罗布泊超大型钾盐矿床的发现记略——罗布泊找钾简史

归纳了建国后各地质、科研系统在罗布泊地区开展地质调查、水文调查、盐湖研究及找钾工作的历程和成果。特别是王弭力、刘成林、焦鹏程等课题组自1995年在罗布泊‘罗北凹地’发现超大型钾盐矿床以来,罗布泊盐湖地质科学研究资源调查进入了一个新阶段。继在罗北凹地获得2.5亿t卤水氯化钾资源储量之后,又在罗北凹地外围发现四个中型钾盐矿床,累计氯化钾资源量7600万t。     

罗布泊盐湖成钾规律研究与找矿进展

第四纪时期,罗布泊盐湖独特的地理及气候环境形成了世界罕见的巨量钙芒硝沉积及其晶间富钾卤水的大规模聚集成矿。故此,罗布泊盐湖环境演化与钾盐矿床的成因一直备受国内外地质学家关注。罗北超大型卤水钾盐矿床从1995年发现至今已有20余年,其钾盐地质科学研究、勘查开发等均取得了重大进展,并已建成世界最大的硫酸钾肥生产基地。文章详细回顾、总结罗布泊超大型卤水钾矿发现以来的盐湖沉积演化、成钾条件、成钾理论研究及找矿勘查方面的重要成果,探索成矿理论创新与找矿突破的内在规律与联系。罗布泊钾盐成矿研究基本演变是:(1)基于盆地分隔、矿随盆移的概念,发展从"高山深盆"模式到"高山深盆-迁移成矿"模式,取得罗北凹地找矿突破;(2)基于巨量钙芒硝的发现,突破盐湖石盐阶段成钾的"三阶段"模式,提出"二阶段"模式,推动罗北及外围大规模勘查;(3)基于地堑式断陷带的发现,提出"含水墙"成藏模式,使找矿从"水平状"到"直立状"储藏模式转变,取得深部找矿突破等。总之,罗布泊盐湖成钾理论的每次创新认识,相应地带来找矿突破进展;继续深入加强盐湖钾盐矿床形成规律研究,可能还会带来钾盐成矿的新认识,开拓找矿方向。     

新疆罗布泊盐湖深部钾盐找矿新进展

罗布泊是世界最大干盐湖之一,罗布泊超大型钾盐矿床从1995年发现至今,经历了找钾远景预测、勘查、系统科学研究、扩大找矿及开发利用快速推进的过程,浅部(200m以浅)钾盐资源量已基本查明,但没有一个穿透第四系的较深地质科学钻井。通过区域气候条件、盐类矿物分布、碎屑岩层储卤等方面与柴达木盆地西部的对比分析以及罗布泊地堑式断陷带储卤的发现,提出罗布泊深部具有钾盐成矿远景。在罗布泊罗北凹地西北部实施盐湖深部钾盐找矿第一深井(LDK01井),首次发现钾芒硝、钾锶矾、红钾铁盐等盐类矿物;在深部地层碎屑岩层中发现钾盐矿物钾石盐、光卤石等,地层中KCl含量高达2.86%,揭示地层深部存在低品位固体钾矿,确定为一种新类型钾矿,即碎屑岩型钾矿,为罗布泊深部钾盐找矿拓展了方向和空间;深层碎屑岩地层储集卤水,卤水KCl平均品位1.50%,揭示出罗布泊盐湖深部存在富钾卤水。重力探测发现罗布泊盆地西部发育次级凹地,初步确定凹地中心第四系沉积厚度大于1200m。结合地质分析,预测库鲁克塔格山前断陷盆地和罗北盆地为进一步寻找深部隐伏钾盐矿床的重要靶区。综合遥感、物探、物性特征等资料及研究成果,估算罗北凹地深部钾盐预测资源量为1.60×108t,并提出罗北凹地西部及附近区域的深部地层中还蕴藏有丰富的钾盐资源,罗布泊深部找钾潜力巨大。该成果对深化认识罗布泊盐湖的形成演化及满足钾肥生产企业大规模开发均具有重要意义。     

罗布泊钾卤水矿床成矿地质背景

罗布泊地区的找钾工作已取得突破性进展，一个大型-超大型的钾盐矿远景区已经确定。该矿位于罗布泊北部的罗北凹地一带，为钾卤水矿床，赋存于第四纪盐系统地层中，其形成和当地第四纪以来的地质变化关系密切。罗北凹地从早更新世中期开始成为盐湖中心，直至中更新世末一直以盐类沉积为主，虽没有形成固体钾盐矿，但当时卤水已基本处于析盐的最后阶段，钾含量较高，在适当的地质条件下盐层中保存了当时的卤水，形成钾卤水矿床。     

罗布泊低品位光卤石矿分布特点及其找矿规律探讨

罗布泊干盐湖位于新疆塔里木盆地东部。1995年以来,在罗布泊发现了超大型规模卤水钾盐矿床,卤水钾盐资源主要赋存于罗北凹地等盐系地层中。近年来调查发现,罗布泊分布有地堑式张性断陷带,不仅控制成钾凹地的形成,其本身也蕴藏有一定规模的固体钾盐资源。地球物理(EH-4)测量显示,断陷带深达1 000 m。在罗布泊盐湖演化过程中,断陷带内出现较小规模的洼地或盐湖,湖表水蒸发浓缩形成卤水,由于罗布泊地堑式断陷带长达30~50 km,向下延长深度可达1000 m,说明罗布泊断陷带内可以形成和储集一定规模的固体钾盐矿,成为今后罗布泊盐湖钾资源扩大找矿的新空间。     

罗布泊断陷带内形成富钾卤水机理研究

罗布泊干盐湖位于新疆塔里木盆地东部。1995年以来,在罗布泊发现了超大型规模钾盐矿床,钾盐资源主要赋存于罗北凹地等盐系地层中。近年来调查发现,在罗布泊分布有地堑式张性断陷带,不仅控制成钾凹地的形成,其本身也储集卤水,蕴藏有一定规模的卤水钾盐资源。地球物理（EH-4）测量显示,断陷带深达1 000 m处有卤水存在的信息;断陷带内钻孔卤水化学分析结果揭示,下部卤水比重高于上部,卤水中氯化钾含量也呈“下高上低”的态势,这与盐湖蒸发析盐序列不一致或正相反。文章认为,卤水垂向对流是导致卤水化学特征垂向分异的机理,即,在罗布泊盐湖演化过程中,断陷带内出现较小规模的洼地或盐湖,湖表水蒸发浓缩形成卤水,上部卤水比重不断增加,并沿张性断裂逐渐向下部或深部流动、渗透,形成了卤水的对流;由于罗布泊地堑式断陷带长达30～50 km,向下延长深度可达1 000 m,这些都说明罗布泊断陷带内可以形成和储集一定规模的富钾卤水,它们应该成为今后罗布泊盐湖钾盐资源扩大找矿的新空间。     

中国新疆罗布泊盐湖断裂构造特征、形成机制及成钾意义

罗布泊盐湖位于中国新疆塔里木盆地东部,为第四纪干盐湖,罗布泊凹陷主要受到北东向、近南北向两组断裂控制。自1995年以来,在罗布泊东北部的罗北凹地发现了超大型卤水钾盐资源。研究表明断裂构造对罗布泊盐湖成钾起到了非常重要的作用。笔者通过开展卫星影像、地貌与连续电导率成像等分析调查,对罗布泊内部的断裂构造特征和形成机理进行深入研究,发现罗布泊盐湖沉积期间,受到近南北向主压应力作用,形成了相同方向地堑式断裂,共有七条;这些断陷带长可达60余千米,宽1~4km,向下延伸可达1000余米。罗布泊成钾凹地正是由这些张性断裂带作用形成的,最大者为罗北凹地,较小的有罗西洼地、耳北凹地、铁南洼地等;调查还表明,罗布泊地堑式断裂带不仅控制成钾凹地的成因,其本身也是良好的卤水储集构造,储集了丰富的富钾卤水。因此,罗布泊张性断裂在钾盐矿的形成中发挥了重要作用。中国新疆罗布泊盐湖断裂构造特征、形成机制及成钾意义@刘成林$北京大学环境学院!100871,中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所,北京,100037 @王弭力$中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所!北京,100037 @焦鹏程$中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所!北京,100037 @李树...     

罗布泊地区罗北凹地潜卤水钾矿床成因与开发前景

罗北凹地潜卤水钾矿床位于新疆罗布伯地区北部，是一个大型的综合性盐类矿床，以潜卤水钾矿为主，伴生有液体NaCl、MgCl2和固体石盐、钙芒硝。罗布伯盐湖周边基岩山区富钾花岗岩和火山岩、塔里木盆地古盐矿床和罗布伯北部中更新统化学沉积物形成的台地等为罗北凹地潜卤水矿床提供了丰富的物源物质条件，而半封闭的构造成环境和干旱气候条件是其形成的有利条件。与世界著名盐湖比较，罗北凹地潜卤水钾矿的K^ 含量、储量及其化学成分具有独特优势，而钾肥是中国的紧缺产品，需求量不断增加，因此，罗北凹地潜卤水钾矿床具有较好的开发前景。     

新疆罗布泊第四纪盐湖上升卤水流体及其成钾意义

野外调查发现，新疆罗布泊罗北凹地等干盐湖地表分布有众多的流体上升或上涌通道，其形状特征呈“垂直的孔洞”、“泥火山口”、“枣状小坑”及“粘附沙丘”等。研究认为，地下卤水流体过去和现在正是通过这些通道上升，至地表排泄或进入盐湖水体及沉积物中；这些地下流体主要源于深部地层水和大气循环水等；上升流体补给罗布泊的罗北凹地等次级盐湖，为钾盐成矿提供重要的物质基础，并导致钙芒硝的大量沉积，促进了盐类沉积物的成岩过程。同时，上升流体的补给还在罗布泊盐湖区近地表处产生了固体钾盐矿的沉积。     

罗布泊盐湖钾盐矿床分布规律及控制因素分析

罗布泊盐湖位于塔里木盆地东部, 是世界最大第四纪干盐湖之一。自中更新世以来, 罗布泊北部受到新构造运动影响, 一方面, 发生抬升活动; 另一方面, 产生地堑式断裂及次级盆地(凹地)。调查发现罗布泊的次级凹地及断陷带内蕴藏有钾盐矿床, 主要是卤水钾盐矿床; 这些钾盐矿床(或成钾凹地)的分布具有方向性和一定等间距性。罗布泊卤水钾矿, 除在罗北凹地外, 在其外围的较小凹地内也有分布, 表现为“卫星式”分布模式; 而在地堑式断裂带延伸的范围区内也出现卤水, 其分布表现为“含水墙”状模式。固体钾盐沉积于罗北凹地中心区及外围断陷带内, 其形态与展布方向也受到地堑式断裂控制, 其沉积模式有“浓缩中心式”和“构造洼地式”两种, 前者钾盐沉积区面积均较大, 钾矿面积占凹地面积近1/4, 而后者沉积区面积很小, 钾盐沉积基本分布于整个洼地内; 固体钾盐分布区形态主要呈“条带状”模式, 其长宽比值平均为3.58。除了构造应力作用外, 罗布泊凹陷的几何形态、面积与补给来源方向等亦对罗布泊钾盐矿床的分布有一定影响作用。掌握罗布泊钾盐矿床的分布规律及控制因素, 对于古代钾盐勘查具有重要参考价值。     

利用不溶性钾矿提钾的研究现状及展望

简要介绍了我国和世界钾盐资源的分布及钾的供需状况，以及缓解我国缺押局面的主要途径，着重综述了我国不溶性钾矿资源状况和国内外利用不溶性钾矿提钾的研究现状和工业应用成果；最后阐述了利用不溶性钾矿提钾工业中存在的问题及其发展前景。     

新疆罗布泊超大型卤水钾矿发现20年

"罗布泊超大型卤水鉀矿"的发现,是中国众多地学科学家40年探寻预测的。王弭力研究员及其团队,于1995年秋首次踏进罗布泊"罗北凹地",当年找到4356万t优质卤水鉀矿;经五年科研和勘探,查明儲量达2.5亿t、为超大型卤水鉀矿。理论创新,成为完成科硏和勘探的关键,加速了百万吨级"罗钾公司"硫酸钾肥生产成功投产。古丝绸之路上生命回归、一颗新星"罗布泊"镇诞生,"百年罗钾"资源保障科研探钾即将启动,中国几代"钾盐人"的梦想成真。     

Minerogenic Theory of the Superlarge Lop Nur Potash Deposit, Xinjiang, China

Located in the eastern part of the Tarim basin, Xinjiang, the Lop Nur was an ultimate water catchment area of the Tarim basin during the Quaternary. Through nearly ten years of investigation and research, the authors have found a superlarge brine potash deposit in the Luobei subbasitv—a secondary basin of the Lop Nur depression. The deposit has been mined now. On that basis, the authors propose new theories on the genesis of the potash rock deposit. In the tectonic and geomorphologic contexts, the Tarim basin lies in a “high mountain-deep basin” environment. At the beginning of the Quaternary, influenced by the neotectonic movement, the Lop Nur evolved into a “deep basin” in the Tarim basin. At the end of the middle Pleistocene, neotectonic migration began to take place in the interior of the Lop Nur and a new secondary deep basin—the Luobei subbasin—formed gradually. Despite its small area, it is actually the deepest subbasin in the Lop Nur depression, where brines of the Lop Nur Salt Lake gather and evaporate, thus providing materials for the formation of a superlarge brine potash rock deposit. With respect to the phenomenon of brine concentration and change with deepening of the lake, the authors propose a model of “high mountain-deep basin” tectonic migration for potash concentration. In the sedimentological context, the honeycomb-shaped voids developed in glauberite rock in the subbasin are good space for potash-rich brine accumulation. Study indicates that the deposition of glauberite requires recharge of calcium-rich water.In the Tarim area the calcium-rich water might come from deep formation water or oilfield water, and the river water recharging the Lop Nur Salt Lake was rich in sulfate radicals and other components; in addition, the climate in the area was very dry and the brine evaporated steadily, thus resulting in deposition of substantial amount of glauberite, potash accumulation in intercrystal brine and final formation of the potash deposit. Generally, potash formation in a salt lake undergoes a three-stage process of “carbonates→sulfates (gypsum and glauberite)→chlorides (halite etc.)”, but in the study area there only occurred a two-stage process of “carbonates→sulfates (gypsum and glauberite)”. The authors call this new geological phenomenon the “two-stage potash formation” model. In conclusion, the superlarge Lop Nur potash deposit is the result of combined “high mountain-deep basin” tectonism and “two-stage potash formation”.     

实施“油盐(钾)兼探”是加速我国找钾工作的重要途径

从理论和实践阐述了油气和钾矿的共存关系和特点,指出在油气勘查中,实施“油盐（钾）兼探”,加强钾矿的综合找矿,是加速我国找钾工作的重要途径。     

老挝甘蒙省晚白垩世农波组下段孢粉分析及成钾时代

老挝含盐地层农波组成盐及成钾时代的研究对于阐明整个呵叻盆地的演化规律和钾盐矿床成因有着重要意义。在农波组的年代学问题上,国内外学者还存在着很大的分歧。本文通过对老挝甘蒙省文泰矿区ZK012钻孔钾盐层上覆泥岩的孢粉分析,结果表明其孢粉组合Classopollis-Ephedripites-Exesipollenites,结合Callistopollenites、Normapolles、Cicatricosisporites、Clavatipollenites、Asteropollis等特征分子的发现,我们将该孢粉组合时代定为晚白垩世的土伦期-桑顿期;孢粉及沉积相所反映的气候环境为干旱炎热的热带-亚热带环境。同时,通过对同区域的ZK309钻孔对比分析,该钻与ZK012钻孔具有相似的沉积序列,钻孔底部出现的蒸发岩与砂岩的不整合面,标志着一次构造运动,呵叻湖盆边缘隆升封闭,使卤水在这种较大的圈闭构造内得以留存,并在持续干旱炎热的气候条件下沉积了巨厚的钾盐矿床。     

前陆盆地钾盐矿床成因及模式——以西班牙北部埃布罗盆地为例

前陆盆地蕴藏有巨量的钾盐资源,而对于其内的钾盐矿床成因和模式还欠缺系统的总结。西班牙埃布罗盆地是由于伊比利亚和欧亚块体碰撞而形成的前陆盆地。始新世晚期(约36 Ma)海水完全从盆地退出后,在极端干旱气候作用下,由于碰撞造山导致盆地的封闭作用,在南比利牛斯前陆盆地系统的前渊带(即埃布罗盆地北部)形成了典型的厚层含钾石盐_光卤石的正常海相蒸发岩序列。后期受到构造挤压作用,钾盐地层以盐底劈的形式出露在背斜核部。埃布罗盆地钾盐成因是构造、气候和物源三者耦合作用的结果,与中国库车前陆盆地有很大的相似性。据此,作者建议可重点关注盆地南北盐丘地带苏维依组蒸发岩以及卤水的迁移方向。     

Groundwater geochemistry,hydrogeology and potash mineral potential of the Lake Woods region,Northern Territory,Australia

We collected 38 groundwater and two surface-water samples in the semi-arid Lake Woods region of the Northern Territory to better understand the hydrogeochemistry of this system, which straddles the Wiso, Tennant Creek and Georgina geological regions. Lake Woods is presently a losing waterbody feeding the underlying groundwater system. The main aquifers comprise mainly carbonate (limestone and dolostone), siliciclastic (sandstone and siltstone) and evaporitic units. The water composition was determined in terms of bulk properties (pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, redox potential), 40 major, minor and trace elements, and six isotopes (δ¹⁸O_water, δ²H_water, δ¹³C_DIC, δ³⁴S_SO4^2–, δ¹⁸O_SO4^2–, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr). The groundwater is recharged through infiltration in the catchment from monsoonal rainfall (annual average rainfall ～600?mm) and runoff. It evolves geochemically mainly through evapotranspiration and water–mineral interaction (dissolution of carbonates, silicates and to a lesser extent sulfates). The two surface waters (one from the main creek feeding the lake, the other from the lake itself) are extraordinarily enriched in ¹⁸O and ²H isotopes (δ¹⁸O of +10.9 and +16.4‰ VSMOW, and δ²H of +41 and +93‰ VSMOW, respectively), which is interpreted to reflect evaporation during the dry season (annual average evaporation ～3000?mm) under low humidity conditions (annual average relative humidity ～40%). This interpretation is supported by modelling results. The potassium (K) relative enrichment (K/Cl^– mass ratio over 50 times that of sea water) is similar to that observed in salt-lake systems worldwide that are prospective for potash resources. Potassium enrichment is believed to derive partly from dust during atmospheric transport/deposition, but mostly from weathering of K-silicates in the aquifer materials (and possibly underlying formations). Further studies of Australian salt-lake systems are required to reach evidence-based conclusions on their mineral potential for potash, lithium, boron and other low-temperature mineral system commodities such as uranium.     

Features and Formation Mechanism of Faults and Potash-forming Effect in the Lop Nur Salt Lake, Xinjiang, China

1 Introduction The Lop Nur Salt Lake, located in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, has become a playa in the Quaternary. It is under the jurisdiction of Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang, being ~450 km east of Korla City, the capital of the Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture (Fig. 1), and 300 km south of the seat of Shanshan County. The geographic coordinates are 90o00'–91o30' E and 39o40'– 41o20' N. Field survey and drilling since 1995 have revealed an occurren…     

Regional Distribution and Prospects of Potash in China

China was formed by amalgamation of several small continental blocks (cratons), micro, blocks and orogenic belts in different paleoclimatic settings. It may be correlated with other continental blocks but has its own specific characteristics; therefore the tectonic environments of China’s marine and continental saline basins and salt, and potash, forming environment have some specific characteristics: multiple phases of salt formation, difference in salt, forming ages, migration and concentration of salt, forming processes and diversity of component materials, as well as small sizes of marine saline basins and great changes of saline basins in the late stage and occurrence of abundant liquid mineral resources. The nature of the tectonic basement exerted a key controlling effect on the formation of potash basins. The stable tectonic region was favorable for potash concentration in a quasi, stable region, and quasi, and the quasi-stable region was favorable for salt concentration and potash formation in a local stable tectonic region. Most China’s major ancient saline basins occur in “quasi, cratons (continental block)”; especially all the marine saline basins occur in continental blocks with the Precambrian basement. These regions are the key ones for potash search. Most relatively large, scale soluble salt deposits are developed in relatively stable continental nuclei. According to the characteristics of the tectonic domains where China’s salt, forming basins are located, the North China, Yangtze and Tarim, Qaidam salt minerogenetic domains and the northern Qiangtang, western Yunnan salt minerogenetic belt may be distinguished. Their salt and potash prospects will be discussed separately.