顾及密度对比的多层次聚类点群选取方法

在语义信息缺乏的情况下进行点群选取是制图综合的难点之一。提出了一种新的通过多层次聚类进行点群选取的方法。首先，针对k-means聚类算法的不足，利用改进的密度峰值聚类算法实现点群自动聚类，主要表现为用基尼系数确定最优截断距离及用局部密度和相对距离的关系自动确定聚类中心。其次，提出一种顾及密度对比的选取策略，通过点群多层次聚类，将点群划分成不同等级的簇，确定不同等级的聚类中心，建立点群的层次树结构；依据方根定律计算的选取数量，按照各级别簇的点数比例，自上而下逐层分配待选取点数，确定选取对象，实现点群的自动选取和多尺度表达。对不同分布模式的点群进行实验，验证了该方法的普适性和有效性。     

一种顾及多特征约束的Voronoi图点群选取方法

点群的自动选取是制图综合的重要内容。在Voronoi图点群选取的基础上,提出一种顾及多特征约束的Voronoi图点群选取方法。该方法顾及了描述点群要素重要性的空间分布特征、拓扑和密度特征、专题属性特征以及与其他要素的关联特征,构建了基于综合特征重要性的度量模型,并作为约束条件应用于Voronoi图点群要素的选取。实验结果表明,该方法不仅可以综合考虑点群要素的多种重要性特征,而且能够较好地保持点群综合前后空间特征的一致性,符合传统制图综合规律,具有一定的普适性。     

面向特征的网络空间点群要素自动综合方法

网络空间信息可视化对揭示网络空域规律、促进网络空间认知具有重要意义。将网络空间节点与拓扑关系直接可视化的视图中存在大量的点重合和线交叉,目前已有的网络节点布局算法、集束边技术、骨干网提取和网络路由拓扑多尺度表达等方法能够优化视图效果,但在网络的微观结构上,对保持网络空间点群要素的特征信息关注不够。通过分析并量化网络空间点群要素的各类特征信息,提出了一种基于层次聚类的要素聚合方法和一种基于节点重要性度量的要素选取方法,以自动综合的方式对网络空间点群要素进行综合。实验结果表明,该方法能够保持网络空间点群要素的空间特征,为定量表达网络空间特征、加速生成视觉效果良好的网络空间地图提供基础数据综合方法。     

保持空间分布特征的散列式居民地综合选取方法

中小比例尺地形图上存在大量由不依比例尺"房屋群"构成的散列式居民地,综合选取时除考虑单个房屋专题重要性外,还要保持各房屋群的分布特征。将基于Vorinoi图模型的点群化简算法应用到散列式居民地选取中,在综合选取的两个主要过程(选取定额模型和结构化选取方法)中综合考虑分布密度、分布范围等分布结构信息和专题属性信息。实验分析表明,该方法保留重要居民地的同时,能够较好地保持原有的空间分布特征。     

空白区域对点群相似性特征因子的影响

针对空白区域对点群相似性特征因子的影响,该文首先综述相关研究文献并整合影响点群相似性的要素,包括拓扑关系、方向关系、距离关系和分布范围;然后通过自适应聚类方法提取点群目标中的空白区域。通过对考虑空白区域与未考虑空白区域点群目标之间的拓扑关系、方向关系、距离关系和分布范围的相似度计算并进行对比,发现点群中的空白区域对点群的拓扑关系之间的相似度计算影响较小,对点群的方向关系、距离关系和分布范围的相似度计算影响较大。     

基于网眼密度的道路选取方法

道路数据中的网眼密度能反映局部区域的道路密集程度,通过确定目标尺度要求的密度阈值,比例尺缩小后能够标识出数据中需要取舍路段的网眼;循环剥离密度最大的网眼,利用反映路段重要性的参数及其优先级,渐进筛选出舍弃的路段,并完成与邻接网眼的合并;得到的选取结果保持了道路网在密度、拓扑、几何及语义方面的重要特征,从而提出一种新的道路选取方法。最后进行实验,验证该方法的有效性。     

电子地图中居民地的多尺度显示

探讨了多尺度的含义，并将居民地多尺度表达的研究限定在详细程度的变化上；阐述了电子地图中居民地多尺度表达的基本原理，即在保持原图的分布特征和疏密对比的情况下按照居民地自身的分类分级和重要性程度进行一定数量的取舍；建立了居民地多尺度显示的模型，根据此模型提出了采用二级邻近点判别法结合Voronoi图进行居民地要素的显示等级设置的方法，并进行了相应的实验，结果表明该方法对居民地的分布特征、密度对比和延伸方向均能较好的保持。     

顾及道路目标stroke特征保持的路网自动综合方法

地图综合中道路网选取通常要考虑道路的属性等级、几何形状、分布密度、通达性等,常规方法只能顾及部分指标评价对象(弧段、节点或网眼)的重要性,在此基础上按照"资格"法线性选取,由于缺乏顾及道路网空间分布信息的有效手段,造成原有空间分布特征被破坏。本研究将描述道路完整地理意义的stroke特征引入选取过程中,提出一种顾及道路目标stroke特征保持的路网选取方法,即构建道路网stroke特征并评价重要性,在按stroke重要性线性选取的基础上增加约束条件,包括等级约束条件和空间邻近关系约束条件,从而将空间分布信息与属性、几何及拓扑信息有效地结合在一起。试验表明,该方法保留重要道路目标的同时,也较好地保持了原有空间分布特征。     

基于极化变换的点群综合几何质量评估

分析圆特性及其运用到点群综合质量评估中来的可行性,提出一种基于极化变换的点群几何质量评估方法.阐述极化变换整个过程.在点群特征点保持、整体性保持两个方面提出了量化的质量评估指标,以及指标的量化方式.对实例中得出的指标值进一步进行动态综合分析,概括出特征点保持率、聚类数量保持率、聚类轮廓保持率、点目标删除率等综合评价指标,用于进一步的质量评估.     

电子地图中居民地的多尺度显示

探讨了多尺度的含义,并将居民地多尺度表达的研究限定在详细程度的变化上;阐述了电子地图中居民地多尺度表达的基本原理,即在保持原图的分布特征和疏密对比的情况下按照居民地自身的分类分级和重要性程度进行一定数量的取舍;建立了居民地多尺度显示的模型,根据此模型提出了采用二级邻近点判别法结合Voronoi图进行居民地要素的显示等级设置的方法,并进行了相应的实验,结果表明该方法对居民地的分布特征、密度对比和延伸方向均能较好的保持.     

中国湖泊分布与变化：全国尺度遥感监测研究进展与新编目

湖泊提供重要的生产生活用水,在维系生态安全方面发挥显著的价值。中国地理环境复杂多样,湖泊类型各异,不同湖区间的湖泊时空变化特征及驱动机制复杂。两次全国湖泊调查是国家尺度的湖泊变化监测的开创性工作,近年来伴随遥感数据源的海量积累和湖泊遥感提取方法的快速发展,大尺度湖泊水体变化遥感监测研究取得了长足的发展。然而,由于人工判读、湖泊类型判别依据和遥感数据源时相的差异,湖泊水体遥感提取结果及面积估算存在不同程度的出入。首先,本文总结了现有全国尺度湖泊监测研究的遥感数据源、方法和结果,分析了不同研究分析结果差异的可能原因。其次,本文基于1980s—2010s时段Landsat影像制图的湖泊水淹频率数据集的最大水域范围信息,提取并生成了全国湖泊新编目,以其作为该时段内湖泊判定和水体变化监测空间约束的统一参照,避免了因遥感数据时相与年际、年内湖泊水域范围波动对遥感提取结果及湖泊面积计算带来的差异。最后,本文从湖泊水淹范围频度的统计角度,初次提出了可体现湖泊面积年内与年际变化情况的统计指标——概率等效面积,用于监测和指示湖泊水域动态。结果表明,近30年来,中国有3741个最大水域范围大于1 km²的湖泊,总面积约93723 km²,其中青藏高原湖区的湖泊数量约占全国三分之一,总面积超过了全国的一半。全国湖泊总面积呈显著上升趋势,不同湖区的变化趋势差异明显:青藏高原湖区和新疆湖区湖泊面积显著上升,东部平原湖区、内蒙古高原湖区和云贵高原湖区显著下降,东北平原与山地湖区波动式变化、趋势不显著。研究结果总体表明中国湖泊水资源的时空不平衡状况在加剧。     

太湖流域典型中小湖群水资源利用及动态变化的遥感调查与分析

近年来太湖流域中小型湖群的网围水产养殖业带来了十分可观的经济效益，挑、涌湖经遥感分析网围养殖面积占总湖水面积75％以上，属超密度网围。超密度网围养殖的负面效应是湖水营养盐急剧增高，水草资源大幅度减少，从而破坏了湖泊的生态平衡，恶化了湖水环境。采用15年以来的陆地卫星影像结合航空数据，对研究区的水资源利用类型、空间分布及变化状况进行了分析解译和目标分类，结合佃技术，对各类型进行了面积量算，推算了网围养殖密度，同时遥感分析了养殖水域环境和水草资源的变化，并展开了野外实地调查验证。     

Remote sensing of alpine lake water environment changes on the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings: A review

Alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are key indicators of climate change and climate variability. The increasing availability of remote sensing techniques with appropriate spatiotemporal resolutions, broad coverage and low costs allows for effective monitoring lake changes on the TP and surroundings and understanding climate change impacts, particularly in remote and inaccessible areas where there are lack of in situ observations. This paper firstly introduces characteristics of Tibetan lakes, and outlines available satellite observation platforms and different remote sensing water-body extraction algorithms. Then, this paper reviews advances in applying remote sensing methods for various lake environment monitoring, including lake surface extent and water level, glacial lake and potential outburst floods, lake ice phenology, geological or geomorphologic evidences of lake basins, with a focus on the trends and magnitudes of lake area and water-level change and their spatially and temporally heterogeneous patterns. Finally we discuss current uncertainties or accuracy of detecting lake area and water-level changes from multi-source satellite data and on-going challenges in mapping characteristics of glacial lakes using remote sensing. Based on previous studies on the relationship between lake variation and climate change, it is inferred that the climate-driven mechanisms of lake variations on the TP still remain unclear and require further research.     

聚类分析在监测区域样地分类中的应用研究

为建立监测区域以遥感和GIS为基础的森林郁闭度及蓄积定量估测方程，需在监测区域抽取一定数量有代表性的样地。如何有效抽取有代表性的样地属多目标优化问题。若根据监测区域已知样地的数量，采用所有可能的组合方法，按一定优化标准进行抽样，计算工作量将非常庞大，实际工作中很难进行。为此需先对监测区域的样地进行分类，在分类的基础上选择一定数量有代表性的样地。因度量样地之间亲疏程度的统计量及类和类之间相似性测度指标有多种，因此对同一监测区域，不同的统计量及类和类之间相似性测度指标，将得到不同的分类结果。设置不同的影响郁闭度及蓄积估测的遥感和GIS因子，分类结果也会出现较大的差异。本文针对特定监测区域，采用计算机仿真方法，系统研究了不同影响因子对分类的影响规律，实际工作中应如何选择度量样地间亲疏程度的统计量及类和类之间相似性测度指标，所得结果可用于指导生产实践。     

LANDSAT Sub-pixel Analysis in Mapping Impact of Climatic Variability on Prairie Pothole Changes

The Prairie Pothole Region in the United States contains millions of seasonal, semi-permanent, or permanent lakes and wetlands that typically range in size from 0.1 to 10 ha. These lakes and wetlands are vulnerable to climate change, especially in our study area in South Dakota, in which a period of deluge following a sharp drought considerably expanded the areal extent of prairie pothole lakes during the last decade of the twentieth century. Preliminary estimates of lake areas, determined using LANDSAT 5 and 7 images, had appreciable errors especially for the smallest of these lakes. This article describes a new sub-pixel approach integrated with a CART (Classification and Regression Tree) model using a GIS (Geographical Information System) to quantify mixed water pixels along lake boundaries to improve area estimations for pothole lakes. Errors in estimated area were typically 10% or less for lakes greater than 1 ha in size. An analysis of lakes in our study area demonstrates how lake area changed with the transition from drought to deluge. Small lakes exhibited a distinct seasonal variation in contrast to large lakes that tended to follow precipitation trends more broadly. The total water area of lakes is consistent with broad variation in rainfall.     

Moraine-Dammed Lakes study in the chenab and The Satluj River Basins using IRS data

Moraine-dammed lakes are normally formed near glacier terminus. These lakes can burst due to excessive melting and can cause floods in the valleys. Many such floods have been reported in the Himalayas and other parts of the World. In this paper, an inventory of these lakes in the Satluj and the Chenab basins has been reported. During the investigation, 22 lakes in the Satluj and 31 lakes in the Chenab basin were mapped. In the Chenab basin, two lakes are of very large size, their areal extent is 105 and 55 ha, located in toposheet number 52 HI 1 and 52H02, respectively. These lakes were selected for detail monitoring. The lake near the Geepang glacier, is located in toposheet number 52H 02 and its area was 27 ha in 1976. Using the satellite data, areal extent of the lake was monitored. The lake area was almost doubled to 55 ha in 2001. This suggested that, lake size is constantly increasing and it can cause outburst flood. The maximum possible depth of lake was estimated by taking the average difference of maximum and minimum height of moraine dam from the Survey of India toposheet. By considering the average depth, the volume of the lake water and the instantaneous discharge of 350 mVsec were estimated. This is large discharge for a small stream like the Geepang Gath and it can damage many civilian and defense establishments. Therefore, further detail field investigations of this lake are needed to assess threat potential and to develop strategy to avoid this flash flood.     

Lake variations in response to climate change in the Tibetan Plateau in the past 40 years

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau plays an important role in global climate and environmental change and holds the largest lake area in China, with a total surface area of 36,900 km². The expansion and shrinkage of these lakes are critical to the water cycle and ecological and environmental systems across the plateau. In this paper, surface areas of major lakes within the plateau were extracted based on a topographic map from 1970, and Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ satellite images from the 1970s to 2008. Then, a multivariate correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the changes in lake surface areas and the changes in climatic variables including temperature, precipitation, evaporation, and sunshine duration. Initial results suggest that the variations in lake surface areas within the plateau are closely related to the warming, humidified climate transition in recent years such as the rise of air temperature and the increase in precipitation. In particular, the rising temperature accelerates melting of glaciers and perennial snow cover and triggers permafrost degradation, and leads to the expansion of most lakes across the plateau. In addition, different distributions and types of permafrost may cause different lake variations in the southern Tibetan Plateau.     

浅水湖泊水生植被遥感监测研究进展

在浅水湖泊中,水生植物具有净化水质、抑制藻类、提供鱼类食物和栖息环境等生态功能,同时,其过度扩张也会加速湖泊淤浅和沼泽化、引起湖泊二次污染等环境负效应.实时动态地掌握湖泊水生植被类群和种群的空间分布及其面积、生物量等指标信息,对湖泊生态修复和评估、水生植被恢复和管理等具有重要现实意义.遥感技术的大面积、实时、动态等特点...