多尺度分割的高分辨率遥感影像变化检测

针对高空间分辨率的遥感影像,提出了一种基于多尺度分割的变化检测算法。采用Mean-Shift分割算法对影像进行多尺度分割,构建了不同尺度上的地理对象,以不同尺度上的地理对象灰度均值构建了变化检测的多尺度特征向量,采用变化矢量分析法获得最后的变化检测结果。以城镇区和农田区的Quick Bird影像对本文算法进行了检验,从精度评价的效果来看,无论城镇区还是农田区,采用面向对象的变化检测方法精度都高于基于单像素的检测方法,且当尺度层数固定时,多尺度组合的变化检测结果优于单一尺度的变化检测结果,对城镇、农田区域的变化检测的精度分别达到87.57%和81.55%。本文算法既可以顾及大面积同质区域变化,又可以反映小的地物目标及边缘部分的变化,能够很好地满足城镇、农田等不同环境背景下的变化检测需求,在国土资源监测中具有一定的应用价值。     

Comparing object-based and pixel-based classifications for mapping savannas

The development of robust object-based classification methods suitable for medium to high resolution satellite imagery provides a valid alternative to ‘traditional’ pixel-based methods. This paper compares the results of an object-based classification to a supervised per-pixel classification for mapping land cover in the tropical north of the Northern Territory of Australia. The object-based approach involved segmentation of image data into objects at multiple scale levels. Objects were assigned classes using training objects and the Nearest Neighbour supervised and fuzzy classification algorithm. The supervised pixel-based classification involved the selection of training areas and a classification using the maximum likelihood classifier algorithm. Site-specific accuracy assessment using confusion matrices of both classifications were undertaken based on 256 reference sites. A comparison of the results shows a statistically significant higher overall accuracy of the object-based classification over the pixel-based classification. The incorporation of a digital elevation model (DEM) layer and associated class rules into the object-based classification produced slightly higher accuracies overall and for certain classes; however this was not statistically significant over the object-based using spectral information solely. The results indicate object-based analysis has good potential for extracting land cover information from satellite imagery captured over spatially heterogeneous land covers of tropical Australia.     

Pixel-based and object-based classifications using high- and medium-spatial-resolution imageries in the urban and suburban landscapes

With the increasing availability of high-spatial-resolution remote sensing imageries and with the observed limitations of pixel-based techniques, the development and testing of geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) techniques for image classification have become one of the main research areas in geospatial science. This paper examines and compares the classification performance of a pixel-based method and an object-based method as applied to high- (QuickBird satellite image) and medium- (Landsat TM image) spatial-resolution imageries in the context of urban and suburban landscapes. For the pixel-based classification, the maximum-likelihood supervised classification approach was employed. And for the object-based classification, the pixel-based classified maps were integrated with a set of image segments produced using various calibrations. The results show evidence that the object-based method can produce classifications that are more accurate for both high- and medium-spatial- resolution imageries in the context of urban and suburban landscapes.     

面向对象的多尺度加权联合稀疏表示的高空间分辨率遥感影像分类

针对高空间分辨率遥感影像中的地物具有多尺度特性,以及各个尺度的对象特征对地物分类精度的影响具有较强的尺度效性,并结合面向对象影像分析方法和多尺度联合稀疏表示方法在高空间分辨率遥感影像分类中的各自优点,提出了一种面向对象的多尺度加权稀疏表示的高空间分辨率遥感影像分类算法。首先,采用多尺度分割算法获得多尺度分割结果并提取对象的多尺度特征;然后,根据影像对象的多尺度分割质量测度计算各尺度的对象权重,构建面向对象的多尺度加权联合稀疏表示模型;最后,采用2个国产GF-2高空间分辨率遥感数据集和1个高光谱-高空间分辨率航空遥感数据集（WashingtonD.C.数据）验证该算法的有效性。试验结果表明,与SVM、像素级稀疏表示、单尺度和多尺度对象级稀疏表示和深度学习等算法相比较,本文算法获得了较高的OA和Kappa分类精度,提高了各个尺度地物的分类精度,有效抑止了地物分类结果中的椒盐噪声现象,同时保持大尺度地物的区域性和小尺度地物的细节信息。     

Object- and pixel-based classifications of macroalgae farming area with high spatial resolution imagery

Macroalgae plays an important role in coastal ecosystems. The accurate delineation of macroalgae areas is important for environmental management. This study compared the pixel- and object-based methods using Gaofen satellite no. 2 image to explore an efficient classification approach. Expert system rules and nearest neighbour classifier were adopted for object-based classification, whereas maximum likelihood classifier was implemented in the pixel-based approach. Normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, mean value of the blue band and geometric characteristics were selected as features to distinguish macroalgae farms by considering the spectral and spatial characteristics. Results show that the object-based method achieved a higher overall accuracy and kappa coefficient than the pixel-based method. Moreover, the object-based approach displayed superiority in identifying Porphyra class. These findings suggest that the object-based method can delineate macroalgae farming areas efficiently and be applied in the future to monitor the macroalgae farms with high spatial resolution imagery.     

Multiscale quantification of urban composition from EO-1/Hyperion data using object-based spectral unmixing

Quantification of the urban composition is important in urban planning and management. Previous research has primarily focused on unmixing medium-spatial resolution multispectral imagery using spectral mixture analysis (SMA) in order to estimate the abundance of urban components. For this study an object-based multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) approach was applied to unmix the 30-m Earth Observing-1 (EO-1)/Hyperion hyperspectral imagery. The abundance of two physical urban components (vegetation and impervious surface) was estimated and mapped at multiple scales and two defined geographic zones. The estimation results were validated by a reference dataset generated from fine spatial resolution aerial photography. The object-based MESMA approach was compared with its corresponding pixel-based one, and EO-1/Hyperion hyperspectral data was compared with the simulated EO-1/Advanced Land Imager (ALI) multispectral data in the unmixing modeling. The pros and cons of the object-based MESMA were evaluated. The result illustrates that the object-based MESMA is promising for unmixing the medium-spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery to quantify the urban composition, and it is an attractive alternative to the traditional pixel-based mixture analysis for various applications.     

基于相似度验证的自动变化探测研究

变化检测技术越来越多地应用于城市遥感分析和应用领域,但目前城市变化检测的研究主要基于中低空间分辨率的遥感数据,使用的方法也主要是像元直接比较法或者是分类后比较法。提出一种基于变化向量分析和相似度验证相结合的变化检测方法,应用高空间分辨率影像来快速实现城市建筑物、街道等目标的自动变化检测。并详细阐述了变化目标的提取以及验证的方法和过程,其结果真实地反映了地面目标的实际变化程度和类型。     

Fusion of HJ1B and ALOS PALSAR data for land cover classification using machine learning methods

Image classification from remote sensing is becoming increasingly urgent for monitoring environmental changes. Exploring effective algorithms to increase classification accuracy is critical. This paper explores the use of multispectral HJ1B and ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) PALSAR L-band (Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) for land cover classification using learning-based algorithms. Pixel-based and object-based image analysis approaches for classifying HJ1B data and the HJ1B and ALOS/PALSAR fused-images were compared using two machine learning algorithms, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), to test which algorithm can achieve the best classification accuracy in arid and semiarid regions. The overall accuracies of the pixel-based (Fused data: 79.0%; HJ1B data: 81.46%) and object-based classifications (Fused data: 80.0%; HJ1B data: 76.9%) were relatively close when using the SVM classifier. The pixel-based classification achieved a high overall accuracy (85.5%) using the RF algorithm for classifying the fused data, whereas the RF classifier using the object-based image analysis produced a lower overall accuracy (70.2%). The study demonstrates that the pixel-based classification utilized fewer variables and performed relatively better than the object-based classification using HJ1B imagery and the fused data. Generally, the integration of the HJ1B and ALOS/PALSAR imagery can improve the overall accuracy of 5.7% using the pixel-based image analysis and RF classifier.     

面向对象的遥感影像模糊分类方法研究

传统的基于像素的遥感影像处理方法都是基于遥感影像光谱信息极其丰富，地物间光谱差异较为明显的基础上进行的。对于只含有较少波段的高分辨率遥感影像，传统的分类方法，就会造成分类精度降低，空间数据的大量冗余，并且其分类结果常常是椒盐图像，不利于进行空间分析。本文采用面向对象的影像分类方法，考虑了对象的不同特征值，例如光谱值，形状和纹理，结合上下文关系和语义的信息，这种分类技术不仅能够使用影像属性，而且能够利用不同影像对象之间的空间关系。在对诸多对象进行分类后，再进行精度分析。在此研究提出了一种面向对象的方法结合模糊理论把许多的对象块分成不同的类别。这一过程主要有两个步骤：第一个步骤是分割。图像分割将整个图像分割成若干个对象，在这个过程中，分割尺度的选择会影响到后续的分类结果和精度。第二个步骤是分类。在这个步骤中，特征值的选择和隶属度函数的选择都对分类结果有着至关重要的影响。     

结合像元级和目标级的高分辨率遥感影像建筑物变化检测

快速、精准的建筑物变化检测对城市规划建设等业务管理具有重要意义。随着卫星遥感技术的快速发展,基于高分辨率遥感影像的建筑物变化检测得到了广泛关注。针对像元级建筑物变化检测方法往往精度不足而目标级建筑物变化检测方法过程烦琐等问题,本文提出结合像元级和目标级的高分辨率遥感影像建筑物变化检测方法。首先综合高分辨率遥感影像的多维特征,利用随机森林分类器进行影像集分类,以获取像元级建筑物变化检测结果;然后对后时相遥感影像进行图像分割,获得影像对象;最后融合像元级建筑物变化检测结果和影像对象,识别变化的建筑物目标。利用双时相QuickBird高分辨率遥感影像进行建筑物变化检测试验,结果表明：本文提出的方法能够削弱光照、观测角度等环境差异对建筑物变化检测的影响,显著改善建筑物变化的检测精度。     

Landsat 8 vs. Landsat 5: A comparison based on urban and peri-urban land cover mapping

An image dataset from the Landsat OLI spaceborne sensor is compared with the Landsat TM in order to evaluate the excellence of the new imagery in urban landcover classification. Widely known pixel-based and object-based image analysis methods have been implemented in this work like Maximum Likelihood, Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbor, Feature Analyst and Sub-pixel. Classification results from Landsat OLI provide more accurate results comparing to the Landsat TM. Object-based classifications produced a more uniform result, but suffer from the absorption of small rare classes into large homogenous areas, as a consequence of the segmentation, merging and the spatial parameters in the spatial resolution (30 m) of Landsat images. Based exclusively on the overall accuracy reports, the SVM pixel-based classification from Landsat 8 proved to be the most accurate for the purpose of mapping urban land cover, using medium spatial resolution imagery.     

像元与对象特征融合的高分辨率遥感影像道路中心线提取

提出了一种融合像元-多尺度对象级特征的高分辨率遥感影像道路中心线提取方法。首先在像素级上提取影像的纹理和形状结构特征,在构建的多尺度分割集影像上提取对象的区域光谱特征。然后,将像元级特征与多尺度对象特征进行决策级融合,完成道路网的粗提取。最后,结合本文所提出的非道路区域自动去除算法和张量投票算法,实现道路中心线的精提取。不同场景、不同分辨率数据下开展的试验结果表明,该方法可有效改善传统道路提取方法易产生的"盐噪声"和非道路地物粘连现象。     

Effects of Training Samples and Classifiers on Classification of Landsat-8 Imagery

In this study, we used Landsat-8 imagery to test object- and pixel-based image classification approaches in an urban fringe area. For object-based classification, we applied four machine learning classifiers: decision tree (DT), naive Bayes (NB), random trees (RT), and support vector machine (SVM). For pixel-based classification, we utilized the maximum likelihood classifier (MLC). Specifically, we explored the influence of repeated sampling on classification results with different training sample sizes. We found that (1) except the overall accuracy of NB, those of the other four classifiers increased as the training sample size increased; (2) repeated sampling had a significant effect on classification accuracy, especially for the DT and NB classifiers; and (3) SVM achieved the best classification accuracy. In addition, the performance of the object-based classifiers was superior to that of the pixel-based classifier. The results of this study can provide guidance on the training sample size and classifier selection.     

Automated mapping of impervious surfaces in urban and suburban areas: Linear spectral unmixing of high spatial resolution imagery

Quantifying impervious surfaces in urban and suburban areas is a key step toward a sustainable urban planning and management strategy. With the availability of fine-scale remote sensing imagery, automated mapping of impervious surfaces has attracted growing attention. However, the vast majority of existing studies have selected pixel-based and object-based methods for impervious surface mapping, with few adopting sub-pixel analysis of high spatial resolution imagery. This research makes use of a vegetation-bright impervious-dark impervious linear spectral mixture model to characterize urban and suburban surface components. A WorldView-3 image acquired on May 9th, 2015 is analyzed for its potential in automated unmixing of meaningful surface materials for two urban subsets and one suburban subset in Toronto, ON, Canada. Given the wide distribution of shadows in urban areas, the linear spectral unmixing is implemented in non-shadowed and shadowed areas separately for the two urban subsets. The results indicate that the accuracy of impervious surface mapping in suburban areas reaches up to 86.99%, much higher than the accuracies in urban areas (80.03% and 79.67%). Despite its merits in mapping accuracy and automation, the application of our proposed vegetation-bright impervious-dark impervious model to map impervious surfaces is limited due to the absence of soil component. To further extend the operational transferability of our proposed method, especially for the areas where plenty of bare soils exist during urbanization or reclamation, it is still of great necessity to mask out bare soils by automated classification prior to the implementation of linear spectral unmixing.     

联合像素级和对象级分析的遥感影像变化检测

为改善高空间分辨率遥感影像的变化检测精度,提出一种联合像素级和对象级分析的变化检测新框架。首先将多时相影像进行叠合,对叠加影像进行主成分分析,并利用基于熵率的方法对第一主成分影像进行分割,通过改变超像素数目来获取多层次不同尺寸大小的超像素区域。同时,对多时相影像进行光谱差异和纹理差异分析,采用自适应PCNN神经网络方法进行图像融合,利用水平集(CV)方法对融合后的影像进行分割获取像素级变化检测结果。最后,结合多尺度区域标记矩阵对检测结果进行变化强度等级量化和决策级融合,作为变化检测的后处理部分,以获取最终的对象级变化检测结果。采用SPOT-5多光谱影像进行试验。结果表明这种新框架可以有效集成基于像素和基于对象两种图像分析方法的优势,能够进一步提高变化检测过程的稳定性和适用性。     

Land cover changed object detection in remote sensing data with medium spatial resolution

Land cover change information is crucial to analyse the process and the change patterns of environments and ecological systems. Recent studies have incorporated object-based image analysis for its ability to generate meaningful geographical objects into studies of change detection. In this research, we developed a systematic methodology to realise multi-type land cover changed object detection with medium spatial resolution remote sensing images in Beijing, China. Optimum index factor (OIF) was applied to determine the best change indicators and the chi-square transformation was carried out to determine the change threshold of the 4 classes of changed object. The clustering change vectors in the feature space were proposed to discriminate the change types. According to the accuracy assessment, the overall accuracy of changed/unchanged object detection was approximately 93.9% with an overall kappa of 0.824, and the change type discrimination also achieved an overall accuracy of 81.67%, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

A comparative assessment between object and pixel-based classification approaches for land use/land cover mapping using SPOT 5 imagery

Abstract

Land use/land cover (LULC) classification with high accuracy is necessary, especially in eco-environment research, urban planning, vegetation condition study and soil management. Over the last decade a number of classification algorithms have been developed for the analysis of remotely sensed data. The most notable algorithms are the object-oriented K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN), Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and the Decision Trees (DTs) amongst many others. In this study, LULC types of Selangor area were analyzed on the basis of the classification results acquired using the pixel-based and object-based image analysis approaches. SPOT 5 satellite images with four spectral bands from 2003 and 2010 were used to carry out the image classification and ground truth data were collected from Google Earth and field trips. In pixel-based image analysis, a supervised classification was performed using the DT classifier. On the other hand, object-oriented (K-NN) image analysis was evaluated using standard nearest neighbour as classifier. Subsequently SVM object-based classification was performed. Five LULC categories were extracted and the results were compared between them. The overall classification accuracies for 2003 and 2010 showed that the object-oriented (K-NN) (90.5% and 91%) performed better results than the pixel-based DT (68.6% and 68.4%) and object-based SVM (80.6% and 78.15%). In general, the object-oriented (K-NN) performed better than both DTs and SVMs. The obtained LULC classification maps can be used to improve various applications such as change detection, urban design, environmental management and zooning.     

Object-based classification with features extracted by a semi-automatic feature extraction algorithm – SEaTH

Object-based image analysis (OBIA) uses object features (or attributes) that relateto the pixels contained by the image object to assist in image classification. These object features include spectral, shape, texture and context features. With hundreds of available features, the identification of those that can improve separability between classes is critical for OBIA. The Separability and Thresholds (SEaTH) algorithm calculates the SEaTH of object–classes for the given features. The SEaTH algorithm avoids time-consuming trial-and-error practice for seeking important features and thresholds. This article tests the SEaTH algorithm on Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery in a heterogeneous landscape with multiple land cover classes. The results suggest SEaTH is a strong alternative to other automated approaches, yielding an agreement of 79% with reference data. In comparison, an object-based nearest neighbour classifier yielded 66% agreement and a pixel-based maximum likelihood classifier yielded 69% agreement.     

Fuzzy Logic System for Road Identification Using Ikonos Images

Research into both extraction of man-made objects and automatic change detection from aerial and satellite images has made significant progress in recent years. This paper presents an approach, based on a fuzzy logic system, for the identification of suburban roads in Ikonos images. The linguistic variables are the mean and standard deviation (SD) of different objects with Gaussian membership function. After the roads have been identified provisionally and their skeleton extracted, the skeleton can be vectorised and then used as direct input to a GIS for further analysis. The method was tested on an Ikonos "Geo" image covering Bilesavar in north-western Iran. For the suburban area of Bilesavar, the results showed that grey scale values ranged from 20 to 190 for non-roads and 226 to 228 for roads, the optimum width of the Gaussian kernel function was 3 and the SD was 0.4. It was also found that about 91% of main roads with a width of 6 to 12 pixels could be extracted from high resolution satellite imagery by the algorithm. The computer program for this study has been developed in visual C++ based on Windows 98     

利用面向对象的分类方法从IKONOS全色影像中提取河流和道路

传统的基于像素的统计特征的分类方法在处理高分辨率影像的分类问题上遇到了很大的困难。本研究利用面向对象的影像分析方法对IKONOS全色影像进行了河流与道路的分类,包括利用影像对象的光谱特征的初次分类和利用子目标对象的线特征的二次分类两个过程;其中初次分类由于仅依据光谱信息,不能很好地将河流或道路与其他光谱特征相似的地物区分开,而通过引入子目标的形状特征进行二次分类,就可以准确地将河流与道路提取出来。试验结果表明,面向对象的分类方法能够满足高分辨率或纹理影像的分类需要,具有很大的应用潜力。