三门湾水体营养盐变化及其对人类活动的响应

我国沿海重点海湾水体富营养化与陆源输入和海湾开发活动密切相关,海湾特殊的弱交换水动力环境使得水体环境治理面临更为严峻的挑战,浙江省近年来实施陆域生态环境治理"千万工程"和海域"蓝色海湾整治"工程,陆域和海湾水环境提升显著。以浙江省第2大海湾三门湾为研究对象,对近30年三门湾海域水体营养调查监测数据进行对比分析,结合2019年9月在三门湾开展的流域-海域水体质量联合调查取得的54个流域水样、30个海域水样和6个雨水样的营养盐分析结果(NO_3~-,NO_2~-,NH_4~+,PO_4~(3-)),分析了三门湾水体营养盐的空间分布特征和影响因素,分析营养盐长期变化特征和人类活动的影响。目前三门湾水体富营养化的问题依然突出,湾内海域DIN和DIP含量在0～439和18～59μg/L,平均值分别为233和37μg/L,河流DIN和DIP含量在77～1 586和3～126μg/L,平均值分别为466和48μg/L。河流中氮、磷营养盐含量整体上呈现由上游到下游增长的趋势,其中农业生产对水体NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N影响大,城镇生活和工业生产排放对水体中NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和DIP影响大。海域中氮磷营养盐的高值区主要分布在水体交换弱的港汊顶部和河流入海处,营养盐浓度呈现由近岸高值向外海逐渐降低的趋势,海水养殖是近岸营养盐的主要贡献者。三门湾水体营养盐在1987-2007年中处于持续增长趋势,2010年后随着海陆生态环境治理政策的实施,DIN和DIP呈现明显下降趋势,海湾水环境状况得到较大改善。     

桑沟湾养殖海域营养盐和沉积物-水界面扩散通量研究

利用2006年4,7,11月和2007年1月4个航次对桑沟湾养殖海域的观测资料,分析了该海域营养盐分布、结构特征、主要控制过程以及沉积物-水界面扩散通量,结果表明,该海域的营养盐分布具有明显的季节变化,海水中NO3-,NO2-,PO43-,DOP,TDP和SiO32-浓度皆是秋季最高,而NH4+,DON,TDN浓度则为夏季最高;各种营养盐的最低值除DON外都出现在春季。春季湾内外海水交换不畅,再加上大型藻类海带等生长旺盛期的消耗,使营养盐浓度处于较低水平,在夏秋两季丰水期沿岸河流注入对该海域营养盐的影响较大,冬季无机营养盐浓度分布主要受沿岸流的影响。磷的结构变化较大,其中DOP百分含量在夏季最高,达到81%。从春季到秋季海水中TDN的结构变化从以DON为主转变成以DIN为主。硅和氮的原子比值全年变化不大,硅和氮和氮和磷原子比值春夏两季的高于秋冬季的。分析营养盐化学计量限制标准和浮游植物生长的最低阈值结果表明,磷是春夏两季桑沟湾浮游植物生长的限制性因素;春季硅浓度低于浮游植物生长的最低阀值,也是一个潜在的限制因素。计算结果显示桑沟湾沉积物释放的NH4+,SiO32-和PO43-对初级生产力的贡献较小,与其他浅海环境相比,桑沟湾沉积物-水界面的营养盐通量处于较低或中等水平。     

长棘海星暴发对珊瑚礁区沉积物营养盐动力学的影响研究

长棘海星暴发对珊瑚礁生态系统产生了严重危害,而水体营养盐的补充可能是导致长棘海星暴发的一个关键因素。砂质沉积物对调控珊瑚礁区的营养盐浓度和结构起着关键作用,因此本研究通过流动式反应器对长棘海星和砂质沉积物进行模拟实验,分析长棘海星排泄活动及其死亡后有机体降解对水体营养盐的影响,并探究砂质沉积物的响应。实验结果表明:（1）长棘海星排泄的溶解无机氮（DIN）和溶解无机磷（DIP）通量分别为（83.55±4.74）μmol/(ind.·h)和（2.53±0.03）μmol/(ind.·h),这些营养盐可能给长棘海星的持续暴发提供营养条件;（2）砂质沉积物对长棘海星排泄导致的营养盐浓度升高具有缓冲作用,约70.7%的DIN和91.4%的DIP被截留在沉积物中,但沉积物界面营养盐交换导致的氮磷比升高可能不利于珊瑚生长;（3）长棘海星死后的有机体降解可促使沉积物–水界面释放营养盐,结合海星暴发密度估算,其释放的营养盐可导致上覆水中DIN和DIP浓度分别升高0.32 μmol/L和0.01 μmol/L,这可能会促使大型藻的快速生长而妨碍珊瑚的自我修复。     

黄河下游调水调沙与暴雨事件对营养盐输出通量的影响

2012年2月至2014年3月在黄河下游采集水样,分析黄河下游营养盐浓度与通量的月际、季节性以及在调水调沙期和暴雨期的变化情况,并估算了调水调沙期和洪水期输水量和营养盐入海通量对黄河年入海通量的贡献。结果表明NO₃- 是TDN的主要存在形式,各形态氮营养盐枯水期高于丰水期;DIP是TDP的主要存在形式,PIP是TPP的主要存在形态,颗粒态磷和DSi丰水期高于枯水期。黄河水体中具有高DIN/DIP和DSi/DIP,低DSi/DIN,严重偏离Redfield比值。营养盐输送通量具有很强的月际变化,在径流量及输沙量最大月份也存在营养盐入海通量峰值。2002-2012年10年间调水调沙和暴雨在营养盐输送通量上占黄河下游营养盐输送通量的23%~68%和5%~59%,对营养盐年入海通量的平均贡献分别为 38%和24%,二者均在短期内导致水、沙和营养盐的大量输送,将对黄河口及其邻近海域的生态环境产生重要的影响。     

东、黄海沉积物-水界面营养盐交换速率的研究

2000年10月和2001年5月随“东方红2号”考察船在东、黄海进行考察,在A2、E2、E4、E5、E65个站位作了培养实验,研究沉积物-水界面在氧化和还原条件下的交换通量。在东海海域,NO3-、PO43-、总磷(TDP)由水向沉积物中扩散,NH4 、SiO32-由沉积物向水中扩散,NO3-、TDP、NH4 在还原条件下的交换通量大于氧化条件下的交换通量,PO43-、SiO32-在氧化还原条件下的交换通量基本一致。在黄海海域,两站位各溶解态营养盐的迁移方向有较大差异。在距离陆地较近的海域,各溶解态营养盐多由水中向沉积物中扩散,且距离陆地越近,交换通量越大。在东、黄海海域,沉积物释放的SiO32-对初级生产力的贡献分别为13%、10%~18%,与河流输送和大气沉降相比,沉积物对黄海、东海SiO32-的贡献分别占90%、86%,说明沉积物是SiO32-的源。而在整个东、黄海海域,对于溶解无机氮(DIN)和PO43-来说,它们的交换通量为负值,即沉积物从水体中吸附溶解无机氮和磷,说明沉积物是DIN和PO43-的汇。     

厦门近岸海域营养盐时空变化特征分析及其富营养化评价

本研究根据2016—2020 年厦门近岸海域15个航次的监测数据,对该区域营养盐的时空分布特征、影响因素及营养盐限制状况进行综合分析,并评估各海区的富营养化状态。结果表明,空间上,营养盐的分布特征表现为从近岸向远岸逐渐下降的趋势,溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen, DIN)平均浓度排序为：九龙江口＞西海域＞同安湾＞南部海域＞东部海域＞大嶝海域,溶解无机磷(Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus, DIP)平均浓度排序为：同安湾＞西海域＞九龙江口＞东部海域＞南部海域＞大嶝海域;时间上,营养盐浓度总体呈逐年下降趋势;枯水期最高,平水期次之,丰水期最低。研究海域平均DIN/DIP摩尔比值为40,总体表现为磷限制。2016—2020年厦门近岸海域富营养化指数(E)基本呈逐年下降的趋势;从空间分布上看,九龙江口和西海域富营养化较为严重。富营养化指数与盐度呈显著负相关关系,说明陆源输入对研究海域富营养化存在重要影响。     

杭州湾营养盐时空分布特征及其影响研究

文章基于2015年1—12月杭州湾海域12个航次的调查资料,对杭州湾海域营养盐溶解无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-))的月度时空分布特征及其影响进行了探讨。结果表明,杭州湾表层海水DIN和PO_4~(3-)含量空间分布月际间变化明显,其变化受湾内、沿岸径流输入和长江冲淡水影响显著。杭州湾海域12个月DIN含量均超第四类海水水质标准,硝酸盐氮(NO_3~-)占DIN的94%及以上。N/P值处于较高水平,内湾(IB)和外湾(OB)的N/P值季节性变化幅度比中湾(CB)大,海湾生态系统对磷的变化敏感。营养盐-盐度对研究区域的水体混合状况有明显的指示作用,杭州湾营养盐的分布主要受物理混合作用所控制,浮游生物活动对营养盐分布的影响相对较小。     

渤海湾氮、磷营养盐在水体和沉积物中的分布特征及其相互关系

近岸海域水体和沉积物是营养盐迁移转化的重要场所。2016年8月对渤海湾水体和沉积物进行采样监测,分析了渤海湾水体和沉积物中不同形态氮、磷的含量,并研究了营养盐在水体和沉积物中的分布特征及其相互关系。结果表明:渤海湾水体中的营养盐在西部近岸地区含量较高,而在离海岸线较远的开阔海域含量较低,表现出一个明显的质量浓度梯度。说明人类活动对近岸海域水体中营养盐含量的贡献较为明显。水体中营养盐主要是以无机态为主,无机氮和无机磷分别占到总氮和总磷的76.65%和76.46%。沉积物中氮、磷营养盐表现出和水体中营养盐含量类似的空间分布特征,但形态主要以有机氮为主,无机磷的含量也仅占到30.42%。这说明夏季渤海湾水体中氮、磷营养盐主要由水中有机体通过同化作用将无机态营养盐合成为有机态营养盐进入沉积物,渤海湾西北海域的富营养化过程是水体中营养盐向沉积物迁移的一个主要驱动力。     

基于非线性规划的莱州湾营养盐环境容量计算

在前人研究的基础上提出了基于非线性规划的排海通量最优化法(简称非线性规划法),以进行海域内非保守物质环境容量计算,并选取莱州湾这个水动力较强、面积较大的半封闭海域进行模拟、计算。为更好地保护生态环境,对于氮(N)、磷(P)等非保守物质(以无机氮(DIN)、无机磷(DIP)为例进行分析),选取其月最高浓度场数据,依次计算出莱州湾海域每个月的营养盐响应系数场,并进一步使用非线性规划法求解出营养盐的月环境容量。最终计算结果显示,21世纪初莱州湾的营养盐环境容量为:在保持莱州湾DIP排放现状不变的前提下,其DIN年环境容量为21 843t/a,剩余年环境容量为-8 264t/a,需要减少点源DIN的排放量;而在保持莱州湾DIN排放现状不变的前提下,其DIP年环境容量为1 794t/a,剩余年环境容量达1 485t/a,可继续容纳部分DIP的排放。     

胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境现状及影响因素

为了解胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境状况及其主要影响因素,于2019年8月在胶州湾30个站位点采集了海水和表层沉积物样品,并于2021年5月在胶州湾沿岸采集了18个站位点的水样,对水体溶解无机态营养盐浓度和组成以及表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷及生物硅含量和碳、氮稳定同位素（δ13C、δ15N）进行了分析。结果表明,胶州湾内水体和沿岸水体中溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷和溶解硅酸盐浓度空间分布相近,高值均位于湾东北部,主要受到河流输入和沿岸污水排放的影响,低值主要出现在湾中部和湾口处。结合近30年来的历史数据分析发现,胶州湾夏季营养盐浓度在1990?2008年期间呈持续上升的趋势,政府实施的污染物总量控制措施以及河流径流量下降使得2006年以来营养盐浓度呈现下降的趋势,该变化在空间上主要体现为大沽河氮、磷输入量的减少及其对应的湾西部营养盐高值的消失。胶州湾氮、磷营养盐输入的不平衡使得“磷限制”在2000年后逐渐加剧。胶州湾表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷含量高值均集中于东北部和东部沿岸,结合生物硅和水体营养盐含量分析显示,这主要是河流与排污输入及其带来的高初级生产力造成的,沉积物生源要素与水体营养盐在空间分布上存在较好的耦合关系。沉积物粒度较粗对有机质保存的不利影响以及湾口较强的水动力作用共同导致了湾西部、中部以及湾口的生源要素含量较低。δ13C以及二端元混合模型显示,胶州湾表层沉积物有机质来源总体以海源为主,平均占比为64%,东部沿岸受陆源输入影响较明显。δ15N的空间分布显示,胶州湾表层沉积物中氮元素受到了海水养殖与污水排放的共同影响。水体和沉积物营养环境现状共同表明,对东北部河流和沿岸污水排放的控制是后期胶州湾污染治理的关键。     

Seasonal Variations in Nutrient Budgets of Hakata Bay, Japan

Seasonal variations in freshwater, salt, phosphorus and nitrogen budgets of Hakata Bay, Japan were investigated from April 1993 until March 1994. The internal sink of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and nitrogen (DIN), and the internal source of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and nitrogen (DON) predominate in the bay. This means that the production of organic matter is larger than respiration, and atmospheric CO₂ is absorbed in the water column of Hakata Bay. Denitrification is more dominant than nitrogen fixation in the bay. Compared to Tokyo and Mikawa Bays, Hakata Bay is harder to eutrophicate, mainly due to the shorter residence time of freshwater.     

Nutrients,light and phytoplankton production in the shallow,tropical coastal waters of Bandon Bay,Southern Thailand

Phytoplankton primary production and its regulation by light and nutrient availability were investigated in the shallow, tropical coastal waters of Bandon Bay, Southern Thailand. The bay was meso‐eutrophicated and highly turbid, receiving river water discharge. Water column stratification was consistently weak during both rainy and dry seasons. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was higher off the river mouth than in the other regions, suggesting that river water discharge was a main source of DIN. By contrast, dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) showed a significant negative correlation with total water depth, implying that regeneration around the sea floor was an important source of DIP. Surface DIN and DIP showed positive correlations with surface primary production (PP) and water column primary productivity (ΣPP*), respectively. The combined correlation and model analyses indicate that total water depth had an ambivalent influence on water column primary production (ΣPP); shallower water depth induced more active regeneration of nutrients, but it also caused higher turbidity and lower light availability as a result of enhanced resuspension of sediments. Furthermore, there was a vertical constraint for phytoplankton during the rainy season: total water depth tended to be shallower than euphotic zone depth. In conclusion, light limitation and vertical constraint owing to shallow water depth appear to be more important than nutrient limitation for water column primary production in Bandon Bay.     

Large temporal changes in contributions of groundwater-borne nutrients to coastal waters off a volcanic island

We examined the contribution of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to nutrient budgets in Hwasun Bay, Jeju Island, Korea in August 2009, October 2014, and May 2015. The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in fresh groundwater were in the range of 285?716 μM and 2.3?3.2 μM, respectively, which were each 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than those in the bay seawater. The outer-bay seawater flowing into the bay was oligotrophic (2.9 ± 1.9 μM for DIN and 0.2 ± 0.3 μM for DIP). Nutrient budget calculations were performed for each season by accounting for submarine fresh groundwater discharge (SFGD) and water residence times. In August 2009 (DIN = 1.8 μM and DIN:DIP ratio = 4.6 for the outerbay water), DIN inputs from SFGD accounted for approximately 40% of the DIN inventory in the bay seawater. In October 2014 (DIN = 1.1 μM and DIP < 0.05 μM for the outer-bay water), DIP from SFGD accounted for approximately 100% of the DIP inventory in the bay seawater. In May 2015, mean concentrations of DIN and DIP in the bay seawater were 8.6 ± 12 μM and 0.11 ± 0.04 μM, respectively, with conservative behaviors in the bay seawater in association with excessive groundwater inputs. These results imply that SGD plays a critical but different role in nutrient budgets and stoichiometry in coastal waters off a volcanic island depending on open-ocean nutrient conditions.     

Current and Material Transport at Tomogashima Strait, Japan

Tomogashima Strait, which is an entrance of Osaka Bay, is a very important area for material transport because a large volume of pollutant-rich water in Osaka Bay is transported through this strait. We have investigated the cross sectional structures of current and material fluxes at Tomogashima Strait, Osaka Bay. Tidal current and residual flow patterns in cross section at Tomogashima Strait during summer and winter are almost the same, and residual flow in summer is stronger than that in winter. However, the net water exchange through the strait in summer was almost the same volume as that in winter. At Tomogashima Strait, total suspended matter (TSM) and particulate organic carbon (POC), and individual nitrogen and phosphorus compartments in Osaka Bay always flowed out except particulate organic nitrogen (PON). The average outflows of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) at Tomogashima Strait over a year were calculated to be 145 ton/d and 30 ton/d, respectively. The average outflow of DIN and DIP at Tomogashima Strait over a year were 95 ton/d and 13 ton/d (DIN/DIP = 16), respectively. Residence times of both DIN and DIP in Osaka Bay were estimated to be about two months.     

Analysis of the spatial and temporal distributions of ecological variables and the nutrient budget in the Beibu Gulf

Based on a hydrodynamic-ecological model, the temperature, salinity, current, phytoplankton(Chl a),zooplankton, and nutrient(dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN, and dissolved inorganic phosphorous, DIP)distributions in the Beibu Gulf were simulated and the nutrient budget of 2015 was quantitatively analyzed. The simulated results show that interface processes and monsoons significantly influence the ecological processes in the gulf. The concentrations of DIN, DIP, phytoplankton and zooplankton are generally higher in the eastern and northern gulf than that in the western and southern gulf. The key regions affected by ecological processes are the Qiongzhou Strait in winter and autumn and the estuaries along the Guangxi coast and the Red River in summer.In most of the studied domains, biochemical processes contribute more to the nutrient budget than do physical processes, and the DIN and DIP increase over the year. Phytoplankton plays an important role in the nutrient budget; phytoplankton photosynthetic uptake is the nutrient sink, phytoplankton dead cellular release is the largest source of DIN, and phytoplankton respiration is the largest source of DIP. The nutrient flux in the connected sections of the Beibu Gulf and open South China Sea(SCS) inflows from the east and outflows to the south. There are 113 709 t of DIN and 5 277 t of DIP imported from the open SCS to the gulf year-around.     

厦门湾营养盐长期动态变化与陆源污染关系分析

近年来快速城镇化和人类活动导致沿海地区营养盐含量显著增加,导致海湾富营养化现象日趋严重。了解水体营养盐含量分布特征与陆源污染之间的关系,是对海湾进行有效环境管理的前提。本研究以2010—2019年福建省厦门湾近岸海域水质监测数据为基础,分析长期性、季节性水质空间分布特征,并利用富营养化指数法对海湾富营养化状态进行评价,为氮、磷污染物治理提供措施建议。结果表明：厦门湾自2013年以来无机氮、无机磷含量波动降低,但同安湾无机磷含量近年来有明显增加。春季和秋季无机氮、无机磷含量明显高于夏季,不同季节氮、磷含量均呈现由湾内向湾外递减的分布趋势,反映出典型的陆源输入特征。硝酸盐氮是厦门湾无机氮的最主要成分,其与无机磷的比值普遍高于Redfield比值。无机氮、无机磷是导致九龙江口、西海域、同安湾富营养化指数较高的主要因子,受径流调控明显,无机磷在秋季还受到沿岸排污口的显著影响。厦门湾亟需加强对所有入海河流氮、磷污染的总量控制,建议强化沿岸排污口的管控。     

Seasonal Variations in Inorganic Nutrient Budgets of the Bangpakong Estuary, Thailand

Seasonal variations in freshwater, salt, dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the Bangpakong estuary, Thailand were investigated by employing the database obtained in the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT)-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) cooperative project from 1994 to 1997. The results showed that variation in interaction between coastal sea and river discharge played an important role in controlling the characteristics of the water in the estuary. Residence time of fresh water was short in wet season and dry season, but it was long in the transition period from season to season. DIP and DIN load depended on river discharge, while high peak concentrations were related to loading and the long residence time in the transition period between dry and wet seasons. A strong eutrophic condition could possibly occur when the concentration of DIP and DIN were high during the onset of the wet season from April to July. The annual average of inorganic nutrient budgets indicated that the Bangpakong estuary is the internal source of 38.2 tons/month DIP and the internal sink of 4.9 tons/month DIN. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Biogeochemical responses to the removal of maricultural structures from an eutrophic lagoon (Tapong Bay) in Taiwan

The biogeochemistry of Tapong Bay, one of the major lagoons in southern Taiwan, was studied from 1999 to 2004, encompassing a period in 2003 in which aquaculture activities were terminated and the associated structures removed. Removal of the maricultural structures resulted in the reduction of the mean time for water exchange time in Tapong Bay from about 10+/-2d to 6+/-2d. The annual mean concentration of measured nutrients (DIN, DIP and DSi) also decreased significantly, likely due to improved water exchange, ceased feeding and increased biological utilization. An overall high primary production was maintained and likely to be constrained by temperature, light availability and turbidity rather than by abundant nutrients throughout the study period. The change in stoichiometric ratios among inorganic and organic nutrients (C/N, Si/N, N/P) may be attributed to the shift of plankton community between the two periods. The annual mean of Delta POC/Delta PON was 8.1, a little bit larger than that (7.3) before removal, also possibly resulting from the shift of planktonic community (from diatom-dominated to flagellate-dominated and increase of total phytoplankton and zooplankton) and removal of periphyton and oysters. The Tapong Bay shows a 37% increase (from 5.6 to 7.7 mol C m(-2)yr(-1)) in net ecosystem production (NEP) after structure removal, although the increase was not statistically significant. The change in environmental conditions has therefore influenced profoundly the carbon and nutrient biogeochemical processes and budgets in the semi-enclosed ecosystem.     

乳山湾外低氧海域沉积物中有机碳、氮、磷及其形态特征分析

根据2009年8月在乳山湾及其毗邻海域的综合调查,分析了该海域表层沉积物中有机碳、氮、磷含量及其组成形态的变化,初步探讨了影响底质理化参数变化的原因及对乳山湾外近岸底层低氧形成的影响.结果表明,乳山湾外近海为粉砂质岸滩,以细颗粒为主;底质中有机碳含量介于0.49％ ～0.93％,平均值为0.69％;总氮含量介于382～1020 mg/kg,平均值为671 mg/kg;可溶性总氮含量介于23.0 ～ 60.0 mg/kg,平均值为44.0mg/kg,其中可溶性有机氮和氨氮分别占可溶性总氮的58.8％和38.8％;总磷含量介于138～769 mg/kg,平均值为356 mg/kg,有机磷是占有绝对优势的磷形态(62.5％).研究区域沉积物中总氮和湾内相当,有机碳、总磷含量普遍低于乳山湾内,但均明显高于南黄海区域,且呈还原性状态.调查区域内沉积物中相对较高的有机碳、氮、磷可能是在潮流作用下乳山湾与外海的物质交换所致,其耗氧过程是导致底层溶解氧亏损的重要原因,值得进一步关注.     

Exchange fluxes of nutrients between sediment and sea water in the Bohai Sea

IrocrIowThere is a linkage in shallow marine systerns between sea-noor biOgaxhemical pmeessesand water column pnductivity (Bereson et al., l998). Benthic fluxes provide a significantsource of nutrients to the overlying water tO supPOrt primary pnduction and play a role in de-.creasing oxygen concentrations (van et al., l999; Cowan and Boynton, l996; Berelson etal., 1998; Friedl et al., l998; Zabel et al., l998). TherefOre, it is imPOrtant to define theediment di8genetic pathways for the …