湘西地区晚震旦世黑色岩系地层层序、沉积环境与成因

在对湖南大庸、新晃、沅陵、溆浦和黔阳等地上震旦统—早寒武世初期露头层序地层学的研究表明,湘西地区上震旦统内部存在３个与视海平面变化相对应的超层序,其上限大致可以留茶坡组顶部区域性成磷事件的出现为标志。黑色岩系的形成是海平面上升的结果,尽管该岩系具有色深、层薄和富含有机质的共同特点,但不同层位黑色岩系的岩石化学成分和微量元素组成不同,因此具有不同的沉积环境和形成机制。经研究,晚震旦世金家洞组第二段和寒武纪初期黑色岩系的形成与海底火山和深大断裂的热泉喷流作用有关;而金家洞组第四段和留茶坡组下部黑色岩系的形成     

湘西黑色岩系沉积演化与含矿序列

研究了湘西晚震旦世-早寒武世形成黑色页岩的沉积环境和含矿性.黑色岩系形成于沉积盆地斜坡或以下地带,与海平面上升有关.晚震旦世到早寒武世早中期的沉积层序可划分为三个II级层序.海平面上升的结果使下层海水成为还原环境,有机质得以保存,沉积了大面积的黑色岩系.湘西上震旦统、下寒武统分别构成了黑色页岩 磷块岩 硅质岩组合和磷结核 重晶石 石煤 多金属富集层两个成矿系列,含矿层段集中发育于海平面上升期和凝缩层沉积中,在受海底火山、喷泉活动提供丰富物源的背景条件下,有机质参与元素的迁移、富集作用,经成岩期的转化富集成黑色岩系型矿床.     

湘西黑色岩系沉积演化与含矿序列①

研究了湘西晚震旦世—早寒武世形成黑色 页 岩的沉积环境和含矿性。黑色岩系形成于沉积盆地斜坡或以下地带,与海平面上升有关。晚 震旦世到早寒武世早中期的沉积层序可划分为三个III级层序。海平面上升的结果使下层海 水成为还原环境,有机质得以保存,沉积了大面积的黑色岩系。湘西上震旦统、下寒武统分 别构成了黑色页岩-磷块岩-硅质岩组合和磷结核-重晶石-石煤-多金属富集层两个成矿 系列,含矿层段集中发育于海平面上升期和凝缩层沉积中,在受海底火山、喷泉活动提供丰 富物源的背景条件下,有机质参与元素的迁移、富集作用,经成岩期的转化富集成黑色岩系 型矿床。     

湘西地区前寒武纪-寒武纪转折期碳酸盐-硅泥质沉积体系的截然转换:地层-沉积样式,形成机理及意义

前寒武纪一寒武纪转折期是地球历史演化的重要阶段之一,不仅纪录了后生动物的产生、灭绝以及加速分异的过程,同时也伴随着海洋地球化学明显的变化、长期全球性海洋缺氧等.为了更好地认识这一重要时期地球表层环境演变及动力机制,我们对湘西地区台地一盆地转换带不同沉积类型及空间变化进行了重点解剖,发现寒武纪最早期该地区在台一盆转换带上...     

湘西地区晚震旦世——早寒武世黑色岩系的生物和有机质及其成矿作用

根据湘西地区晚震旦世－－早寒武世寒色岩系的分布、生物群类型与分布及其与金属元素富集的关系,提出黑色岩系中的Ag-V,Mo和Ni-P的富集成矿分别与浮游菌藻、多功能植物和介壳化石的分布发育关系密切。黑色岩系分散有机质红外光谱研究表明,区内晚震旦世－早寒武世地层黑色岩系的有机质演化处于过成熟阶段,且垂向分布存在明显倒置的特点。探讨了黑色岩系地层分散有机质成熟度倒置的原因以及有机质及其演化与金属元素富集成矿的关系。     

湘西地区晚震旦世—早寒武世黑色岩系的生物和有机质及其成矿作用

在湘西地区,上震旦统金家洞组第二、四段,留茶坡组中上部和下寒武统小烟溪组下部发育了大量黑色岩系。湘西慈利、大庸、沅陵、溆浦和黔阳等地晚震旦世和早寒武世黑色岩系中生物群分布发育特点与金、银、铀、钒、镍和钼含量关系研究表明,银、钒和钼的局部富集与多细胞植物和文德带藻类的发育有关,铜和镍的富集则分别与菌类和小壳化石的繁盛相连。区内黑色岩系中有机质丰富,其中,硅质板岩的总有机碳含量最高,达4.51％～13.4％。分散有机质红外光谱研究表明,区内黑色岩系等效镜质组反射率(中间值)均大于2.65％,指示其有机演化进入了过成熟阶段。有机流体对有机质成熟的强化作用,导致湘西大多数地区黑色岩系的有机质成熟度与地层埋深倒置。银、钒、镍、钼和铀的富集是有机碳吸附作用的结果,而金的     

湘西北下寒武统黑色岩系中的沉积型钒矿

湖南西部寒武系下统牛蹄塘组底部的含碳硅磷质黑色岩系主要由黑色碳质页岩组成,富集了多种有色金属、贵金属、稀有金属和稀土元素,是我国新类型的有色金属、贵金属的矿产资源和后备矿产资源,其中尤以钒的资源量最丰富,是湘西地区继锰和汞铅锌矿之后,又一最具优势和开发前景的矿产资源。研究表明,黑色岩系形成于扬子准地台东南缘之深水斜坡的缺氧环境,有机质含量高是其重要特点,钒在有机质中优先被结合。沉积环境的改变导致成矿作用的发生,生物地球化学作用是钒矿成矿的主导作用。矿床属于化学和生物地球化学沉积型钒矿。     

中扬子地区早寒武世构造-沉积样式与古地理格局

前寒武纪-寒武纪转折期是地球历史演化的重要阶段之一,不仅纪录了后生动物的产生、灭绝以及加速分异的过程,同时也伴随着全球构造重组、长期全球性海洋缺氧、海洋地球化学明显的变化等。为了更好地认识这一重要时期地球表层环境演变及动力机制,我们对鄂西-湘西北地区下寒武统地层(相当于第1、2阶)进行了详细的沉积相和层序分析,在3大岩相组合(碳酸盐岩、硅岩、黑色泥岩/页岩)中识别出了16种主要岩相类型,并根据岩相时空变化识别出4个沉积层序(S1～S4)。在寒武纪开始时,湘西碳酸盐台地发生暴露,而台缘南侧发生裂陷,台地北侧的湘西北地区(如石门杨家坪)也发生大幅沉陷,但往北至三峡地区变浅,过渡为碳酸盐台地,形成两隆两凹的古地貌格局,这种巨大侧向地形差异(起伏)指示伸展构造背景下的断块掀斜作用,这种构造作用在寒武纪早期呈幕式活动,从而控制了该时期的沉积作用、沉积样式及其空间分布,并以沉积层序体现,因此每一层序代表了一幕从构造(拉张)强化到衰减过程的沉积响应。在构造幕的开始阶段,由于强的拉张和断裂掀斜作用,湘西碳酸盐台地发生暴露或变浅,而在该台缘南侧发生断陷,形成断阶,深部富硅热液流体沿断裂向上运移到断阶海底形成浅海热液喷流系统(硅烟囱),所以此处层序底部往往由一套特殊的硅质沉积(如有多管-孔丘状硅岩、脉状硅岩或漏斗状/楔状硅岩体)组成。此带向东南盆地方向,由于热液活动衰减和海水影响的增强,主要发育层状硅岩。从湘西北至三峡地区,层序底部一般由薄层状硅岩(常含泥质)组成,且向台地方向量减少(但碳酸盐岩增多)。在构造幕晚期,由于构造活动衰减,热液硅通量大幅减少,除深水盆地外,碳酸盐工厂恢复生产,因此层序上部主要由碳酸盐岩组成(深水盆地除外)。从第四构造幕热液活动后,盆地基底热衰减迅速,深部硅输入通量大幅减少,并在扬子地块发生大范围均匀挠曲沉降和快速海平面上升,造成碳酸盐台地淹没,形成了牛蹄塘组(或同期)富有机质黑色岩系。从此后,中扬子地区进入了一个新的构造-沉积演化时期。     

渝东南地区下寒武统黑色岩系矿物学特征及其对页岩气成藏的制约

<正>自20世纪80年代以来,先后在俄罗斯、美国、加拿大、波兰等国发现并勘探了黑色高碳页岩型铂族元素矿床后,黑色岩系研究一直是国际学术界研究的一个热点话题。前人在黑色岩系方面的研究取得了许多重要的进展,包括黑色岩系的形成与缺氧事件有关、下寒武统黑色岩系可能是寒武纪全球变化事件的重要信息库、许多大型、超大型矿床的形成与黑色岩系密切相关。湘黔地区下寒武统Ni-Mo-PGE矿层是黑色岩系型矿床的典型代表,众多学者从不同角度研究了其物质来源和成因机制等     

中国非常规铀资源

中国非常规铀资源主要包含黑色岩系型和盐湖型。其中与黑色岩系有关的含铀黑色岩系型、含铀磷块岩型、铀多金属磷块岩型是对中远期保障我国铀资源可持续供给有重要意义的类型。陆缘裂谷、陆缘裂陷环境是中国黑色岩系非常规铀资源最重要、最有利的成矿环境,形成U-Cd型、U-V-Mo型、U-V-Re型、U-V-Ni-Mo型和U-V-Ni-Mo-Re-Tl型等地球化学组合。中国黑色岩系非常规铀资源铀成矿作用受控于陆缘裂谷、陆缘裂陷环境下伴随海底喷流作用和海底火山喷发而沉积的由热水沉积硅质岩、硅质磷块岩和碳硅泥岩组成的富铀海相黑色岩系,热水沉积作用或喷气-沉积是形成中国黑色岩系非常规铀资源或发生大规模铀成矿作用的成矿机制。     

湘西黑色岩系地球化学特征和成因意义

本文采用ＧＣ－ＭＳ,ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ,形态硫分析,硫同位素,物相分析等方法综合研究了湘西晚震旦世－早寒武世黑色岩系的地球化学特征和形成条件,湘西黑色岩系以富有机物质为特征,其来源为藻,菌类生物,形成于缺氧环境。缺氧标志包括有机碳,黄铁矿含量,硫同位素,稀土元素的分布,δＵ,ＤＯＰ和生物标志物等参数,在黑色页岩中富集Ｖ,Ｎｉ,Ｍｏ等微量元素,并在局部地区形成具有工业价值的矿床,研究认为,生物,有机质对一     

黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的沉积环境与地球化学响应

下寒武统黑色岩系在我国华北、华南及塔里木盆地等广泛发育,但富有机质泥页岩的分布特征及其控制因素未有定论。本文对黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组(及同时期地层)不同沉积相带典型剖面中的富有机质泥页岩及其上下层位进行了地球化学分析,识别出寒武纪早期不同沉积相带氧化还原环境的明显差异。台内凹陷相主要岩性为黑色页岩,底部为不等厚的薄层磷块岩和硅质岩或硅磷质结核,沉积的黑色页岩厚度大,有机质丰度高,V、Ni、Mo、U等微量元素显著富集,反映了贫氧-缺氧环境,以及短暂动态的硫化环境,Mo/TOC反映了其为局限盆地特征;上斜坡相为贫氧到氧化的沉积环境,但更多地是表现为氧化的沉积环境,其中牛蹄塘期存在局部的硫化环境,沉积的黑色页岩厚度小,但有机质丰度最高,V、Ni、Mo、U等微量元素的富集程度较低;盆地相为黑色硅质岩与富有机质的黑色硅质页岩间互沉积,同期沉积厚度较小,有机质丰度相对较低,V和U的富集程度大于台内凹陷相,而Ni和Mo的富集程度则低于台内凹陷相,指示了缺氧环境,期间伴随有贫氧和短暂的氧化环境存在,且可能存在局部的硫化环境,Mo/TOC反映了中等的局限程度。总的来说,黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的有机质丰度、厚度以及微量元素富集程度等特征主要受控于不同的氧化还原环境。     

Biota and Organic Matter in the Late Sinian and EarlyCambrian Black Rock Series of West Hunan andIts Significance for Metallization

A great amount of black rock series has been found in the Upper Sinian Members 2 and 4 of the Jinjiadong Formation, middle-upper Liuchapo Formation and the Lower Cambrian Xiaoyanxi Formation in West Hunan, which is associated with periodic sea-level changes. By the studies of relationships between the distribution and development of the biota and the abundance of Au, Ag, U, V, Ni, Mo and Cu in the Upper Sinian and Early Cambrian black rock series in Cili, Dayong, Yuanling, Xupu and Qianyang of West Hunan, central China, it has been revealed that the enrichment of Ag, V, and Mo is related with the development of multi-cell plants and vendotaenides, and that of Cu and Ni is related to flourishing of bacteria and shelly fossils. The black rock series in the study area contains abundant organic matter, among which the siliceous shale contains the highest TOC, amounting to 4.51-13.4%. All the values of the equivalent vitrinite reflectance (medium values) determinated with the IR-spectroscopic method in the a     

Lower Cambrian Black Rock Series and Associated Stratiform Deposits in Southern China

Widespread in more than ten provinces of southern China are the Lower Cambrian black argillaceous-arenaceous rock series consisting of black carbonaceous shales,black carbonaceousargillo-siliceous rocks,black carbonaceous silicolite and black silicolite and black carbonaceous argillaceous siltstone.The Ni,Mo,V,Cu,U,Ba,Ag,P contents of these series are usually several to tens of times higher than their average values in shales.As viewed from lithological sequence,element association and evolution,these black series can be diveided into two types.There occur a variety of deposits in the black rock series,such as phosphorite deposits,Ni-Mo-V polymetal deposits and “Stone coal“ seams.According to ore composition,texture and structure,the phosphorite deposits fall into three types,i.e.,thick-bedded,lenticular and nodular,The Ni-Mo-V polymetal deposits,V deposits and reworked sedimentary CU-U-Cd polymetal deposits in terms of their element assiciation and ore genesis.As for the stratiform deposits in the black rock series,three mineralization stages have been recognized,i.e.,the formation of phosphorite deposits,of Ni-Mo polymetal deposits and of V-Cu-U-Cd polymetal deposits as well as of “:stone coal“ seams.Evidence strongly suggests that lower organisms have played an important role in mineralization. Our studies indicate that the Lower Cambrian black argillaceous-arenaceous rock series in southern China and their associated stratiform deposits occur generally in the basal parts of a big sedimentary cycle,i.e.,the initial period of a transgression,or in the fine detrital-siliceous formation between two carbonate formatons,formed in a humid climatic zone between two arid ones.As for the environment of deposition,it is suggested that the Lower Cambrian black argillaceous-arenaceous rock series and associated stratiform deposits(excluding thick-bedded phosphorite deposits)were formed mainly in a restricted and poorly-fed sea basin of stagnant shallow water containing abundant lower or ganisms and organic matter under statically hydrodynamic conditions.     

塔里木盆地北部下寒武统底部黑色页岩形成的次氧化条件

富有机质黑色页岩的形成长期以来被认为是缺氧沉积环境的证据,并被作为全球缺氧事件的标志。塔里木盆地下寒武统底部黑色页岩的岩石学特征说明其沉积在受陆源有一定影响的陆棚环境中。矿物学研究表明,硫均以硫酸盐状态存在,没有见到黄铁矿,说明其形成在硫酸盐还原带以上。黑色页岩中结核状氟磷灰石的存在以及剖面底部结核状磷块岩的出现,表明了一种与现代热带太平洋东海岸和阿拉伯海相类似的广泛发育上升洋流的大陆边缘沉积环境。黑色页岩的地球化学特征中,Re和Mo的高度富集、高的Re/Mo比以及含有一定量的Mn,Cd和U的相对富集以及低的Cd/U比等,这些特点均支持了黑色页岩沉积于次氧化条件的认识。     

Multiple Sources of Metals of Mineralization in Lower Cambrian Black Shales of South China: Evidence from Geochemical and Petrographic Study

Black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in southern China (Huangjiawan mine, Zunyi region, northern part of the Guizhou Province) host regionally distributed stratiform polymetallic Ni‐Mo‐platinum group elements (PGE)‐Au phosphate‐ and sulfide‐rich ores. These are confined to a ≥0.2‐m thick ore horizon composed of mineralized bodies of algal onkolites, phosphate nodules, and sulfide and shale clasts in a mineralized phosphate‐ and organic matter‐rich matrix. Compared to footwall and hanging wall shales, the ore bed is strongly enriched in Ni (up to 100‐fold), As (up to 97‐fold), Mo (up to 95‐fold), Sb (up to 67‐fold), Rh (up to 49‐fold), Cu (up to 37‐fold), Pd (up to 33‐fold), Ru (up to 24‐fold), Zn (up to 23‐fold), Pt (up to 21‐fold), Ir (up to 15‐fold), Co (up to 14‐fold), and Pb (up to 13‐fold). Even footwall and hanging wall black shales are significantly enriched by Mo (21‐fold) and Ni (12‐fold) but depleted in Cr in comparison to average Cambrian black shale. Organic matter is represented by separate accumulations dispersed in the rock matrix or as biotic bitumen droplets and veinlets in ore clasts. Similar organic carbon (C_org) values in an ore bed and enclosing footwall and hanging wall shales of little mineralization indicate that metal accumulation was not controlled only by biogenic productivity and organic matter accumulation rate. Evaporitic conditions during sedimentation of the basal part of the Niutitang Formation were documented by an occurrence of preserved Ni‐, V‐, Cr‐, and Cu‐enriched phosphate‐rich hardground with halite and anhydrite pseudomorphs on the paleosurface of the underlying Neoproterozoic carbonates. Neoproterozoic black shales of the Doushantuo Formation are characterized by increased metal concentrations. Comparison of metal abundances in both hardground and Doushantuo black shales indicate that black shales could have become a source of metal‐rich hardground during weathering. The polymetallic Ni‐Mo‐PGE sulfide‐rich ore bed is interpreted to represent a remnant of shallow‐water hardground horizon rich in metals, which originated in a sediment‐starved, semi‐restricted, seawater environment. During the Early Cambrian transgression an influx of fresh seawater and intensive evaporation, together with the hydrothermal enrichment of seawater in a semi‐restricted basin, resulted in the formation of dense metalliferous brines; co‐precipitation of metals together with phosphates and sulfides occurred at or above the oxic–anoxic sediment interface. Metal‐enriched hardground was disintegrated by the action of waves or bottom currents and deposited in a deeper part of the anoxic basin. Contemporaneously with the formation of a polymetallic Ni‐Mo‐PGE‐Au sulfide ore bed, economic sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX)‐type barite deposits were forming in a stratigraphically and geotectonically similar setting. The results of geochemical study at the Shang Gongtang SEDEX‐type Ba deposit indicate that concentrations of Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn and other metals decrease from top of the barite body toward the hanging wall black shale. Lower Cambrian black shales of the Niutitang Formation above the barite body also display similar element abundances as Neoproterozoic black shales of the Doushantuo Formation, developed in the footwall of the barite body. But the geochemical composition of the sulfide layer is different from the Ni‐Mo ore bed, showing only elevated Pb, Cu, Ni and Mo values. It is suggested that hydrothermal brines at Shang Gongtang might have leached metals from footwall Neoproterozoic sequences and became, after mixing with normal seawater, an additional source of Ag, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Ni, PGE, V and other metals.     

大巴山下寒武统黑色岩系中毒重石矿床的成因探讨

扬子地台及邻区下寒武统黑色岩系底部是钡富集的重要层位,广泛分布的重晶石矿床主要赋存在暗色硅岩中。毒重石(BaCO₂)、钡解石[BaCa(CO₃)₂]矿床的分布仅限于大巴山断裂北侧,即陕南与川北地区。毒重石与钡解石、重晶石、磷结核、黑色硅岩、黑色页岩、钒矿和石煤等构成特有的沉积序列。毒重石的δ¹³”C_PDB平均值为-16.4‰,反映了形成毒重石的碳为有机成因,钡主要来源于海底火山、热泉与生物。     

对西秦岭拉尔玛地区太阳顶群进一步划分的意见

太阳顶群是一套黑色含碳硅质碎屑岩系，化石贫乏。笔者１９８８年在拉尔玛地区该群拉尔玛组上部发现有ＣｙｌｉｎｄｒｏｃｈｉｔｅｓｄａｉｚｎｕａｎｇｚｉｅｎｓｉｓＬｉｕ和ＨｙｏＬｉｔｈｅｌｌｕｓｑｉｎｇｈｅｅｓｉｓＬｉｕ等微体小壳化石，分别相当于陕西宁强、湖北房县、四川峨嵋麦坪和云南昆明梅树村产的Ｈｙｏｌｉｔｈｅｓｓｐ。和Ａｕａｂａｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｉｒｃｏｔｈｅｃａ化石组合，是下寒武统底部梅树村阶的标准带。根据微体小壳化石组合和岩性特征，将原太阳顶群拉尔玛组的上部，以铁质条带硅质板岩风化壳为标志的沉积间断为底界，时代定为下寒武统。将拉尔玛组中下部以下地层，时代定为上震旦统。     

北大巴山区鲁家坪组的厘定

根据鲁家坪组的岩性、岩相和变质程度的变化以及区域分布特征,原定义所包含的岩石内容过于庞大,混淆了岩石地层单位和年代地层单位。通过对鲁家坪组的命名地点和标准剖面所在地——北大巴山南部的陕西紫阳县鲁家坪村的鲁家坪剖面及其他剖面的详细研究,原鲁家坪组按岩性可分为三段,下段以白云岩为主;中段以厚层硅质岩为主,中段下部的硅质岩中夹磷质白云岩和灰岩,其中产小壳化石Archaeooidessp.、Protohertinasp.、Chan-celloriasp.和Hyolithids,中段上部的硅质岩中夹多层毒重石或重晶石矿层以及砂炭(石煤)和火山岩层,即以硅质岩类为主;上段以黑灰色(风化后为浅灰色)含硅炭板岩和泥灰质含炭板岩为主。根据原鲁家坪组各段岩层的岩性、岩相、岩层层序、厚度和分布范围等,原鲁家坪组的下部的厚层状灰质白云岩和硅质白云岩等与原鲁家坪组中部的厚层硅质岩及硅质板岩,以及上部的板岩和千枚岩和页岩的岩性和岩相差别较大,应从原鲁家坪组划出,暂仍称为灯影组,与三峡地区的灯影组可对比;原鲁家坪组的中上部为鲁家坪组的主体,仍称鲁家坪组。厘定后的鲁家坪组与扬子地台的下寒武统的筇竹寺组(云南)、牛蹄塘组(贵州)和宽川铺组(陕南宁强)可以对比,而与后者的主要区别在于后者的下部以黑色页岩为主、硅质岩岩层薄,而鲁家坪组下部的硅质岩特别发育,厚度大,常常夹有毒重石矿层、砂炭和火山岩等。