一种联合单波束测深的侧扫声呐海底线提取方法

论述了侧扫声呐的成像原理，针对目前常用侧扫声呐系统数据采集的相关特性，结合实际工程应用，提出了一种联合单波束测深的侧扫声呐海底线提取新方法，以便在数据后处理时进行快速准确地斜距改正。利用实测数据验证了该方法的有效性，并与成熟商用软件的提取结果和阈值法提取结果进行对比分析，结果表明该方法具有一定的可行性和优势。     

济州岛南部海域海底声呐图像分析与声学底质分类

东海北部外陆架靠近济州岛南部海域,是黄海槽向冲绳海槽延伸的部分,属于黑潮分支黄海暖流的通道入口,分布着脊槽相间的海底底形,对其海底声呐图像的处理分析及声学底质分类的分析研究,有助于了解该通道海底底形表层纹理特征及沉积物分布规律。基于在济州岛南部海域获取的多波束声呐数据,应用图像处理技术和方法,对数据进行了处理,获得了海底声呐影像图,并对其表层纹理特征进行了描述和分析;同时,基于多波束反向散射强度数据,结合19组海底地质取样数据,建立研究区海底反向散射强度与沉积物粒度特征之间的统计关系模型,并以改进的学习向量量化神经网络方法,实现对海底粉砂质砂、黏土质砂以及砂-粉砂-黏土3种底质类型的快速自动分类识别。     

三维侧扫声呐技术在海洋测绘中的探测性能评估及应用分析

当前,海洋的价值越来越被人类重视,海洋开发活动对于国家发展日益重要,其中海底地形测量在海洋开发中有着举足轻重的地位.相较于应用多波束测深系统或侧扫声呐系统测量海底地形的传统方式,三维侧扫声呐将多波束测深系统与传统侧扫声呐系统的特点融为一体应用于海洋测绘生产,极大地提高了作业效率,减小了作业成本.本文以3DSS-iDX-450三维侧扫声呐为例,介绍了其系统组成及功能参数,通过多项性能测试及在外业生产中的测量效果分析比较了三维侧扫声呐技术在海底地形测量中的性能参数及优势特点,根据生产中的经验提出了使用建议,并对未来三维侧扫声呐的应用进行了分析及展望.     

多波束水体数据对台西南盆地天然气水合物的揭示

在台西南盆地陆坡上进行了多波束测量，获取了海底地形数据和水体数据。对多波束数据进行处理，展示了多波束水体数据形成的声学水柱影像。研究表明：在台西南盆地天然气水合物富集区，多波束水柱影像异常，呈现羽状流特点，揭示了台西南盆地的天然气资源，多波束声呐系统为探测海底天然气水合物提供了精确高效的方法。     

地形地貌检测在琼州海峡500kV海底电缆运维中的应用

简要介绍了琼州海峡500 kV海底电缆地形地貌特点及保护方式,分析了侧扫声呐及多波束检测的基本原理,对侧扫声呐在海底电缆裸露及悬空检测的原理进行了重点阐述。结合海南联网500 kV海底电缆近几次检测数据,通过侧扫声呐地貌检测结果,重点对海底电缆裸露情况、抛石坝及铸铁套管保护状况、海底电缆周围异常进行了分析,能够正常检测出海底电缆的裸露、抛石坝的坍塌及周围异物等异常情况。通过多波束地形检测结果,分析了海底电缆路由区域整体地形状况及抛石坝整体状况、通过Kriging插值方法生成不同的DEM(数字高程模型,Digital Elevation Model),分别从宏观和微观角度对海底电缆路由区域地形冲淤变化进行了分析,并对沙波稳定性进行了分析。结论认为,部分区域地形冲刷严重,容易造成海底电缆裸露、悬空,需要及早关注并采取防冲刷措施。     

多波束与侧扫声纳海底目标探测的比较分析

侧扫声纳是目前常用的海底目标(如沉船、水雷、管线等)探测工具,在测深领域,多波束以全覆盖和高效率证明了它的优越性。由于多波束具有很高的分辨率,目前在工程上已经开始应用多波束进行海底目标物的探测。对多波束和侧扫声纳进行了比较分析,并着重探讨了影响多波束分辨率的各种因素。结果表明:多波束的最大优点在于定位精度高,但其适用范围不如侧扫声纳广泛,尤其受到水深和波束角的限制,多波束和侧扫声纳在探测海底目标时具有很好的互补性,同时应用可以提高目标解译的准确性。     

基于小波分析的侧扫声呐信号非线性增强算法

侧扫声呐回波信号是形成侧扫声呐图像的基础,是侧扫声呐系统对水下目标的最直接观测量, 将一维小波变换与非线性增强方法相结合,提出了一种基于小波变换的侧扫声呐回波信号非线性增强算法, 用以改善侧扫声呐图像对比度低、噪声强度大的问题。首先利用改进的 Bayes 阈值对侧扫声呐 ping 信号进行一维小波分解,提取信号特征信息;然后利用 2 种不同的非线性函数对高、低频小波系数进行处理;最后利用小波反变换重构信号,形成增强后的侧扫声呐图像。实测数据验证结果表明：利用该算法对侧扫声呐 ping 信号进行处理,实现了侧扫声呐图像对比度的增强和对噪声的抑制,可以获取较好的图像视觉效果。     

珊瑚环礁区侧扫声呐图像中的目标物识别方法

为研究西沙宣德环礁海底地貌特征及珊瑚分布情况,采用舷挂侧扫拖鱼的方式对环礁区域海底进行地貌扫测,从采集的侧扫声呐图像上可以识别出环礁区域珊瑚分布情况及珊瑚礁区地貌特征,利用侧扫声呐图像识别方法结合实物样品比对可以圈定出珊瑚分布范围、暗礁区域及环礁区域底质类型分布,采用基本的数学处理方法定量分析了水下珊瑚礁体的海底高度及疑似沉船的大小,分析了侧扫声呐图像显示的调查船转向效应。     

深水声学拖曳系统

介绍了我国自主设计和研制的深水声学拖曳系统,它的最大工作水深4000m,安装有高分辨率测深侧扫声纳,可在近海底工作获得高分辨率的海底地形地貌和温盐深等数据.它的测深覆盖范围600m,侧扫覆盖范围800m,垂直航迹分辨率5cm,最小可检测高度10cm,测深分辨率高于目前的多波束测深系统.该系统已进行了湖试和海上锚泊试验.该系统的研制成功将对开展大陆架勘查,探测和开发国际海底资源发挥重要作用,拖曳系统中高分辨率测深侧扫声纳还可装船安装,在大陆架水域进行高分辨率海底地形地貌测绘.     

三角剖分有限元法在声呐图像重构中的应用

侧扫声呐原始数据经几何校正后会造成采样点分布不规则的现象,需要通过重采样获得规则网格数据,以满足海底地貌全覆盖显示的需求。重采样间隔与插值算法对重采样图像的质量具有直接影响。本文分析了侧扫声呐数据采样点的分布特点,在此基础上提出了基于扭曲网格三角剖分有限元插值技术的侧扫声呐图像重构方法。与多种插值方法重采样结果的对比实验表明,该方法不仅提高了计算效率,而且能很好地保留原始数据的信息。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.