综合大洋钻探计划（Integrated Ocean Drilling Program）

综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）是一项通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探究地球历史和结构的国际研究计划，该计划以其前身深海钻探计划（DSDP）和大洋钻探计划（ODP）为基础，使用多种钻探平台（包括：立管钻探、非立管钻探、特定任务钻探平台）实现其科学目标。     

综合大洋钻探计划

综合大洋钻探计划（Integrated Ocean Drilling Program,IODP）是一项旨在通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探索地球历史和结构的宏大国际研究计划。其前身国际大洋钻探计划（Ocean Drilling Program,ODP）和深海钻探计划（Deep Sea Drilling Project,DSDP）。是20世纪地球科学领域规模最大、历时最久的国际合作研究计划,所取得的科学成果证实了海底扩张、     

综合大洋钻探计划

综合大洋钻探计划（Integrated Ocean Drilling Program,IODP）是一项旨在通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探索地球历史和结构的宏大国际研究计划。其前身国际大洋钻探计划（Ocean Drilling Program,ODP）和深海钻探计划（Deep Sea Drilling Project,DSDP）,是20世纪地球科学领域规模最大、历时最久的国际合作研究计划,所取得的科学成果证实了海底扩张、大陆漂移和板块构造理论,     

综合大洋钻探计划

综合大洋钻探计划（Integrated Ocean Drilling Program,IODP）是一项旨在通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探索地球历史和结构的宏大国际研究计划。其前身国际大洋钻探计划（Ocean Drilling Program,ODP）和深海钻探计划（Deep Sea Drilling Project,DSDP）,是20世纪地球科学领域规模最大、历时最久的国际合作研究计划,所取得的科学成果证实了海底扩张、大陆漂移和板块构造理论,极大地推动了20世纪地球科学的革命。     

综合大洋钻探计划

综合大洋钻探计划（IntegratedOceanDrillingProgram，IODP）是一项旨在通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探索地球历吏和结构的宏大国际研究计划．其前身国际大洋钻探计划（OceanDrillingProgram，ODP）和深海钻探计划（DeepSeaDrillingProject，DSDP），是20世纪地球科学领域规模最大、历时最久的国际合作研究计划，所取得的科学成果证实了海底扩张、大陆漂移和板块构造理论，极大地推动了20世纪地球科学的革命。     

综合大洋钻探计划

综合大洋钻探计划（Integrated Ocean Drilling Program,IODP）是一项旨在通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探索地球历史和结构的宏大国际研究计划。     

综合大洋钻探计划

正综合大洋钻探计划(Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, IODP)是一项旨在通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探索地球历史和结构的宏大国际研究计划。其前身国际大洋钻探计划《Ocean Drilling Program, ODP)和深海钻探计划     

综合大洋钻探计划

正综合大洋钻探计划(Integrated Ocean Drilling Program,IODP)是一项旨在通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探索地球历史和结构的宏大国际研究计划。其前身国际大洋钻探计划(Ocean Drilling Program,ODP)和深海钻探计划(Deep Sea Drilling Project,DSDP),是20世纪地球科学领域规模     

综合大洋钻探计划

正综合大洋钻探计划(Integrated Ccean Drilling Program,IODP)是一项旨在通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探索地球历史和结构的宏大国际研究计划。其前身国际大洋钻探计划(Ccean Drilling Program,ODP)和深海钻探计划(Deep Sea Drilling Project,DSDP),是20世纪地球科学领域规模     

综合大洋钻探计划

正综合大洋钻探计划(Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, IODP)是一项旨在通过研究海底沉积物和岩石来探索地球历史和结构的宏大国际研究计划。其前身国际大洋钻探计划(Ocean DrillingProgram, ODP)和深海钻探计划(Deep Sea Drilling Project, DSDP),是20世纪地球科学领域规模     

Towards the New Decade of Ocean Drilling: Preparing its Science Plan

At the IODP Forum 2017 in Shanghai, IODP-China proposed initiating the discussions on “IODP beyond 2023”, and the meeting supported China’s proposal to host and co-lead the activities for preparing the science plan of ocean drilling after 2023. The present paper started from an overview of the planning processes of ocean drilling science over the past decades, then analysed the scientific targets and perspectives of the future ocean drilling, and concluded with suggestions about how China should prepare the international discussions on “IODP beyond 2023”.Since half a century, the ocean drilling has played a role of locomotive in international Earth science community and of flagship in deep-sea research.China’s initiation and co-leadership in preparing its science plan for the next decade will promote the upgrading of Earth science in our country, yet the success of the endeavor heavily depends on active involvement of the scientific community , especially on its contribution with creative thinking.     

我国参加大洋钻探的近十年回顾与展望

1999年南海首次大洋钻探,有力促进了中国的深海研究,使中国进入了国际深海研究的前沿。15年后第二次南海大洋钻探的实施,标志着中国在该国际计划中作用的加强。回顾了参加IODP 10年(2003—2013年)来深海研究的进展,并展望未来,讨论中国大洋钻探在新10年IODP(2013—2023年)中的打算。中国大洋钻探提出了分3步走的发展计划:第一步争取再实现1~2次"互补性(CPP)"大洋钻探航次;第二步学习欧盟,争取也成为IODP的"钻探平台提供者";第三步和国际科技界合作,建造新一代的中国大洋钻探船。     

中国加入综合大洋钻探（IODP）科学计划（2003-2013）

将于2003年秋开始实施的IODP是一个比ODP更加庞大的国际地球科学合作计划。面对国际深海研究的新挑战,我国应抓紧时机,及早准备,扩大队伍、积聚力量,充分发挥我国自然条件和原有研究积累的优势,将深入国际深海前沿领域与国内的研究结合起来,力争实现中国海深海钻探的新航次,促进我国地球科学进入海陆结合的地球系统研究和全面走向国际的新局面。同时,通过国际合作与国内有关深海工作计划的结合,为维护我国海上权益、探索底资源和为环境、减灾以及发展海洋高新技术做出贡献。我国参加IODP要遵循"有所为,有所不为"的原则,在加入ODP以后取得进展的基础上,优先选择比较成熟和最为迫切的领域,以点带面进行重点突破,逐步扩大,继续加强古海洋学研究,并同时向洋中脊、深部生物圈等新领域发展。具体包括以下优先研究领域：深部生物圈及海底下的海洋,古环境研究,西太平洋大陆边缘岩石圈演化与震源带。希望有关部委积极支持我国有关大洋钻探的基础研究力量和深海资源、技术等项目之间的密切合作,在国内大联合的基础上参加国际计划,制定长远的国家计划,在国家层面上部署深海研究,组成"国家队"参与国际竞争。     

Inspirations from IODP Expedition 361

International Ocean Discovery Program, or present IODP that has been evolved from the early Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) is one of the international ocean drilling and exploration programs originated from USA. IODP 361 cruse supported by JOIDES Resolution is characterized of high maneuverability, high tectonic integrity, high comprehensive disciplinary, information aggregation, international researcher gathering, global study targeting, quantity study production, isolated close working environments and huge investment, which is one of the most important international cooperation platforms of the geosciences, especially global changes. It is also one of the super powerful engines not only guiding but also pushing the study on global change via exploring the records of ocean evolution, and also the fountainhead to understand the processes and mechanism of the global changes. As one the main members of the IODP, China is not only participating the activities and scientific researches of IODP, but also needs to improve the capabilities to monitor the ocean and establish our own facilities, laboratories and research centers. These are not only very important for the global research and the future development, but also crucial for the preservation of the ocean environment. Leaning and mastering mature operation models from the JOIDES Resolution, using the experience of IODP management for reference may benefit our research work and yield twice the result with half the effort.     

日本的综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)

对日本的IODP活动以及科学目标进行简要介绍。IODP核心技术支撑之一的立管钻探船“地球号”可在水深4 000 m的海底钻进7 000 m,钻达发震带和上地幔,实现日本的IODP科学目标。日本的IODP科学规划主要有三大科学主题和八项研究目标,三大科学主题包括地幔过程和地球系统演化,地壳作用过程和地球系统演化,俯冲带和地球系统演化过程中的动力学及物质循环。其八项研究目标为：①钻探西太平洋洋底高原,认识核—幔作用过程;②钻探太平洋白垩纪—新生代沉积物,详细研究地球温室期间的物质循环及从温室环境到冰室环境的转化过程;③钻探大洋岛弧,认识大陆地壳形成过程;④钻探扩张的弧后,认识洋壳岩石圈形成过程;⑤钻探亚洲边缘海及陆坡,认识陆壳—洋壳—大气圈关系;⑥调查增生楔中的碳循环及深部生物圈;⑦调查汇聚板块边缘大地震周期及形成机制、构造及物质循环;⑧研究生活于增生楔环境中极端微生物生物学。     

Geological Drilling in Polar Regions: Progress and Perspectives

The Antarctic and the Arctic regions play a key role in global sea level change and carbon cycle, and reserve key information of the Cenozoic transition from a green-house to an ice-house Earth. They have become hot spots in earth science studies. The geological drilling projects in both polar regions (e.g., DSDP/ODP/IODP/ICDP) have achieved remarkable successes, which have freshened the knowledge of global environmental and climatic evolution. Along with the Cenozoic global cooling, the timing of glaciation was almost synchronous on both the Antarctic and the Arctic. Accompanied with the Antarctic ice sheet build-up and increased terrestrial weathering, the enhanced formation of Antarctic Bottom Water exerts significant impact on global ocean circulation. The volume of unstable West Antarctic Ice Sheet fluctuates during glacial-interglacial periods showing 40 ka obliquity cycles, its volume significantly reduced or collapsed during several peak interglacials or long warm intervals. The Southern Ocean plays a significant role modulating atmospheric CO₂ concentration, global deep water circulation and nutrient distribution, productivity at different time scales. Sea level responses to the waxing and waning of polar ice sheets at different time intervals were tested, which provide valuable clue for predicting future sea level changes. The upcoming IODP drilling projects on polar regions will keep focusing on the high latitude ice sheet development, Southern Ocean paleoceanographic evolution, land-ocean linkages in the Arctic, and the impacts on the global climate, which will provide important boundary conditions for predicting global future climate evolution.     

Reading the Past,Informing the Future: Progress and Prospective of the Recent Ocean Drilling Researches on Climate and Ocean Change

Aiming at the current climate status, i.e., drastic rise of atmospheric greenhouse gases and the apparent trend of global warming, the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), launched in 2013, proposed four scientific challenges, including the response of global climate to CO₂ rise, the feedback of ice-sheet and sea-level to global warming, the dynamics of the mid- and low-latitude hydro-cycle, and the mechanism of the marine carbon-chemical buffering system. By August 2017, eight IODP expeditions of climate-related themes were implemented, focusing on the Neogene evolution of the monsoon system over Asia-Pacific-Indian and the West Pacific Warm Pool, with specific interests in the variabilities and mechanisms of the Asian Monsoon system on orbital-to millennial-scales, as well as the connections between Asian Monsoon and the uplift/weathering of the Tibetan Plateau on tectonic time scale. The planned IODP expeditions in the forthcoming two years will explore the Southern high-latitude climate histories of West Antarctic ice in the Cenozoic, and Southern Ocean currents and carbon cycle in the Cretaceous-Paleogene. In sum, during the current phase of IODP (2013-2023), our knowledge about the marine climate system would be greatly advanced via deciphering the past changes in tropical processes of Asian Monsoon and West Pacific Warm Pool, as well as in high-latitude factors of the West Antarctic ice. A better scientific background of natural variability would be provided, accordingly, for predicting the future tendency in climate change. In this context, China’s strategic directions include the global monsoon concept, the tropical forcing hypothesis, and in particular the climate effect of the Sunda Shelf.     

白垩纪至早第三纪的极端气候事件

地球科学界正在将预测未来气候变化的研究重点放到地球过去突然发生的气候变暖事件。白垩纪至早第三纪发生的极端气候事件被认为是最接近于现今的地球系统,对其研究有利于理解现今地球系统过程在碳循环快速搅动时的响应。这些气候事件主要包括：古新世-始新世最热事件（PETM,～5 5 MaBP）、早阿普第晚期和森诺曼-土仑界线的大洋缺氧事件（OAE1a,～120 Ma;OAE2,～93．5 MaBP）。PETM事件是中白垩世以来一次突然变暖事件,在10 ka年以内深海温度增加～5 ℃,表层海水温度增加 4～8 ℃,而δ¹³C至少发生 3．0‰的负偏移。目前普遍认为PETM事件是由于海洋气水化合物（CH₄）的巨量释放造成的。大洋缺氧事件（OAEs）记录了海洋环境下有机质的大量埋藏,代表了碳循环和海洋生物系统的重大搅动事件。综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）将极端气候确定为优先研究领域,将采取特定的钻探策略,在世界大洋范围内获取最低限度蚀变的新生代至白垩纪沉积物,研究精度要求达到米兰柯维奇的天文调谐时间尺度,其最终目标是定量描述过去全球气候变化,并为未来气候变化预测提供依据。     

南海西北与西南次海盆沉积通量及其控制因素

作为西太平洋陆源沉积"源-汇"过程的重要场所,南海海盆半封闭的构造环境使得其与开放大洋的物质交换十分有限,沉积物保存基本完整,可以建立起南海沉积过程与区域重大构造事件、气候变化、海平面变化等之间的系统联系.选取南海西南与西北两个次海盆为对比研究区,基于穿越海盆的高分辨率多道地震测线和国际大洋发现计划(International Ocean Discovery Program,简称IODP)在南海获取的钻井数据,井震结合划分沉积单元,计算不同地质历史时期沉积通量,从而对海盆的沉积过程进行半定量化约束,并对控制因素和可能物源进行探讨.结果表明:南海西北次海盆和西南次海盆深海盆区的沉积过程整体上受到大型构造事件(青藏高原隆升-剥蚀作用)、东亚季风演化、陆缘水系(珠江、湄公河等)发展和相对海平面变化的控制,但在不同的区域会由于所处地理位置不同,以及局部构造事件影响而变得复杂化,从而使得西北次海盆与西南次海盆沉积通量在相同的地质时期呈现出不同的特征.西北次海盆沉积物主要源自华南大陆,并有少量来自红河、海南岛、北部陆架区局部隆起(如东沙隆起)的贡献.而西南次海盆的沉积物在晚中新世之前主要来自印支半岛、南沙地区和巴拉望,而在之后主要来自于现代湄公河.      

科学大洋钻探：成就与展望

在回顾ODP学术目标的发展历史的基础上，按照地球环境动力学和地球内部动力学两大科学主题，对ODP在地球环境变化、作为环境变化营力的沉积物、流体和细菌、地球内部物质和能量的传递、岩石圈变形和地震作用等前沿领域所取得的主要科学成就进行了简单的介绍。IODP将以地球系统科学的思想为指导，利用多个钻探平台，以更为广泛的钻探领域和更深的钻探深度，对全球海底进行学术目标更为庞大、系统的科学钻探，并进一步加强与石油工业以及其它国际地学研究计划的合作。