对地下水换热方式和地埋管换热方式进行了开发利用适宜性分区,采用热储体积法对该区的浅层地热容量进行了计算,得出鲁北地区浅层地热容量为29．386×10^15 kJ/℃;并根据适宜性分区结果,分别对地下水式和地埋管式地源热泵适宜区、较适宜区可利用换热量也进行了计算,得出地下水式地源热泵200 m以浅可利用换热量为0．8489×10^10kW·h,地埋管式地源热泵200m以浅可利用换热量为6．5261×10^12kW·h。     

Evaluation of shallow geothermal energy resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain based on land use

To discover the characteristics, distribution and potential of shallow geothermal energy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain area. This paper, based on a large amount of data collection and field investigations, evaluateed the shallow-layer geothermal energy in the study area through the analytic hierarchy process and comprehensive index method. Based on suitability zoning results superimposed with 1:100 000 land use data, the study area is divided into encouraged, controlled, restricted and prospective mining areas regarding the development of shallow geothermal energy, and the economic availability of shallow geothermal energy in the encouraged and controlled areas are evaluated. The results show that the shallow geothermal energy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain can meet the heating and cooling demand of 6×108 m~2 of buildings, equivalent to 1.15×10~7 t of standard coal, thus reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 2.73×10~7 t and reducing sulfur dioxide emissions by 1.95×10~5 t. According to the development and utilization mode, the energy demand level and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development plan, the development and utilization of geothermal resources in the plain area has two types: Urban concentrated mining areas and rural scattered mining areas. The scale and level of intensive utilization of regional geothermal resources are of great significance.     

基于GIS技术和C-A分形方法的浅层地温能定量适宜性评价——以乌鲁木齐市北部城区为例

浅层地温能利用前景广阔。据实际勘查资料和测试数据,采用层次分析法及C-A分型方法对乌鲁木齐市北部城区进行浅层地温能定量适宜性分区评价。结果表明,地下水源热泵适宜,较适宜区面积196.35 km^2,分布在第四系卵砾石厚度适中、含水层富水性好、单井涌水量1 000~5 000 m^3/d、地下水径流速度0.1~0.2 m/d的地带;土源热泵适宜、较适宜区总面积284.50 km^2,分布在黄土、粉土、砂砾卵石厚度大于30 m的地带,研究区其它地方不适宜浅层地温能的建设。评价结果对该区浅层地温能开发利用具有良好的指导作用。     

Study on the influencing factors of rock-soil thermophysical parameters in shallow geothermal energy

Thermophysical parameters are the main parameters affecting the utilization efficiency of shallow geothermal energy. Based on the research and evaluation data of shallow geothermal energy in capital cities of China, this paper analyzes the differences between two testing methods and finds that data measured in in-situ thermal conductivity test is closer to the actual utilization. This paper analyzes the influencing factors of thermophysical parameters from lithology, density, moisture content and porosity: The thermal conductivity coefficient of bedrock is generally higher than Quaternary system loose bed soil; as for the coefficient of bedrock, dolomite, shale and granite are higher while gabbro, sandstone and mudstone are lower; as for the coefficient of loose bed, pebble and gravel are higher while clay and silt are lower. As the particle size of sand decreases, the thermal conductivity coefficient declines accordingly. The thermal conductivity coefficient increases linearly with growing density and decreases in logarithm with growing moisture content as well as porosity; specific heat capacity decreases in logarithm with growing density, increases in power exponent with growing moisture content and decreases linearly with growing porosity. The thermal conductivity coefficient is high when hydrodynamic condition is good and vice versa. The conclusions of this paper have guiding significance for the research, evaluation and development of shallow geothermal energy in other areas.     

地埋管地源热泵技术在贵州岩溶地区的应用研究

地埋管热泵技术是采集地表以下200 m深度内的浅层地热能进行供热制冷的新型能源利用技术,而该技术在贵州碳酸盐岩分布区的应用和推广之所以受到制约,其主要原因是岩溶地层中建造垂直换热孔的难度大、成本较高。通过贵州省有色科技大楼附楼采用垂直地埋管式与基础桩螺旋盘管式有效组合的换热系统,在岩溶一般至中等发育的碳酸盐岩地层中开发利用浅层地热能的成功经验的介绍,为地埋管热泵技术在贵州岩溶地区的应用和推广提供参考。     

南通主城区浅层地温能赋存特征

通过对地质、钻探、岩土体热物性参数测试等资料的研究,结合勘查技术方法和对已有资料的二次开发,基本查明了南通地区浅层地温能赋存条件和岩土体的热物理参数变化规律。借助多元统计分析软件SPSS和办公软件Excel,采用数理统计方法对岩土体热物性参数的变化进行分析。结果表明,区内第四系松散岩土体的热导率变化受岩性及物理性质影响大,与深度关系不大。研究成果可作为开展浅层地温能资源评价和开发利用适宜性分区的依据。     

贵州主要城市浅层地热能利用潜力评价

作为清洁、新型、可再生的绿色能源,浅层地热能对缓解城市节能、减排等问题有很大的帮助。为评价贵州省贵阳市、遵义市、兴义市、铜仁市、六盘水市、凯里市、都匀市、毕节市、安顺市及贵安新区10个地级市和国家级经济开发区的浅层地热能利用潜力,文章根据浅层地热能赋存环境调查、现场热响应试验及岩土体热物性测试结果等综合分析,计算出贵州主要城市地表以下100 m深度内的浅层地热能总热容量为35.20×1013kJ·℃-1,夏季换热功率为520.2×104kW,冬季换热功率为342.3×104kW;并在此基础上,评价了贵州主要城市浅层地热能的资源潜力,夏季可制冷面积为7.43×108 m2,冬季可供暖面积为6.51×108m2。      

可再生浅层地热能资源开发利用关键技术问题

浅层地热能开发利用是一门多学科的综合技术,涉及地质、钻探、热交换、制冷、暖通空调、建筑材料学等多学科的知识,其关键技术问题是岩土体的热性能测试、地下换热器的优化设计、地下水渗流对地下管换热性能的影响、地下热交换场特征、浅层地热能分布规律及开发利用方式。只有在解决上述关键技术问题的基础上,进行科学规划、合理开发、优化设计,才能使该行业步入健康发展的轨道。     

安徽蚌埠城市规划区浅层地热能研究

对安徽省蚌埠市城市规划区进行了区域浅层地热能研究。阐述了浅层地热能地质背景,分析了地温场自然特征、换热规律及影响因素,主要采用层次分析法进行浅层地热能开发利用适宜性分区、浅层地热能资源计算及开发利用潜力评价,提出了合理开发利用浅层地热能资源的意见及建议。     

徐州市主城区浅层地温能开发适宜性分区研究

浅层地温能以其分布广、储量大、高效无污染的特点,越来越多地被用于城市建筑供暖与制冷,但制约浅层地温能开发应用的因素很多,主要有地质、水文地质、岩土体热物理性质以及施工条件。目前徐州市浅层地温能处于无序开发状态,造成了极大的资源浪费和环境地质问题。该文重点进行了地埋管地源热泵开发利用适宜性分区研究,通过对徐州市主城区岩土样采集及现场热响应试验,认为在仅考虑热物性条件的前提下,可开展地埋管地源热泵的开发利用,并就其开发利用的钻探成本进行区域适宜性分区,划分为适宜区、较适宜区和不适宜区。     

Characteristics of shallow geothermal fields in major cities of Tibet Autonomous Region

Based on the project titled "Investigation and evaluation of shallow geothermal energy in major cities of Tibet Autonomous Region", the distribution characteristics and occurrence conditions of shallow geothermal fields in these cities were introduced in this paper. To this end, relevant data in Lhasa, Shigatse and Nyingchi Cities through vertical thermometry was a focus, so as to analyze groundwater temperature and the distribution law of strata with constant temperature. Then through comprehensive comparisons and analysis of the relationship between groundwater temperature and climate, differences in this aspect of Nagqu City were taken as a typical case to clarify formation of geothermal field and corresponding influence on groundwater temperature, furthermore providing basic data for rational development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy in Tibet Autonomous Region.     

Characteristics of shallow geothermal fields in major cities of Tibet Autonomous Region

Based on the project titled “Investigation and evaluation of shallow geothermal energy in major cities of Tibet Autonomous Region”, the distribution characteristics and occurrence conditions of shallow geothermal fields in these cities were introduced in this paper. To this end, relevant data in Lhasa, Shigatse and Nyingchi Cities through vertical thermometry was a focus, so as to analyze groundwater temperature and the distribution law of strata with constant temperature. Then through comprehensive comparisons and analysis of the relationship between groundwater temperature and climate, differences in this aspect of Nagqu City were taken as a typical case to clarify formation of geothermal field and corresponding influence on groundwater temperature, furthermore providing basic data for rational development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy in Tibet Autonomous Region.     

关中盆地西安凹陷地热水赋存特征及其资源量估算

地热资源的开发利用有助于调整能源结构、提高环境质量和治污减霾。关中盆地西安凹陷地热水赋存条件较好,资源量丰富,地热水具备规模化开发利用的基础。目前,未见关于西安凹陷地热储层划分及资源量的研究。将西安凹陷地热水热储层分为红河-白鹿塬组、新近系的冷水沟-寇家村组、蓝田灞河组、张家坡组4类,对其系统分析每类热储层的储盖特征、地层岩性、沉积相等。通过地热水水化学分析,认为在纵向上,西安凹陷地区地热水赋存环境越往下部封闭性越强;在平面上,西安凹陷中部地区的环境相对较为封闭,而南部、北部为相对开放的化学环境。结合区域地温资料,分别计算了西安凹陷地区洪积平原和冲积平原的恒温层深度,分析了区域20 m、500 m、1500 m、2000 m深度处的地温场特征及区域地温梯度特征。采用体积法评价了西安凹陷地热水的总体积储量、总弹性储量、总静储量。总体积储量为5270.96×10^8 m^3,总弹性储量为16.89×10^8 m^3,总静储量为5287.85×10^8 m^3。通过对西安凹陷地区地热水资源规律的研究,认为该地区地热水资源储量丰富,热储层的埋藏相对比较稳定,开发利用的风险较小,推进该地区地热水的开发利用对治污减霾、调整能耗结构及改善民生都具有积极的意义。     

江苏泰州城市规划区浅层地热能特征及其开发利用

泰州地处江苏中部的长江冲积平原,浅层地热能资源丰富。通过对该市城市规划区第四纪岩土体地质结构、水文地质条件、地温场背景等调查研究和6个岩土体现场热响应测试,获取了该区域不同岩土体的热物性参数,查明了浅层地热能的赋存条件、分布特点及规律,评价了浅层地热能的可采资源量,并提出了可行的开发利用方案及建议。     

浅层地热能开发利用适宜性分区方法研究--以安徽省浅层地热能调查评价为例

通过对安徽省浅层地热能开发利用适宜性分区方法进行研究,提出以浅层地热能资源赋存及技术经济、环境条件为评价因子,以关键因子为必要条件,采用关键因子法、层次分析法及综合指数法进行适宜性分区的方法;该综合评价方法能客观反映评价区开发利用适宜性特征。适宜性分区是贯穿于浅层地热能调查评价工作全过程并指导合理开发利用的重要基础性工作,其分区方法及评价因子选取需要紧密结合实际、因地制宜。     

中国地热资源现状及发展趋势

中国地热资源禀赋良好,分布广泛且具有明显的规律性和地带性。本文系统总结了国内取得的地热资源勘查开发成果:浅层地热能资源在全国范围内普遍分布,我国336个地级以上城市规划区范围内浅层地热能资源年可开采量折合标准煤7亿吨;水热型地热资源年可开采量折合标准煤19亿吨;干热岩远景资源量折合标准煤856万亿吨。阐明了有代表性的水热型地热资源成因机制和干热岩资源成藏模式。地热开发利用技术发展迅速,浅层地热能和水热型地热资源利用量逐年攀升,但在地热资源成藏模式研究、勘查开发及管理利用等方面仍有亟须突破的技术瓶颈和需要改进的环节。文章分析了存在问题并提出了我国地热发展战略路线,下一步应加强热源机理与控热构造研究,推进地热探测技术和开发利用示范,开展重点地区浅层地热能、水热型地热资源勘查评价,完善干热岩勘查开发技术体系,推动地热产业健康有序发展。     

中国省会城市浅层地热能开发利用条件及潜力评价

浅层地热能资源以其高效和环保的特点,近年来在中国得到了广泛的应用。地质条件、浅层地温场特征、岩土热物性特征等参数,是影响浅层地热能开发利用的重要参数。笔者在阐述浅层地热能开发利用条件的基础上,结合全国省会城市浅层地热能调查评价成果,对浅层地热能开发利用适宜性和资源潜力进行了评价。结果表明,在我国陆区范围内,恒温带温度受太阳辐射影响最大,恒温带顶板埋深与气温变化趋势相反,岩土体导热系数受岩性影响明显。中国浅层地热能资源主要用于建筑物供暖和制冷。我国31个省会城市80%的土地面积适宜利用浅层地热能,浅层地热能资源每年可开采量折合标准煤2.8亿t,可为供暖和制冷提供丰富的能源储备。按利用方式、需求程度将我国浅层地热能开发分为全年集中利用区、全年分散利用区、分散式冬季供暖区和分散式夏季制冷区4类。浅层地热能开发利用对推动中国绿色、低碳、节能型城市化发展,解决京津冀地区冬季雾霾和南方城市冬季供暖问题具有重要意义。     

关中盆地地温场划分及其地质影响因素

具有无污染、可再生、分布广、储量大以及可就近利用等诸多优势的地热能是一种洁净能源,应用前景广阔。地热能的开发利用与区域地温场划分紧密相关,关于关中盆地整体地温场划分的研究鲜有报道。根据关中盆地的工程地质、水文地质、环境地质条件等因素,总结了岩体类和砂土类的热物性质特征。通过灰色关联分析方法,分析了岩土体热物性参数的影响因素,认为干燥重度对导热系数的影响程度最大,含水率、天然重度、孔隙率三者影响程度相近;干燥重度对比热容影响程度最大,天然重度次之,含水率和孔隙率影响最弱。利用盆地内多个地温常观孔,绘制了地温变化曲线和地温梯度等值线,认为关中盆地常温带位于15~20 m埋深处,地温梯度总体呈中部高、东西低,固市凹陷、西安凹陷、蒲城凸起、断裂及断裂汇合区域地温梯度较大,宝鸡凸起、咸礼凸起以及临蓝凸起地温梯度较小,产生差异的原因包括地质构造、地下水活动、岩土体热物性参数等三方面。利用热物性参数和地温梯度值,计算了盆地内浅层和深层的大地热流值,并分析了两者差异的成因,经对比全国区域地热资料,认为关中盆地是一个复杂的坳陷型中低温地热田,地热资源潜力巨大,居全国上游。该文旨在系统地分析关中盆地地温场特征,为地热能的勘查评价提供基础数据支持,促进关中盆地地热开发利用,为构建环境友好型社会服务。     

新疆塔什库尔干谷地地热资源研究进展

归纳了新疆塔什库尔干谷地地热地质条件,分析了区内地质构造、地温分布、地热流体化学及同位素特征,研究了地热形成机理,计算了曲曼地热田的地热资源量和可开采量。结果表明: 研究区地热资源受断裂构造控制; 地温变化与盖层、完整基岩、断裂带(热储)表现出明显的一致性,目前实测最高热储温度为161 ℃,深部热储计算温度可达222~268 ℃,地温梯度最高为149.20 ℃/100 m; 地热流体具有深循环特征,与浅表冷水的水化学和同位素特征具有明显的差异; 地热流体来源于大气降水,在断裂及裂隙内储存、运移、富集,在侵入岩体放射性生热和结晶余热的热量供应下,地下流体不断与围岩进行热量及物质交换,在热储围岩和盖层中,热量以传导方式为主,在热储内,热量以对流方式为主; 曲曼地热田储存的热量为55.919×10¹¹ MJ,地热流体可开采量约为12 593 m³/d,产能(热能)约为77.9 MW。因此认为,塔什库尔干谷地热储埋藏深度浅,易开采,具有可观的直接和间接经济价值。