一种大曲率线状实体的三维可视化方法

线状模型是虚拟三维场景中的重要模型,其精细程度直接影响着虚拟场景的视觉效果。制作线状模型的常用方法分为整体模型法和分段拼接法,对于弯曲程度较大的线状模型,使用整体模型法制作时难以控制顶点坐标和纹理贴图,而采用分段拼接法又会在转弯处产生模型空隙和纹理重叠,导致模型失真。该文提出了一种针对大曲率线状实体的三维可视化方法,在几何模型制作阶段,根据路径和截面数据直接计算模型顶点坐标、法向量和索引数据,实现放样建模;在纹理贴图阶段,通过建立模型顶点与纹理图片像素的映射关系,实现模型贴图。结果表明,该算法可应用于铁路路基等大曲率线状模型的制作,具有精度可靠、人工交互少及可视化效果好的特点。     

基于影像方位信息的三维建模关键技术研究与应用

三维模型以其直观性、客观性和真实性等特性,成为数字城市建设的重要组成部分。本文针对传统三维建模纹理检索、纹理映射存在的一些问题,主要利用纹理、模型的方位信息,对三维建模的关键技术纹理检索、纹理映射进行研究,改进传统三维建模纹理检索不高的缺陷,并利用OpenGL纹理映射进行三维建模实验,通过实验验证本文讨论方法的可行性,以期在实际的三维建模生产中能够进行应用。     

基于多视航空影像的城市三维建模方法

城市三维建模是构建"数字城市"的一项基础工作。本文提出了一种基于多视倾斜航空影像的城市三维快速建模方法:利用倾斜摄影技术获取建模区域的多视倾斜影像,经过倾斜摄影测量数据预处理,人工交互半自动生成建筑物几何模型,并将多视影像中提取的建筑物墙面纹理映射到相应的模型,建立城市建筑物的真三维模型,最终建立建模区域的三维模型。文章最后通过试验及分析,验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于倾斜摄影技术的城市三维快速建模方法研究

目前,数字城市建模主要采用传统三维建模方法,该方法效率较低、投资成本大、真实纹理采集困难,无法满足城市大范围快速建模的需要。针对传统建模方法局限性,提出了利用新的对地观测技术——倾斜摄影技术实现城市三维建模的方法。该方法旨在结合倾斜摄影技术和3ds max软件的优势,实现一个集三维建模、纹理自动获取、纹理映射等功能于一身的高效率的数字城市建模平台,该方法易于在实践生产中推广,具有较好的应用前景。     

多角度倾斜摄影技术在自动纹理映射上的应用

利用多角度倾斜摄影技术获取的倾斜影像成果来更新和构建城市三维实景纹理映射成为数字城市建设中的一个重要应用。本文采用基于DLG和3Dmax生成的建筑物模型,结合SWDC-5的多角度倾斜影像,通过自动选择纹理、自动编辑纹理、自动纹理映射等一系列步骤,自动生成大区域建筑物三维实景数字城市。并通过实验数据对该计算方法的可靠性进行验证,结果表明:该系统的数字化程度远远高于传统方法。     

基于倾斜影像技术的自动纹理映射

基于倾斜影像技术的实景三维模型纹理自动提取软件系统采用倾斜影像技术,应用共线条件方程算法,结合数字三维及空间几何技术实现了实景三维模型基础数据的管理及模型纹理自动化提取的功能,大大解决了在地理信息产业中数字城市实景建模的海量数据管理及纹理映射的工作作业难度,有效提高了基础数据建设的工作效率,真正实现了现实与虚拟的映射,促进了城市数字信息现代化建设的步伐。     

三维地形实体模型自动建模技术研究

针对三维地形实体模型手工建模效率低的情形,对已有的1∶2 000地形图Shape格式系统数据进行处理,在OSG三维平台中由几何建模算法和纹理映射方案自动生成与地形图几何精度一致且拓扑关系正确的道路、水系、绿化、街区、建筑底座等多个图层的三维实体模型。利用GDAL访问DEM数据,结合建模引擎为三维地形实体模型添加高程信息,生成能反映实际高程起伏的三维模型。程序自动生成的模型与手工制作的模型效果接近,能满足大部分三维应用。由已有的二维GIS数据自动生成三维实体模型,充分利用了已有基础数据,且比手工建模节约了大量时间,为三维地形数据制作及更新提供了强有力的支持,同时降低了三维建模的难度,为不会使用3D建模软件的工作人员提供了三维建模的可能。     

基于安全事件的三维场景自动建模方法

安全事件具有发生地点随机、范围广、突发性、实时性等特点,传统的手工建模无法满足安全事件在较大区域内任意地点快速搭建三维场景的需要.为了解决上述问题,本文提出了一种基于矢量数据的三维场景快速自动建模方法.主要实现以下功能:1)矢量数据经过矢量数据解析、墨卡托投影、多边形三角化、白模生成、纹理生成等过程,快速生成大规模三维建筑物模型;2)基于Gaea Explorer平台设计并实现了大规模模型数据的瓦片快速调度方法,在三维地球中自动加载当前视角内建筑物模型集合,实现了较大区域内任意地点三维场景的自动快速搭建和场景的流畅切换.实验结果表明,本文提出的基于矢量数据的三维场景自动建模方法可以满足社会安全事件模拟的需要.     

一种结合纹理择优算法的影像三维重建方法

针对多视影像重叠度高、影像来源丰富等特点,提出了一种基于多视角影像的纹理择优映射算法,该方法对模型三角形进行逐个相机场景可见性分析,对模型在场景中不可见三角形和部分可见三角形进行选择性剔除,只对完全可见三角形及符合阈值计算的部分可见三角形提供候选纹理三角形,能有效解决模型不可见三角形和部分可见三角形被误贴纹理的问题,再通过对候选纹理三角形的视角分析,为几何模型表面三角形选择一个理论最优纹理,计算映射关系自动映射到模型表面。同时,本文将该纹理择优映射算法应用到基于近景影像的三维重建中,使用从运动中恢复结构SFM的方法进行相机标定及影像相对定向,通过CMVS/PMVS密集匹配方法从影像中获取点云模型,采用Possion算法重构模型三角网,最终利用提出的纹理择优算法确定最佳纹理并实现自动映射。通过与Smart3d、PhotoScan、lensphoto软件的对比证明了本文三维重建及纹理择优算法在近景影像三维重建中的有效性。     

3DGIS中建筑物三维建模技术综述

在3DGIS中,数据模型和数据结构是一个关键问题,数据获取和建模越来越重要。本文以城市建筑物作为研究对象,阐述建筑物三维建模面临的问题,并对三维建筑物数据获取、建模、纹理映射等方面进行探讨。最后,通过二维数字地图获取几何数据,数码相机拍摄的近景影像作为纹理数据,在OpenGL中建模及贴图得到建筑物的三维模型,取得了较好的效率和效果。     

Indoor scene texturing based on single mobile phone images and 3D model fusion

Realistic texture mapping and coherent up-to-date rendering is one of the most important issues in indoor 3-D modelling. However, existing texturing approaches are usually performed manually during the modelling process, and cannot accommodate changes in indoor environments occurring after the model was created, resulting in out-dated and misleading texture rendering. In this study, a structured learning-based texture mapping method is proposed for automatic mapping a single still photo from a mobile phone onto an already-constructed indoor 3-D model. The up-to-date texture is captured using a smart phone, and the indoor structural layout is extracted by incorporating per-pixel segmentation in the FCN algorithm and the line constraints into a structured learning algorithm. This enables real-time texture mapping according to parts of the model, based on the structural layout. Furthermore, the rough camera pose is estimated by pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) and map information to determine where to map the texture. The experimental results presented in this paper demonstrate that our approach can achieve accurate fusion of 3-D triangular meshes with 2-D single images, achieving low-cost and automatic indoor texture updating. Based on this fusion approach, users can have a better experience in virtual indoor3-D applications.     

An Approach to Single Image Automatic Orientation and Point Determination by Using Ortho-Images and a Dtm

This paper describes an approach to single image automatic orientation and point determination by using current ortho-images and a DTM, and the experience gained in its implementation. The procedure proposed automatically extracts and matches feature points in evenly distributed patches on aerial images and ortho-images. A large number of image measurements (up to several thousand) are obtained in this process and are included in a robust space resection to determine the orientation parameters of the aerial image. For point determination with a single image, a method is formalised which integrates the DTM interpolation into the space resection so that the 3D ground coordinates of the image points can be determined in a unified mathematical model. Tests and analyses of this method show that the large number of automatic image measurements relieves the requirement for complicated and precise feature extraction and matching methods. The ground points obtained from single image intersection have an accuracy of approximately 1 pixel in planimetry, which fulfils the requirement for ortho-image updating. The elevation accuracy is mainly dependent on the quality of the current DTM and the interpolation method applied to it.     

An event-driven dynamic updating method for 3D geo-databases

Abstract

With the rapid development of 3D Digital City, the focus of research has shifted from 3D city modeling and geo-database construction to 3D geo-database service and maintenance. The frequent modifications on geometry, texture, attribute, and topology present a great challenge to the 3D geo-database updating. This article proposes an event-driven spatiotemporal database model (ESDM) that combines the historical and present 3D city models with the semantic classification and state expression, triggered by changing events predefined. In addition, a corresponding dynamic updating method based on adaptive matching algorithm is presented to perform the dynamic updating operation for the complex 3D city models automatically, according to the compound matching of semantics, attributes, and spatial locations. Finally, the validity and feasibility of the proposed ESDM and its updating method are demonstrated through a 3D geo-database with more than 1.5 million 3D city models.     

基于2D-3D语义传递的室内三维点云模型语义分割

针对现有三维点云模型重建对象化和结构化信息缺失的问题,提出一种基于图模型的二维图像语义到三维点云语义传递的算法。该算法利用扩展全卷积神经网络提取2D图像的室内空间布局和对象语义,基于以2D图像超像素和3D点云为结点构建融合图像间一致性和图像内一致性的图模型,实现2D语义到3D语义的传递。基于点云分类实验的结果表明,该方法能够得到精度较高的室内三维点云语义分类结果,点云分类的精度可达到73.875 2%,且分类效果较好。     

基于倾斜摄影测量技术三维纹理遮挡处理

在三维模型重建中,难以避免地产生密集建筑物纹理相互有遮挡的问题,普通的处理方法有时不能很好地解决。本文基于当前先进的倾斜摄影测量技术,分析三维模型纹理自动映射中存在的问题,对密集建筑物纹理存在的遮挡情况进行重点研究。经研究提出了一种利用投影矩阵将三维模型纹理面映射到所要贴合的纹理影像中的方法,再将三维TIN网进行二维处理,使模型的复杂性降低,稀疏三维模型的网格,对密集建筑物的遮挡进行有效的处理。     

3D reconstruction from a single image using geometric constraints

Photogrammetry has many advantages as a technique for the acquisition of three-dimensional models for virtual reality. But the traditional photogrammetric process to extract 3D geometry from multiple images is often considered too labour-intensive. In this paper a method is presented with which a polyhedral object model can be efficiently derived from measurements in a single image combined with geometric knowledge on the object. Man-made objects can often be described by a polyhedral model and usually many geometric constraints are valid. These constraints are inferred during image interpretation or may even be extracted automatically. In this paper different types of geometric constraints and their use for object reconstruction are discussed. Applying more constraints than needed for reconstruction will lead to redundancy and thereby to the need for an adjustment. The redundancy is the basis for reliability that is introduced by testing for possible measurement errors. The adjusted observations are used for object reconstruction in a separate step. Of course the model that is obtained from a single image will not be complete, for instance due to occlusion. An arbitrary number of models can be combined using similarity transformations based on the coordinates of common points. The information gathered allows for a bundle adjustment if highest accuracy is strived for. In virtual reality applications this is generally not the case, as quality is mainly determined by visual perception. A visual aspect of major importance is the photo-realistic texture mapped to the faces of the object. This texture is extracted from the same (single) image. In this paper the measurement process, the different types of constraints, their adjustment and the object model reconstruction are treated. A practical application of the proposed method is discussed in which a texture mapped model of a historic building is constructed and the repeatability of the method is assessed. The application shows the feasibility of the method and the potential of photogrammetry as an efficient tool for the production of 3D models for virtual reality applications.     

3D change detection at street level using mobile laser scanning point clouds and terrestrial images

Automatic change detection and geo-database updating in the urban environment are difficult tasks. There has been much research on detecting changes with satellite and aerial images, but studies have rarely been performed at the street level, which is complex in its 3D geometry. Contemporary geo-databases include 3D street-level objects, which demand frequent data updating. Terrestrial images provides rich texture information for change detection, but the change detection with terrestrial images from different epochs sometimes faces problems with illumination changes, perspective distortions and unreliable 3D geometry caused by the lack of performance of automatic image matchers, while mobile laser scanning (MLS) data acquired from different epochs provides accurate 3D geometry for change detection, but is very expensive for periodical acquisition. This paper proposes a new method for change detection at street level by using combination of MLS point clouds and terrestrial images: the accurate but expensive MLS data acquired from an early epoch serves as the reference, and terrestrial images or photogrammetric images captured from an image-based mobile mapping system (MMS) at a later epoch are used to detect the geometrical changes between different epochs. The method will automatically mark the possible changes in each view, which provides a cost-efficient method for frequent data updating. The methodology is divided into several steps. In the first step, the point clouds are recorded by the MLS system and processed, with data cleaned and classified by semi-automatic means. In the second step, terrestrial images or mobile mapping images at a later epoch are taken and registered to the point cloud, and then point clouds are projected on each image by a weighted window based z-buffering method for view dependent 2D triangulation. In the next step, stereo pairs of the terrestrial images are rectified and re-projected between each other to check the geometrical consistency between point clouds and stereo images. Finally, an over-segmentation based graph cut optimization is carried out, taking into account the color, depth and class information to compute the changed area in the image space. The proposed method is invariant to light changes, robust to small co-registration errors between images and point clouds, and can be applied straightforwardly to 3D polyhedral models. This method can be used for 3D street data updating, city infrastructure management and damage monitoring in complex urban scenes.     

基于移动LiDAR点云数据的室内全要素三维重建

精确的室内三维模型在古遗产保护、公共场所的精细化管理和室内导航等领域有着重要作用,而激光雷达正被逐步应用到室内三维重建中。文中采用移动激光雷达对室内所有附属设施进行高精度激光扫描,得到融合CCD影像色彩信息的彩色点云数据。给出室内全要素三维重建的技术流程,并利用Autodesk CAD等三维建模平台对点云数据进行有效处理,最终得到高精度且带有大地坐标的室内三维模型。实验结果表明,采用移动激光雷达能快速获取高精度的室内三维点云数据。通过文中提出的流程,可快速得到真三维、真尺寸、真纹理的室内全要素模型。     

控制点自动更新方法研究

针对利用TM影像进行土地利用变化分析的目标,提出一种基于控制点自动影像匹配的影像数据库建库及自动更新方法。以武汉城区1998年、2002年两个时期TM影像为试验区,从影像控制点数据库建库方法、影像控制点搜索方法和影像控制点自动更新方法三个方面展开研究。研究表明,上述方法可行,具有较好的实用价值和可操作性。     

基于纹理合成的三维地形水墨风格渲染研究

提出了基于纹理合成的三维地形水墨风格渲染的方法,以规则格网DEM为数据源,基于OSG进行三维地形建模,在此基础上提取山体特征线,然后生成一幅灰度控制图像。对Efros01纹理合成算法进行改进,利用灰度控制图像指导水墨纹理的合成,将得到的纹理图像映射到三维地形上,实现对三维地形的水墨风格渲染,通过对水墨纹理样本的选择和纹理合成参数的设置能够实现对纹理合成过程的交互控制。结果表明,该渲染方法对三维地形的水墨风格渲染具有较好的效果。