国际大洋科学钻探的数据资源与共享现状

国际大洋科学钻探可以追溯到20世纪60年代的“莫霍钻”计划。在50余年的历史中,经历了深海钻探计划、大洋钻探计划、综合大洋钻探计划和国际大洋发现计划四个阶段,执行了300多个航次的洋底钻探任务。所获得的海量、珍贵的洋底数据,如今保存在多个数据库中。这些数据包括了测井信息、岩芯基概况信息、物理属性信息、化学属性信息、岩石特征、古生物化石内容等观测和实验分析结果,数据量巨大。这些数据还通常附于相关的大洋钻探出版物中发表,部分被相关专业数据库收录。总体来看,大洋钻探目前的数字化工作存在多个数据库间数据类型不匹配和数据检索方式单调等问题,不利于后续对于数据的再挖掘和利用。未来需要重视综合性大数据平台的建设,将不同来源、不同类型的多源异构数据有效融合,互联互通,并充分利用已有的大数据技术手段支撑相关的科学研究。     

“国际大洋发现计划(IODP)349航次”图片报导

<正>由中国科学家建议和主导的国际大洋发现计划(IODP)349航次,利用美国"决心号"深海科学钻探船,2014年1月29日自中国香港启航,圆满完成既定任务后于2014年3月30日返回至中国台湾基隆港,其是I O D P(2013~2023)启动后的首个科学钻探航次,获取了大量具有重大科研价值的各类岩芯和测试分析成果,取得众多突破性科学进展。     

IODP计划的新进展

综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)经过5年(2003-2008年)的过渡运行,在2009年真正实现了"多平台"钻探格局,美国"决心号"、日本"地球号"和欧洲联合体"特定任务平台"同时执行特定海区和地质条件的钻探航次.随着澳大利亚-新西兰联合体和印度的加入,IODP"大家庭"已有7个成员单位共24个国家,犬洋钻探的国际合作渐入"佳境".IODP钻探航次在2009年的重大进展包括:"地球号"在IODP第319航次首次实施立管钻探并成功取芯;经全面改造升级后的"决心号"首航赤道太平洋成功获取53 Ma以来古赤道太平洋连续沉积物断面;"特定任务平台"成功实施推迟2年多的新泽西陆架IODP第313航次等.我国科学家在近年来参加IODP航次、提交航次建议书、积极参加国际学术会议等方面明显活跃,大大提高我国科学家的国际学术竞争力,并在海洋科学的相关领域进入了国际前沿.     

海底CORK观测30年:发展、应用与展望

过去50年深海钻探计划(DSDP)、大洋钻探计划(ODP)及综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)等国际间综合深海钻探计划的实施,使我们对地球和海洋的认识取得了显著进步。海底井控观测装置(CORK)的研发和应用是上述深海钻探计划带给我们的最宝贵财富之一。目前地球科学和海洋科学已由过去的间断性观测模式升级为现在的连续性原位观测模式,海底CORK观测系统为地球科学、海洋科学与生命科学领域的科学家对海底洋壳复杂而又相互关联的深部过程进行数秒至数十年时间尺度的研究提供了新手段和新机遇。通过对海底CORK观测系统的发展演变、在ODP和IODP航次中的使用以及在此过程中获得的科学经验和教训进行总结,对CORK系统如何应用于我国洋壳地质学、水文学、微生物学及生物地球化学过程研究提出看法。     

国际大洋发现计划IODP349航次

作为新十年国际大洋发现计划的首航,IODP349航次以研究南海构造演化和深海盆洋壳为重点,在南海中央海盆深水区完成了5个站位的取芯工作,钻探总深度4317m,其中沉积岩取芯1503m,基底玄武岩取芯近100m,获得的最大井深1008m。首次获得具有极高科学价值的大洋玄武岩、火山碎屑岩、深海钙质碳酸盐岩、浊流沉积岩、基底之上的半远洋沉积红层、富含有机质的浅海砂岩等岩芯,同时还完成了2个最深站位的地球物理测井工作,在地球动力学、大洋岩石圈演化、深海沉积学、深海极端微生物学等方面取得突破性科学进展。     

ODP大洋钻探计划,1985-2003

国际大洋钻探计划(ODP,1985-2003)计划及其前身的深海钻探(DSDP,1968-1983)是二十世纪地球科学领域历时最长,参加国家最多,也是最成功的国际合作。我国于1998年正式加入国际大洋钻探计划,1999年以同济大学汪品先院士为首席科学家的南海ODP184航次,实现了在中国海进行大洋钻探的零的突破。     

ODP大洋钻探计划,1985-2003

<正>国际大洋钻探计划(ODP,1985-2003)计划及其前身的深海钻探(DSDP,1968-1983)是二十世纪地球科学领域历时最长,参加国家最多,也是最成功的国际合作。我国于1998年正式加入国际大洋钻探计划,1999年以同济大学汪品先院士为首席科学家的南海ODP184航次,实现了在中国海进行大洋钻探的零     

图片新闻

正ODP大洋钻探计划,1985-2003国际大洋钻探计划(ODP,1985-2003)计划及其前身的深海钻探(DSDP,1968-1983)是二十世纪地球科学领域历时最长,参加国家最多,也是最成功的国际合作。我国于1998年正式加入国际大洋钻探计划,1999年以同济大学汪品先院士为首席科学家的南海ODP184航次,实现了在中国海进行大洋钻探的零的突破,也使我国海洋地质学研究一举进入国际深海研究的前沿。     

资讯

正ODP大洋钻探计划,1985-2003国际大洋钻探计划(ODP,1985-2003)计划及其前身的深海钻探(DSDP,1968-1983)是二十世纪地球科学领域历时最长,参加国家最多,也是最成功的国际合作。我国于1998年正式加入国际大洋钻探计划,1999年以同济大学汪品先院士为首席科学家的南海ODP184航次,实现了在中国海进行大洋钻探的零的突破,也使我国海洋地质学研究一举进入国际深海研究的前沿。     

ODP大洋钻探计划,1985-2003

正国际大洋钻探计划(ODP,1985-2003)计划及其前身的深海钻探(DSDP,1968-1983)是二十世纪地球科学领域历时最长,参加国家最多,也是最成功的国际合作。我国于1998年正式加入国际大洋钻探计划,1999年以同济大学汪品先院士为首席科学家的南海ODP184航次,实现了在中国海进行大洋钻探的零     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.