福建深沪湾牡蛎礁的成因分析

对牡蛎礁贝壳属种做了鉴定和^14C测年，对牡蛎礁充填物做了粒度分析、矿物分析、有孔虫分析、幼体贝壳分析。研究结果表明，牡蛎礁由长重蛎、近江重蛎及泥沙组成，属于福建沿海晚更新世末闪海侵（44000－20000a.B.P.)河口产物。牡蛎礁起始于23000a.B.P.-15～-20m；海侵过程中沦入浅海；海退时完成造礁。现今，牡蛎礁出露低潮带是地壳上升和海岸侵蚀的结果。     

基于无人机SfM摄影测量的潮间带牡蛎礁地貌调查

牡蛎礁是一种重要的海岸地貌系统，礁体的空间分布格局，深刻影响着周围的水动力和沉积动力过程，进而反作用于牡蛎礁自身演化。江苏海门蛎蚜山牡蛎礁为中国海岸重要且稀有的生态系统，近年来，沉积物覆盖和人为捕捞导致牡蛎礁退化严重。本文利用无人机对蛎蚜山牡蛎礁进行地貌观测，基于运动恢复结构（SfM,Structure from Motion）摄影测量技术重建出航拍区域的高分辨率三维模型，包括正射影像和数字高程模型（DEM），并对重建的模型进行目视解译和剖面分析。结果表明，位于航拍区域的牡蛎礁主要有三种形态：条带状、斑块状和环状。条带状牡蛎礁脊线整体上呈南北走向，可能由环状牡蛎礁退化或牡蛎的生物自组织过程形成。航拍区域的地貌面高差可达5 m以上，地势最高处高程为0.5 m(85高程，下同)，最低处高程为-4.7 m。礁区内的礁体仍处于退化状态，其演化过程主要为：礁体表面出现坑洼→坑洼进一步扩张、延伸→形成溶槽→礁体分隔、分解，同时伴有沉积物对礁体的掩埋。本研究表明，无人机SfM技术可以高效获取牡蛎礁的地貌信息，为研究牡蛎礁演化过程提供了有力支持。     

江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁的地貌-沉积特征

利用卫星影象和野外实地勘察资料对江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁的地貌-沉积特征进行分析。结果表明，该牡蛎礁发育在强潮淤泥质潮坪上，造礁牡蛎主要是近江牡蛎和长牡蛎，表层的鲜活牡蛎为褶牡蛎。牡蛎礁区海水属盐度较高(27—30)的半成水，含沙量较大，为0．2—0．3g／L。活体牡蛎堆积体顶面高于周围潮间下带滩面1．0—1．5m。潮流较强，多在0．5—2．0m／s。海岸剖面可分为4个带，即礁后潮间带、潮沟、礁体生长带及礁前斜坡带。由于处于海岸侵蚀段，礁后潮坪缺失潮上带和大部分的潮间上带。礁后潮坪主要以粗粉砂为主，礁后潮沟冲淤变化较大，故礁体生长带时而为一沙洲，时而又与岸滩相连。礁体生长带分布在潮间下带，可看到独立的斑状礁体、带状礁体和大面积环状礁体群。环状礁的微地貌可以划分为礁塘(泻湖)、塘口和塘沟、塘口三角洲、礁墙和礁平台等。     

江苏南部海岸牡蛎礁演化的几何模型

牡蛎礁是具有重要生态功能的海岸带生境,并且记录了丰富的环境演化信息。根据碳酸盐沉积层序模拟的方法,提出了一个牡蛎礁演化模型,由海平面波动过程、碎屑沉积物顶面高程、牡蛎礁垂直生长率、牡蛎礁顶部高程等四个模块所构成。垂向生长率函数的输入参数通过牡蛎礁沉积环境分析和古今地貌对比方法而确定。应用该模型探讨了江苏海岸小庙洪牡蛎礁的定殖、生长和最终被埋藏的演化历程。模拟结果显示,牡蛎礁顶部水深和河口湾环境参数是牡蛎礁演化的两大限制因素,小庙洪牡蛎礁的最大垂向生长率约为12mm/a,礁体发育初期以垂向增生为主,大约910年前礁体出露于平均低潮面后,转向以侧向扩张为主。该礁体的出露规模在330年前达到最大,目前牡蛎礁的生长几乎停滞,并将在250年后被埋藏,其时牡蛎礁的最大可能厚度达12m。牡蛎礁演化模型显示牡蛎礁建造过程具有复杂性,是海平面变化、地面沉降速率、碎屑沉积速率、盐度、悬沙浓度等诸多因素共同作用的结果。牡蛎礁顶板应看成是低于当时海平面的标志,并不代表海平面高度。     

天津大神堂海洋牧场影响新生牡蛎因素初探

海洋牧场是维持海洋生态平衡、促进海洋可持续发展,以及满足人类对海洋资源需求的一种新兴技术和产业,海域中投放的人工鱼礁可以为牡蛎生物提供理想的繁殖和栖息生境。天津大神堂海洋牧场中已发现大量新生的牡蛎生物体,然而牡蛎的空间分布并不均衡,存在异质性,其影响因素尚未明确,需进一步探索和研究。本文立足于天津大神堂海域国家级海洋牧场示范区,基于线性相关和逐步多元回归分析,量化了礁体与牡蛎分布之间的相关性,明确了牡蛎分布的影响因素并识别了主次关系。结果表明：区域水深、坐底时长、礁体密度、牡蛎礁距离均对牡蛎生物量有重要影响,其中,坐底时长、礁体密度与牡蛎生物量为正相关,区域水深、牡蛎礁距离与牡蛎生物量为负相关,坐底时长、礁体密度及牡蛎礁距离等3 个环境变量对牡蛎生物量影响更为显著。本文研究成果可以为海洋牧场的建设和牡蛎礁的修复提供重要的技术支持。     

渤海湾西北岸中全新世埋藏牡蛎礁的硅藻记录及古环境意义

通过对渤海湾西北岸大吴庄牡蛎礁壳体内部的泥质填充物中硅藻组合的研究,试图探讨该区沉积硅藻组合变化指示的礁体古气候环境变化.分析结果表明,在 7 200～5 600 cal. a BP 整个礁体建造期间,沿岸种 Cyclotella stylorum 是含量最丰富的硅藻种类,其与海水种 Thalassionema nitzschioides 的含量变化指示了礁体生长区河流径流与海水相互作用的强弱波动,主要包括三个阶段:7 200～6 500 cal. a BP,礁体建造初期,礁体受海水影响显著;6 500～5 720 cal. a BP,礁体建造中期,礁体生长区的盐度降低,海水作用减弱,淡水作用增强;5 720～5 600 cal.a BP,礁体建造结束期,礁体生长区的盐度显著降低,礁体受海水影响进一步减弱.     

对我国沿海全新世海面变化研究的讨论

距今6 000a的高海面及其后海面波动论点的主要依据是对渤海西岸贝壳堤、华南海岸海滩岩和珊瑚礁、天津市宁河县俵口牡蛎礁剖面和江苏北部建湖县庆丰剖面的研究,然而这些资料无法证明高海面和海面波动,因为珊瑚礁、牡蛎礁、贝壳堤、海滩岩和潮滩沉积物都不能提供古海平面的精确信息.     

硅藻组合指示的渤海湾西北岸两个牡蛎礁体生长环境的差异

渤海湾西北部沿海平原分布众多牡蛎礁体,通过对岭头和大吴庄牡蛎礁体的详细研究,岭头埋藏牡蛎礁体及礁体上覆泥质沉积物剖面中共发现硅藻18属32种,自下而上划分了3个硅藻带(I—III),显示礁体在向上建礁至被掩埋的过程中受海水作用逐渐减弱。对相距约20km的大吴庄礁体硅藻结果(不含上覆泥层)的再研究,及与岭头硅藻结果(不含上覆泥层)的对比显示:大吴庄礁体硅藻种相对丰富,潮间带河口种和沿岸种含量多,说明礁体生长在潮间带或浅海区靠近河口的位置,建礁过程中受河流与海洋的双重影响,潮间带河口种C.stylorum和C.striata在礁体中垂向含量的波动变化,指示了建礁过程中河流影响强弱的变化。相反,岭头礁体硅藻种相对单一,浅海与浮游种含量大,生长位置可能远离河口或为逐渐封闭的泻湖或海湾环境,建礁过程中主要受海洋影响,浅海种P.sulcata和浮游种T.nitzschioides垂向含量的波动变化反映了礁体受海洋影响强弱的变化。     

深沪湾古森林遗迹和牡蛎礁的~(14)C年代

本文报道了深沪湾古森林树桩和牡蛎礁的牡蛎壳的~(14)C测年数据,表明它们分别为距今7000～8000a和9335±199a,属于中全新世早期和早全新世的产物。     

江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁的地貌特征及演化

江苏岸外的小庙洪牡蛎礁在海岸地貌学上是一稀有的生物沉积体。这种位于蚀、淤交替岸段潮间带、古礁体和活体共存的牡蛎礁体是我国所仅见。现场观察了牡蛎礁体的地貌特征,并使用GPS和全站仪进行了主要礁体分布与高程的测量,表明礁区地貌面不是一个水平面,相差可达2m以上。礁体顶高主要分布在两个高程上,一是与平均潮位相当,二是比前者低约30cm,略高于小潮平均低潮位。礁体起伏面高出礁坪面多在0.5—1.5m。小庙洪牡蛎礁正处于退化状态,除物理因素造成的侵蚀外,化学溶蚀及人类活动也是侵蚀退化的主要因素。对于礁区内部的礁体,其退化过程为连片礁→环礁→带礁→斑礁→礁坪的顺序。礁体沉积体有三种:原生礁体、与原生礁体脱离的礁块以及已离开原生地的松散堆积体。浪蚀礁坪分布在礁体的迎浪面上,而溶蚀礁坪则分布在礁体密集区。在礁体稀疏区,则覆盖约20—30cm厚的粉沙或淤泥,形成次生的潮坪。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.