渤海莱州湾和黄河口附近海冰剪切强度的试验研究

剪切强度是海冰的基本力学性质,直接影响到冰区结构物冰荷载的确定以及海冰在动力演变过程中的破坏行为。采用侧限单面剪切试验对渤海莱州湾和黄河口的海冰进行了剪切强度测试,分析了温度、卤水体积、剪切应力率的影响。结果表明,海冰剪切强度随冰温的降低和剪切应力率的增大而呈线性增长,而与卤水体积的平方根呈幂函数降低。在此基础上,综合考虑卤水体积和剪切应力率的影响,对海冰剪切强度进行了双参数拟合,为研究海冰剪切破坏机理提供了参考依据。     

卤水体积和应变率影响下的渤海海冰单轴压缩强度分布

2018—2021年3个冬季期间在渤海辽东湾鲅鱼圈海域沿岸进行海冰单轴压缩试验。采用典型的柱状结构海冰作为试验对象,试验中加载方向垂直于柱状结构冰晶的轴向,应变率选取区间为4.5×10-5～7.5×10-3/s,海冰试样的温度在-3～-33℃之间。每组试验完成后对温度、盐度和密度进行了测量,用于计算每个试验试样的卤水体积。试验结果表明:海冰试样的应变-应力曲线表现出3种典型形式:韧性破坏、单峰值脆性破坏和多峰值脆性破坏。海冰名义压缩强度和卤水体积呈指数关系,应变率影响下的海冰单轴名义压缩强度出现韧性区-过渡区-脆性区的转化过程,在韧性区和脆性区阶段海冰的单轴名义压缩强度和应变率均呈幂函数关系。此外,综合卤水体积和应变率的影响,确定了海冰名义单轴压缩强度在两者共同影响下的变化规律。     

浮冰界面融化速率参数化方案的实验室研究

融冰季节时天然浮冰表面、底面和侧向融化共存,三者融化速率是底面大于侧向,侧向大于表面。而且浮冰尺寸越小,侧向速率占比越高。为了解决将小尺度浮冰块尺度指标计入融化参数化方案,在低温环境实验室无辐射、无流速、控制气温和水温条件下对天然海冰和人工冻结淡水冰的圆盘试样,开展了不同初始水温和不同初始直径的圆盘试样融化过程实验,获得了圆盘试样直径、厚度和质量融化过程。依据这些实验数据,构建试样直径厚度比这一新指标,通过物理分析和数学统计手段,建立了海冰和淡水冰试样表面、底面融化速率同温度梯度,侧向融化速率和温差以及直径厚度比的关系式。这些关系式能够应用于天然直径100 m范围内浮冰的融化参数化方案,期望能解决北冰洋海冰和入海口近岸淡水冰夏季融化季节能量和质量平衡数值模拟的需求。     

海冰弯曲强度及其破坏过程的试验研究

为确定海冰温度、卤水体积等因素对海冰弯曲强度的影响,本文对辽东湾东岸海域的平整冰进行了现场取样,并在试验机压头加载速率为0.1 mm/s的情况下进行了三点弯曲试验.试验结果表明,海冰试样在-35～-5 ℃温度范围内呈现出三种不同的破坏模式,主要表现为海冰弯曲断裂时裂纹形状的差异.当温度在-15～-10℃之间时,海冰试样多表现为断裂面粗糙的韧性破坏模式,部分试样在主裂纹扩展过程中伴随有次生裂纹的衍生;当温度低于-15℃时,海冰试样多表现为脆性破坏,具有一条由下至上的完整光滑断裂面;而二次破坏的温度与脆性破坏、韧性破坏的温度均有交叉,分布于-20～-5 ℃之间,试验结果呈现上部粗糙下部光滑的断裂面.对海冰的应力分析表明,不同破坏模式下的弯曲强度值呈阶梯分布,海冰发生脆性破坏时的弯曲强度要高于其他两种破坏模式,发生韧性破坏时的弯曲强度最小.在不同断裂模式下,海冰的弯曲应力达到最大值后的下降趋势有明显差异,韧性断裂时弯曲应力下降缓慢,脆性破坏时则突然下降为0,而二次破坏应力突然下降后仍以较小的值缓慢下降至接近于0.最后,本文还讨论了海冰弯曲强度与卤水体积的对应关系,结果与其他相关文献具有很好的一致性.以上研究有助于更好地理解海冰的力学性质,为极地船舶与海洋工程结构抗冰设计提供参考依据.     

辽东湾粒状海冰弯曲力学行为试验研究

弯曲破坏是冰与船舶和锥形海洋结构物相互作用时经常发生的一种冰破坏模式。全球变暖延长了渤海海冰的冻结期,导致冰层中粒状冰的比例呈增加趋势。为了更好地理解渤海粒状海冰的弯曲力学行为,使用2010－2011年冬季在辽东湾收集的粒状海冰进行了实验室三点弯曲试验。在?5、?10和?15°C条件下,共测试了42个海冰试样。应变速率范围为1×10?6~6×10?4 s?1,加载方向垂直于原始冰面。在试验过程中,测量每个冰试样的盐度和密度以计算孔隙率。试验分别给出了弯曲强度和有效弹性模量关于孔隙率的参数化关系,归一化后,弯曲强度在整个应变速率范围内没有速率依赖性。相比之下,有效弹性模量随着应变速率的增大而增大。以孔隙率和应变速率为因子,建立了冰试样有效弹性模量的参数化方程。     

辽东湾海冰现场调查研究

以辽东湾沿岸海洋站、海岸及海上海冰调查研究成果为基础,定性归纳了辽东湾海冰的特点,主要强调它同其它海域海冰的区别。定量表达了辽东湾海冰的内部结构特征,温度、盐度。密度、导热系数及冰下水温、盐度的潮流效应。给出现场原位悬臂梁弯曲强度的卤水体积表达方式。     

海冰数值模拟进展

1 海冰的性质和热力学环境 海冰的特征主要表现在冰面积、厚度、密集度及冰的种类(多年冰、当年冰等)。这些属性是随着地理环境和时间的变化而变化的。海冰的面积和厚度有明显的季节性变化和年际变化。根据海冰观测情报分析,海冰的面积及其     

渤海沿岸海冰单轴压缩强度的基本特性分析

海冰单轴压缩强度是寒区海洋工程中的一个重要设计参数,也是影响海冰动力学行为的主要因素。在2008-2012年间的三个冬季,对渤海沿岸的海冰单轴压缩强度进行了现场与室内试验,由此分析了其在温度、卤水体积和应力率下的基本特征。测试结果表明,海冰单轴压缩强度与其温度呈幂函数关系,与卤水体积平方根呈指数关系,与应力率呈线性关系。此外还分别在不同温度与卤水体积下确定了海冰单轴压缩强度上包络限的变化规律。最后,综合考虑卤水体积和应力率的影响,对海冰单轴压缩强度分布特征进行了分析。以上研究有助于揭示渤海海冰基本力学性质,为冰区结构设计和海冰动力学分析提供参考依据。     

渤海海冰侧限压缩强度的影响因素分析

为研究海冰在侧向作用下的压缩强度,针对A型侧限加载方式,对不同温度、盐度和加载速率下的海冰压缩强度进行了试验研究。利用统计方法分析了试验结果,表明侧限压缩强度与卤水体积的平方根存在负幂函数关系,与侧限应力呈线性关系,而受加载速率的影响并不明显。海冰侧限压缩强度与各影响因素(海冰温度、盐度、侧向力)间的函数关系可为冰荷载的确定提供参考。     

卤水体积和应力速率影响下海冰强度的统一表征

无论在地球物理尺度下研究海冰的动力学演化特性,还是在工程结构尺度下分析海冰与海洋结构物的相互作用过程,海冰强度均是影响海冰宏观变形和细观破坏规律的重要力学参数。本文通过对渤海海冰物理力学性质的现场和室内试验,分析了海冰压缩、弯曲和剪切强度参数与卤水体积、应力速率的对应关系。试验结果表明,海冰强度与卤水体积更好地呈指数关系,与应力速率呈线性关系;在此基础上,本文建立了由卤水体积和应力速率共同表征的海冰强度统一函数关系,为工程领域对海冰强度的选取提供有力的参考依据。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

北黄海海域大气湍流强度特征及风速标准差相似性分析

根据国家海洋局"908"专项北黄海海区海洋气象观测资料,计算了2007～2008年间该海区4个不同季节的大气湍流强度并与其他海区及陆地下垫面大气湍流值相比较.北黄海海区大气湍流强度量级为10-2,比陆地下垫面大气湍流强度低一个量级.由于海洋的特殊性质,对秋季大气湍流强度日变化的分析发现,在大气湍流强度的影响因素中,海洋的热力作用相对较大.对水平方向风速标准差是否满足Monin-Obukhov相似关系进行了探讨,数据显示,在不稳定层结下冬季水平方向无量纲风速标准差与Z/L的关系,基本满足1/3次方律.秋冬在不稳定层结下垂直方向风速标准差满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论.