Determining the optimal pumping duration of transient pumping tests for estimating hydraulic properties of leaky aquifers using global curve-fitting method: a simulation approach

Global curve-fitting method (GCFM) is regarded as an effective approach in hydrogeological parameter estimation, as it integrates and uses pumping data and water recovery data of a transient pumping test for parameter estimation. The impacts of pumping duration on hydrogeological parameter estimation by GCFM were investigated in the present study using 2 in situ pumping tests and 24 simulated transient pumping tests. Empirical formulas for determining the optimal pumping duration were derived. The study results suggest that pumping duration will have impacts on the accuracy of hydrogeological parameter estimation. When pumping duration is longer than a certain period, relative errors of hydrogeological parameter estimation keep relatively stable within an acceptable limit. Therefore, it is unnecessary to continue the pumping for a very long time after the groundwater level has become stable. When the change rate of drawdown over time (γ) in an observation well located within a distance of 100 m to the pumping well reaches 0.134, the pumping can be stopped. If there are more than one observation wells in a pumping test, the smallest γ value should be selected to determine the optimal pumping duration. This research is meaningful in the instruction of pumping tests, and will reduce test costs greatly.     

水质监测在识别水动力条件中的作用

水质监资料不仅可反映地下水水质的时、空变化特征，而且可提供有关地下水赋存环境、循环深度、流速、资源量组成等方面的重要信息。     

某地下空间承压含水层抽水试验及成果分析

由于地下水突涌风险,地下空间在施工作业中有必要通过抽水试验确定承压含水层的水文地质参数。依据勘察报告的初步评价,基坑开挖15.5m时,场地内第⑦1层承压含水层有可能产生突涌,为确保工程安全施工,需开挖前进行承压含水层抽水试验,取得场地承压含水层水文地质参数及降水引起的沉降特征,为地下空间设计和施工提供可靠依据。本次布设抽水井、观测井、分层沉降标组、孔隙水压力观测孔及地面沉降观测点,依据抽水试验技术要求获取渗透系数、抽水影响半径等相关水文地质参数。最后,针对工程场地内承压水情况及特点进行分析,提出基坑开挖时的承压水降压建议方案。     

确定含水层参数的全程曲线拟合法

含水层参数的确定是地下水资源评价、数值模拟、开发利用与保护以及科学管理的重要基础,抽水试验法是确定含水层参数的主要方法。根据含水层抽水试验的泰斯（Theis）公式,运用优化理论,结合计算机技术,提出利用抽水试验数据确定含水层参数的全程曲线拟合法。该方法充分考虑抽水过程中水位快速下降段、水位缓慢下降段和水位恢复段的观测资料,满足计算水位与实测水位之间的误差平方和最小、计算的水位过程线与抽水过程的实测曲线最佳拟合。实例研究表明,该方法速度快、精度高、求参结果最优,既适用于承压含水层求参,又可推广到潜水含水层求参。     

基于多源数据的弱透水层水文地质参数反演研究

弱透水层是含水层系统的重要组成部分,其水文地质参数的准确获取一直以来都是研究难点,传统室内试验难以克服应力状态及环境变化对土层参数的影响,因此如何在原位状态下评价其水文地质参数有着重要意义。选取呼和浩特盆地某淤泥层为研究对象,基于抽水试验和溶质运移试验获得的多源数据,采用基于控制体积有限差分法的非结构化网格（Unstructured Grid）方法,建立三维地下水流-溶质运移耦合模型,对弱透水层水文地质参数进行反演。结果显示:模型计算的抽水井中水位和溶质浓度变化规律与实际观测数据能够较好拟合,模型识别出的抽水含水层渗透参数（4.8 m/d）与通过解析法计算得出的结果（4.17 m/d）相近,建立的数值模型符合实际水文地质条件;反演得到淤泥质弱透水层垂向渗透系数为1.2×10?4 m/d、储水率为1.0×10?5 m?1。基于多源数据的参数反演方法可为弱透水层参数研究提供借鉴。     

地下水化学动力学法在大庆前进水源地求参中的应用

大庆前进水源地自20世纪80年代运行以来,随着开采活动的加剧,地下水系统状态已发生改变,水资源重新评价势在必行。依据已有水文地质和水质分析资料,运用地下水化学动力学理论和方法,通过水化学指标（组分活度α、矿物饱和指数β）的计算分析,结合有限的抽水试验资料,分区计算出渗透系数K、导水系数T、地下水实际流速U、渗透速度V和地下水年龄t等5项水文地质参数,定量的认识水文地质条件,认证了水源地泰康组承压含水层具有渗透性强、导水性强、地下水循环交替快、可更新能力强等特点。不仅为地下水资源评价提供了参数,也为水源地持续合理地开发管理提供了定量依据。     

基于遍历搜索算法的水文地质参数优化求解

为了解决传统的Theis配线法在求参过程中无法利用全部抽水试验数据、手动配线效率较低、求参过程受人为主观因素影响较大等问题,利用抽水试验数据,以Theis公式和叠加原理为理论基础,以理论计算降深与实测降深的Nach-Sutcliffe效率系数值达到最大为目标函数,基于Matlab软件编程,再利用遍历搜索算法对导水系数（T）、贮水系数（S）在其对应范围内进行遍历,实现了水文地质参数的自动精确求解。将遍历搜索算法应用于2个抽水试验实例的水文地质参数求解,并与传统求参方法的计算结果进行比较分析。结果表明：利用遍历搜索算法求参的计算结果与传统求参方法的计算结果相近,表明利用遍历搜索算法求解水文地质参数有效可靠;2个抽水实例利用遍历搜索算法得到的参数对应的理论计算降深与实测降深的Nach-Sutcliffe效率系数值分别为0.996 5、0.970 8,且相比传统的求参方法而言更接近1.000 0,说明其拟合程度更好。     

单井稳定流抽水试验中水位恢复曲线的作用分析

单井稳定流抽水试验是目前煤炭勘探中获取水文地质参数、查明水文地质条件的主要方法之一。由于其获取的水文地质参数相对于非稳定流抽水试验简单直接而被广泛应用,但所计算的含水层渗透系数比实际往往偏小,且易忽视对水位恢复资料的分析研究与利用。通过对安徽淮南、淮北煤田近10年来水文地质勘探单孔稳定流抽水试验资料的分析与研究,论述了单井稳定流抽水参数计算的过程和存在的不足,强调了绘制水位恢复曲线的作用,提出了单井稳定流抽水渗透系数计算结果的采用方法和建议。进而使井田水文地质条件评价、矿井涌水量预测更加客观、真实。     

Inverse modelling of aquifer parameters in basaltic rock with the help of pumping test method using MODFLOW software

The origin and movement of groundwater are the fundamental questions that address both the temporal and spatial aspects of ground water run and water supply related issues in hydrological systems. As groundwater flows through an aquifer, its composition and temperature may variation dependent on the aquifer condition through which it flows. Thus, hydrologic investigations can also provide useful information about the subsurface geology of a region. But because such studies investigate processes that follow under the Earth's shallow, obtaining the information necessary to answer these questions is not continuously easy. Springs, which discharge groundwater table directly, afford to study subsurface hydrogeological processes.The present study of estimation of aquifer factors such as transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) are vital for the evaluation of groundwater resources. There are several methods to estimate the accurate aquifer parameters (i.e. hydrograph analysis, pumping test, etc.). In initial days, these parameters are projected either by means of in-situ test or execution test on aquifer well samples carried in the laboratory. The simultaneous information on the hydraulic behavior of the well (borehole) that provides on this method, the reservoir and the reservoir boundaries, are important for efficient aquifer and well data management and analysis. The most common in-situ test is pumping test performed on wells, which involves the measurement of the fall and increase of groundwater level with respect to time. The alteration in groundwater level (drawdown/recovery) is caused due to pumping of water from the well. Theis (1935) was first to propose method to evaluate aquifer parameters from the pumping test on a bore well in a confined aquifer. It is essential to know the transmissivity (T = Kb, where b is the aquifer thickness; pumping flow rate, Q = TW (dh/dl) flow through an aquifer) and storativity (confined aquifer: S = bS_s, unconfined: S = S_y), for the characterization of the aquifer parameters in an unknown area so as to predict the rate of drawdown of the groundwater table/potentiometric surface throughout the pumping test of an aquifer. The determination of aquifer's parameters is an important basis for groundwater resources evaluation, numerical simulation, development and protection as well as scientific management. For determining aquifer's parameters, pumping test is a main method. A case study shows that these techniques have been fast speed and high correctness. The results of parameter's determination are optimized so that it has important applied value for scientific research and geology engineering preparation.     

新疆大南湖北露天煤矿首采区Ⅲ火烧区地下水资源的数值模拟

大南湖北露天煤矿首采区东南部需要揭露Ⅲ火烧岩区一部分,这使得烧变岩水成为露天煤矿矿井充水的主要水源。资源勘探阶段的水文地质资料表明,烧变岩区赋水空间发育、透水能力强,储存量非常可观,但由于受资源勘探阶段水文地质勘探工程量制约,水文地质条件未能详细查明,现有水文地质成果尚不能满足首采区对烧变岩水疏排设计的要求。对烧变岩地下水资源进行模拟开采性抽水试验,获取Ⅲ火烧区的水文地质参数,利用数值模拟的方法,运用MODFLOW软件建立了III火烧区地下水数值模型,并模拟计算出了Ⅲ火烧区地下水储存量。经验证,本次模拟所取得成果与煤矿实际情况相符,能够作为首采区矿坑疏排水设计依据。      

洮儿河扇形地修建地下水库可行性研究

利用大量实际资料,采用GMS软件建立了白城市洮儿河扇形地立体地质模型,系统研究了区域水文地质条件,应用Surfer软件,采用含水层体积法和水层厚度法计算了地下水库的储存空间,采用动态资料推求、野外试验和室内实验等多种方法确定了主要水文地质参数,重点分析计算了洮儿河扇形地作为地下水库的储水空间、补给水源和调蓄能力,讨论了在该区修建地下水库的可行性及其效果,提出扇形地地下水库设计与建设的有关建议。     

基于实测埋深与开采量的抽水试验参数拟合

抽水试验是确定含水层参数及了解水文地质条件的一项重要方法,采用非稳定流直线图解法和水位恢复法对某水源地的抽水试验资料进行分析计算,根据水源地运行后的水位以及出水量资料来分析确定其水文地质参数。     

抽水试验中不同位置自动水位计响应数据应用分析

抽水试验中,动水位数据采集记录及处理分析对水文地质参数计算具有重要意义。近年来自动水位计被广泛用于抽水试验,通过传感器压强水头变化值获取水位降深。因井管内水流动会产生水头损失,自动水位计安放位置不同会导致获取的井水位降深不同,不同于传统方法测得的井水面降深,对水文地质参数计算将产生一定影响,因此如何合理放置自动水位计以及在参数计算中如何应用其获取的水位降深都亟待开展试验研究。在黑河流域第四系大厚度含水层地区,选择典型单层试验孔和利用分层封隔技术实现的一孔同径多层抽水孔开展试验研究,在动水位以下抽水试验层段上部、中部、下部以及潜水泵上部和下部分别放置自动水位计进行了系统的数据采集分析。结果表明:抽水试验中因井管内水流沿程水头损失及速度水头差异导致不同位置自动水位计获得压强水头变化值不同,本次试验实测到井筒内不同部位井损值;井损值在潜水泵进水口处最大,随距潜水泵距离的增大而减小,为避开井筒内较大水头损失对参数计算的影响,自动水位计宜优选安放在潜水泵上部接近动水位位置;在单孔抽水试验中利用稳定流公式计算水文地质参数时,自动水位计获取水位降深含井损不可忽略,需通过多落程抽水试验数据分析扣除后使用。同时,抽水试验中自动水位计不同位置获取数据的处理分析方法为更好地理解井中水头损失提供了依据。     

Groundwater flow model of the Pipiripau watershed, Federal District of Brazil

In order to understand the groundwater dynamics and to improve the management of water resources in the Federal District of Brazil, this research proposes a 3D groundwater flow model to represent the groundwater level and flow system. The selected test site was the Pipiripau catchment. The development of the model was based on available geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, climatological and pedological data. Geological and hydrogeological data were used to generate the 3D groundwater flow model. The 3D mesh elements of the domain were generated through the Groundwater Modeling System software, based on the logs of the well materials. The numerical simulation of the finite element method was implemented in the framework of the scientific software OpenGeoSys. With the 3D mesh-appropriated boundary conditions, annual average infiltration data and hydrogeological parameters were incorporated. Afterwards, the steady-state model was calibrated by the PEST software using available data of the water level from wells. The results showed the distribution of the steady-state hydraulic heads in the model domain, where the highest values occurred in the east and west recharge areas and the lowest values were found in the southwest of the basin. The results of this study can be a used as initial condition for the transient groundwater flow simulation and to provide a scientific basis for water resource management.     

Modelling groundwater over-extraction in the southern Jordan Valley with scarce data

To deal with the challenge of groundwater over-extraction in arid and semi-arid environments, it is necessary to establish management strategies based on the knowledge of hydrogeological conditions, which can be difficult in places where hydrogeological data are dispersed, scarce or present potential misinformation. Groundwater levels in the southern Jordan Valley (Jordan) have decreased drastically in the last three decades, caused by over-extraction of groundwater for irrigation purposes. This study presents a local, two-dimensional and transient numerical groundwater model, using MODFLOW, to characterise the groundwater system and the water balance in the southern Jordan Valley. Furthermore, scenarios are simulated regarding hydrological conditions and management options, like extension of arable land and closure of illegal wells, influencing the projection of groundwater extraction. A limited dataset, literature values, field surveys, and the ‘crop water-requirement method’ are combined to determine boundary conditions, aquifer parameters, and sources and sinks. The model results show good agreement between predicted and observed values; groundwater-level contours agree with the conceptual model and expected flow direction, and, in terms of water balance, flow volumes are in accordance with literature values. Average annual water consumption for irrigation is estimated to be 29 million m³ and simulation results show that a reduction of groundwater pumping by 40% could recover groundwater heads, reducing the water taken from storage. This study presents an example of how to develop a local numerical groundwater model to support management strategies under the condition of data scarcity.     

人工井液电阻率测井在煤田水文地质勘查中的应用

为准确获取水文地质参数,进而为矿井防治水、矿井涌水量计算以及地下水评价等提供可靠的参数,以煤田地质勘探中实测的人工井液电阻率测井曲线为依据,结合岩心精细描述、抽水试验、常规地球物理测井等技术获得的资料进行综合分析。研究表明:人工井液电阻率测井技术在煤田水文地质勘探中不仅可以准确划分含隔水层的性质,确定其位置,分析含水层之间的补给关系,检查钻孔止水效果,计算各含水层钻孔截面流量,亦可研究地下水流体特征,评价地下水水质参数以及监测生产矿井导水裂隙带高度。因此,人工井液电阻率测井能够提高煤田水文地质勘探成果利用率,实现地质勘探信息的最大化利用,从而更好地为矿井设计、建设及矿井生产服务,保障矿井安全。      

山东淄博市地下水资源评价及其合理开发利用研究

本文采用有限单元法进行地下水资源评价以解决评价区供水面积大、精度要求高的矛盾。首先根据实际的开采量和长期观测孔的水位资料,校正数学模型,反求有关参数;然后给定开采方案进行未来水头的预测;最后研究地下水资源的合理开发利用问题。利用有限单元法进行水源地或单一含水层的地下水资源评价已被证明是先进的、有效的。本文是对水文地质条件非常复杂的大面积的区域,用有限单元法进行地下水资源评价的一种尝试,可供类似地区参考。     

基于Aquifer Test的含水层水文地质参数计算——以塔城市供水改扩建工程为例

水文地质参数的计算是水文地质勘察的一个重要环节。根据在塔城市北东方向喀拉墩地区进行的抽水试验资料,分别采用Aquifer Test软件和Dupuit公式迭代法计算抽水试验参数,对所求取的参数进行对比分析,通过Aquifer Test软件求取的参数与Dupuit公式迭代法求取的参数相近,各参数偏差率低,最终通过抽水试验数据,经不同的方法计算,确定含水层渗透系数K值为31.14 m/d。     

陇东盆地白垩系含水层水文地质参数求解

陇东盆地水资源短缺,严重制约着经济发展,近年来探明白垩系洛河组地层赋存巨厚深层地下淡水。含水层水文地质参数的求解是深层地下水资源评价的关键,用抽水试验确定深层承压含水层水文地质参数是水文地质勘查研究的一项重要的内容。根据单孔、多孔、干扰抽水试验资料,采用稳定流、非稳定流多种方法求解陇东盆地深层含水层水文地质参数,避免了单一方法的偶然性、随意性,计算结果可信。最后探讨了抽水试验场地水文地质条件与所选取公式理论条件的差异对计算结果的影响。      

基于井下放水试验的矿井疏降量预测评价

井下放水试验作为特殊的水文地质试验,克服了地面抽水试验存在的不利条件,有着十分重要的实践和理论意义。为了探查双柳煤矿太原组灰岩含水层的水文地质条件,通过两次井下放水试验取得的相关水文地质参数,控制了太灰含水层的动态流场。基于井下放水试验取得的水文地质条件信息,利用Visual MODFLOW三维数值模拟软件,建立放水试验期间反映模拟区太灰地下水分布、储存及其时空变化规律的参数模型;根据拟定的预测方案,对太灰含水层的疏降涌水量进行预测。通过本次工作,对双柳井田下一阶段进行疏干降压,减少太灰含水层对上组煤（4#煤层）开采的威胁,同时为下组煤（8＋9#煤）开采提供疏降方式和水文地质依据。