中国大陆科学钻探孔区的数字三分量反射地震调查

本文将简要介绍在大陆科学钻探孔区进行数字三分量地震勘探试验数据采集处理技术,以及取得的初步成果. 鉴于结晶岩地区波场的复杂性,在剖面调查之前要先进行波场特征调查,才能确定三分量地震调查观测系统采集参数.数据处理中与水平分量处理有关的三个困难环节包括静校正、速度分析与动校叠加,必须有所创新.在大陆科学钻探工程中,三分量数字地震调查之所以放在终孔后才进行,主要是因为三分量地震解释要以钻孔资料和VSP成果为基础.如果没有岩芯物性测定资料或VSP纵横波速度计算曲线,横波速度剖面模式就难以建立,水平分量数据处理和解释就难以进行.与单分量地震调查相比,水平分量采集处理提供了转换波信息,可反映独特的很有意义的地质信息.在三分量数字地震调查X分量深度叠加剖面左半边深度2600～3400 m区段出现密集的水平反射层,与Z分量反射剖面和变质岩片倾向不一致.对比主孔气体异常曲线可知,这些水平反射是地层中流体含量升高的反映.     

Walkaway和Walkaround VSP技术在东海深层气田中的应用

海上非零偏VSP技术是一项在地震船井周放炮以实现变井源距激发、井筒中布设三分量检波器进行接收的井筒物探技术.本次试验采集是Walkaway和Walkaround VSP在中国近海海域深层气田的首次非零偏VSP联合试验,为改善海上深层常规拖缆三维地震资料品质提出了新的解决方案.东海盆地存在目的层埋藏深、构造复杂以及储层非均质性强等特殊地质条件,常规拖缆地震采集处理存在多次波发育、信噪比和分辨率低等问题.经过优选试验靶区,开展采集模拟设计,优化采集方式和采集参数等确定了观测系统,在东海深层开展了四个方向的Walkaway VSP以及两个不同半径环线的Walkaround VSP现场作业,通过精细处理获得了井周精细构造及储层信息.同时,利用非零偏地震资料求取衰减因子和多次波模型等相关地震参数,通过井控三维处理得到分辨率和信噪比增强的拖缆三维地震数据.实际应用及分析表明,该项井震结合技术可有效提高地震资料品质,对海上深层气田砂体追踪和气藏描述效果良好.     

应用三分量浅层地震反射方法探测隐伏活动断裂

多波多分量地震勘探方法在油气田勘探开发中日益受到重视,但在工程和活动断裂探测中过去还没有开展多波多分量地震勘探的先例.本文简要介绍了在北京黄庄—高丽营断裂上开展的三分量浅层地震反射试验数据采集和资料处理方法,以及取得的初步结果.试验结果表明,采用纵波震源或横波震源激发、三分量接收的浅层地震勘探方法,可获得较高信噪比的浅层地震纵波、横波和转换波剖面,特别是水平分量采集的横波和转换波可提供很有意义的地下结构和构造信息.综合利用纵波、横波和转换波剖面特征进行的地质分层和断层解释结果取得了与跨断层的钻孔联合地质剖面结果较好的一致性.     

大陆架科学钻探CSDP-2井的垂直地震剖面测量

南黄海海相地层的地震波场特征和层位标定一直是困扰地震勘探的重要问题.为了近距离、高精度和高分辨率地观测井周围构造特征和岩石性质引起的波场变化,为地震资料的采集、处理与解释提供地震波衰减规律、速度与层位标定等信息,对大陆架科学钻探CSDP-2井实施了近零偏移距垂直地震剖面（VSP）观测.针对海相地层顶部强反射界面地震波穿透难的问题,采用了大容量气枪震源并设计了气枪阵列组合方式,提高了激发地震波的能量,获得了强反射界面之下清晰的PP、PS下行波和上行波信号.采用了三分量偏振合成、组合滤波和波场分离等处理方法,对VSP观测数据进行处理,获得了海相三叠系—志留系的精细的纵波、横波速度结构和地层吸收因子等物性数据,建立了钻井地层、测井、VSP上行波和多道地震剖面对应关系,实现了不同尺度的地质和地球物理属性资料的有效衔接,标定了钻井地质剖面上各深度地质体的地震反射特性,厘定了过井地震剖面上反射同相轴的地质属性.此次观测取得的纵波、横波速度信息,成为建立南黄海海相地层速度模型主要的资料来源,也是地震资料的岩性反演处理不可缺少的信息.     

3D3C陆地反射PS转换波CMP成像影响因素分析

三维三分量(3D3C)陆地反射PS转换波共中心点(CMP)叠加成像方法,虽然抽道集简单,但是对实际资料处理结果往往不理想.尤其当反射界面为三维倾斜界面时,其成像质量较差.本文提出有三个主要因素影响其成像质量:第一,转换点离散.运用实例计算得出,转换点离散度随着纵横波速度比、偏移距和界面倾角的增大而增大.相同界面倾角,不同测线方位的转换点离散度不同,视倾角的绝对值越大离散度也越大;第二,道集内静校正量差异增大.CMP道集中,由于转换点离散使得转换点横向跨度较大,经倾斜界面反射转换的S波出射到近地表地层时的角度差异也较大,导致静校突出;第三,加大动校叠加复杂性.三维倾斜界面PS波CMP道集近炮检距时距方程可表示为双曲形式,但是曲线的顶点位置和动校速度同时随测线方位变化,使得CMP道集同相轴很难校平,动校叠加过程很复杂.     

内蒙古准苏吉花铜钼矿区三分量地震试验研究

三分量地震技术在能源勘探中发挥了重要作用,并取得了明显的地质效果.在金属矿勘探中,三分量地震的效果如何,有助于解决什么样的地质问题,还未曾开展过这方面的试验研究.为探讨三分量地震技术在金属矿勘查中的探测效果,我们在对内蒙古准苏吉花铜钼矿区钻孔岩心标本进行密度和速度测试的基础上,开展了三分量地震试验研究.试验采用炸药震源激发,单个正交28 Hz三分量检波器接收,多次覆盖的工作方法.通过对三分量地震数据进行处理,获得了能够用于解释的纵波和转换波地震剖面.分析纵波和转换波地震剖面能够看出,纵波剖面上的波组特征更明显,转换波剖面上的信息量更大,把两者进行综合解释,有利于金属矿地震资料的解释.利用所获得岩矿石弹性参数和地质资料,对获得的试验地震剖面进行了解释,根据试验剖面上的地震波组特征,认为在该8勘探线地质剖面以外NE一侧,有可能寻找到深部隐伏金属矿.     

三分量数字检波器在ZY油田应用效果分析

在水平分量的炮集记录中,数字三分量检波器直达波的椭圆率明显呈现出线性偏振的形态,并具有较高的分辨率,而模拟三分量检波器直达波的线性偏振不清晰,抗干扰能力差.在频谱分析和能量曲线分析的对比中,数字检波器的性能也高于模拟检波器.在PP波弱波阻抗界面的沙河组沙三12段,PS波表现出强反射界面,而且构造幅度比PP波剖面明显.在PS波剖面上,剖面深处两边的构造联系清晰可见,而在PP波剖面上很难解释剖面两边构造之间的关系,表明PS波资料对深层界面的成像能力有时不比PP波能力差,多分量资料在构造勘探上具有互补性.在沙四层底钻遇气层的马62井和马11井的测线CDP位置上,PP波和PS波的振幅比剖面上表现出低振幅比异常区,与钻井结果吻合.用多分量衰减系数或衰减比剖面,能够识别砂岩含气/水产生所产生的高频衰减异常.多分量地震属性及其比值剖面是储层含气异常指示的有效参数.     

应用抛物线Radon变换去除海上小道距斜缆高分辨率地震数据中的虚反射

虚反射的去除对于海洋高分辨率地震勘探剖面质量的提高具有重要意义.本文针对海洋小道距高分辨率斜缆地震资料中虚反射速度低的特点,应用抛物线Radon变换进行去除.实际处理效果表明,经抛物线Radon变换处理后的叠加剖面,其虚反射去除效果明显,剖面信噪比得以提升.进一步的分析表明高分辨率地震的虚反射能够与有效波分离的主要因素是斜缆采集,小道距对处理也产生积极影响,炮间和道间的插值可以在一定程度上改善处理的效果.     

致密砂岩气藏地球物理勘探方法技术综述

为了提高地球物理方法在致密砂岩气藏勘探及评价中的应用效果,本文基于大量国内外文献调研,首先梳理了致密砂岩气的概念及其地质特征,其次分析了地震勘探方法技术在致密砂岩气藏裂缝预测及含气性识别方面的应用,再次总结了评价致密砂岩气储层的测井系列、归纳了致密砂岩气层的测井识别方法及致密砂岩气储层参数定量计算方法,最后进行了实例分析.研究表明,地震方法是致密砂岩气勘探最有效的地球物理方法,不仅能有效地预测裂缝发育部位,还可以识别致密砂岩气藏;地球物理测井评价致密砂岩气藏具有纵向分辨率高、微观特征研究精度高的优点;基于岩石物理分析,将地震资料与测井资料有机结合,实现不同尺度信息融合,借助于非线性数学方法及非平稳信号分析技术可以有效提高致密砂岩气藏勘探评价效果.     

垦71地区多波采集方法研究及应用效果

多年来,胜利探区多波多分量地震采集所得资料的信噪比和分辨率较低,无法取得较好的应用效果.为此,以胜利垦71区块为先导实验区开展了多波采集方法研究.首先,通过单点三分量检波器与常规检波器小面积组合分析了该区转换波发育情况,认为该区转换界面较强,转换波特征明显,转换横波速度约为纵波速度的1/2;然后,通过数字三分量检波器的室内各种组合研究,进行了超线元叠加,由此可以有效地改善资料的信噪比,并对分辨率基本没有影响;最后,利用三分量检波器扩展排列进行转换波最佳偏移距的设计,通过垂直排列追踪放炮进行最佳非纵距设计,从而得出该区多波采集的最佳观测系统参数.通过上述合理的设计和多项试验研究,在垦71地区多波采集中,数字检波器Z分量剖面的频率优势非常明显,分辨率明显高于常规检波器的纵波剖面,对于搞清小断层及微幅度构造具有重要的意义;同时,转换横波能量强、信噪比和分辨率高,使多波采集取得了较好的效果.     

The 3D shear experiment over the Natih field in Oman: the effect of fracture-filling fluids on shear propagation

This is the final paper in a series on the 3D multicomponent seismic experiment in Oman. In this experiment a 3D data set was acquired using three-component geophones and with three source orientations. The data set will subsequently be referred to as the Natih 9C3D data set. We present, for the first time, evidence demonstrating that shear waves are sensitive to fluid type in fractured media. Two observations are examined from the Natih 9C3D data where regions of gas are characterized by slow shear-wave velocities. One is that the shear-wave splitting map of the Natih reservoir exhibits much larger splitting values over the gas cap on the reservoir. This increase in splitting results from a decrease in the slow shear-wave velocity which senses both the fractures and the fracture-filling fluid. Using a new effective-medium model, it was possible to generate a splitting map for the reservoir that is corrected for this fluid effect. Secondly, an anomaly was encountered on the shear-wave data directly above the reservoir. The thick Fiqa shale overburden exhibits a low shear-wave velocity anomaly that is accompanied by higher shear reflectivity and lower frequency content. No such effects are evident in the conventional P-wave data. This feature is interpreted as a gas chimney above the reservoir, a conclusion supported by both effective-medium modelling and the geology.
With this new effective-medium model, we show that introduction of gas into vertically fractured rock appears to decrease the velocity of shear waves (S2), polarized perpendicular to the fracture orientation, whilst leaving the vertical compressional-wave velocity largely unaffected. This conclusion has direct implications for seismic methods in exploration, appraisal and development of fractured reservoirs and suggests that here we should be utilizing S-wave data, as well as the conventional P-wave data, as a direct hydrocarbon indicator.     

The analysis and application of simplified two-parameter moveout equation for C-waves in VTI anisotropy media

Several parameters are needed to describe the converted-wave （C-wave） moveout in processing multi-component seismic data, because of asymmetric raypaths and anisotropy. As the number of parameters increases, the converted wave data processing and analysis becomes more complex. This paper develops a new moveout equation with two parameters for C-waves in vertical transverse isotropy （VTI） media. The two parameters are the C-wave stacking velocity （Vc2） and the squared velocity ratio （7v,i） between the horizontal P-wave velocity and C-wave stacking velocity. The new equation has fewer parameters, but retains the same applicability as previous ones. The applicability of the new equation and the accuracy of the parameter estimation are checked using model and real data. The form of the new equation is the same as that for layered isotropic media. The new equation can simplify the procedure for C-wave processing and parameter estimation in VTI media, and can be applied to real C-wave processing and interpretation. Accurate Vc2 and Yvti can be deduced from C-wave data alone using the double-scanning method, and the velocity ratio model is suitable for event matching between P- and C-wave data.     

AVO技术进展

AVO技术是Zoeppritz方程在地球物理勘探中的重要应用.本文在回顾Zoeppritz方程及其简化形式的基础上对AVO技术的最近发展进行了介绍.AVO技术是利用地震资料研究岩性和含油气性不可或缺的工具.近年来AVO理论和技术发展呈现新的方向,主要表现在以下几个方面:利用多波多分量地震数据进行纵波、横波、转换波的AVO分析,预测储层的含气性和检测裂缝发育;利用AVO技术定量表征岩性和储层的流体性质;进行3DAVO分析研究等.本文对此进行了介绍,并对AVO技术的前景进行了展望.     

Ray–Kirchhoff multicomponent borehole seismic modelling in 3D heterogeneous, anisotropic media

Kirchhoff–Helmholtz (KH) theory is extended to synthesize two-way elastic wave propagation in 3D laterally heterogeneous, anisotropic media. I have developed and tested numerically a specialized algorithm for the generation of three-component synthetic seismograms in multi-layered isotropic and transversely isotropic (TI) media with dipping interfaces and tilted axes of symmetry. This algorithm can be applied to vertical seismic profile (VSP) geometries and works well when the receiver is located near the reflector interface. It is superior to ray methods in predicting elliptical polarization effects observed on radial and transverse components. The algorithm is used to study converted-wave propagation for determining fracture-related shear-wave anisotropy in realistic reservoir models. Results show that all wavefront attributes are strongly affected by the anisotropy. However, it is necessary to resolve a trade-off between the effects of fractures and formation dip prior to converted-wave interpretation. These results provide some assurance that the present scheme is sufficiently versatile to handle shear wave behaviour due to various generalized rays propagating in complex geological models.     

维波场延拓复杂表层模型校正方法及应用

如何正确地消除复杂地表对地震波场的影响，提高地下构造成像的质量一直是中国西部复杂地区地震勘探中存在的难题.本文在三维复杂表层速度模型层析反演\[1\]的基础上，研究了关于复杂地表的静校正问题，提出用三维波动方程在炮集上对地震波场进行正、反向延拓，消除复杂地表对波场的影响，实现三维复杂表层模型校正.理论和实际应用证明，该方法已超越常规静校正的含义，属时变校正方法.用本方法处理复杂地表问题，不但能消除表层对不同深度反射波产生的不同时差影响，提高叠加剖面质量，而且能使校正后的地震波场保持波动特征不发生畸变，可为建立正确的深层速度模型和波动方程叠前深度偏移奠定良好的基础.     

Application of 3D vertical seismic profile multi‐component data to tight gas sands‡

Due to the complicated geophysical character of tight gas sands in the Sulige gasfield of China, conventional surface seismic has faced great challenges in reservoir delineation. In order to improve this situation, a large‐scale 3D‐3C vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey (more than 15 000 shots) was conducted simultaneously with 3D‐3C surface seismic data acquisition in this area in 2005. This paper presents a case study on the delineation of tight gas sands by use of multi‐component 3D VSP technology. Two imaging volumes (PP compressional wave; PSv converted wave) were generated with 3D‐3C VSP data processing. By comparison, the dominant frequencies of the 3D VSP images were 10–15 Hz higher than that of surface seismic images. Delineation of the tight gas sands is achieved by using the multi‐component information in the VSP data leading to reduce uncertainties in data interpretation. We performed a routine data interpretation on these images and developed a new attribute titled ‘Centroid Frequency Ratio of PSv and PP Waves’ for indication of the tight gas sands. The results demonstrated that the new attribute was sensitive to this type of reservoir. By combining geologic, drilling and log data, a comprehensive evaluation based on the 3D VSP data was conducted and a new well location for drilling was proposed. The major results in this paper tell us that successful application of 3D‐3C VSP technologies are only accomplished through a synthesis of many disciplines. We need detailed analysis to evaluate each step in planning, acquisition, processing and interpretation to achieve our objectives. High resolution, successful processing of multi‐component information, combination of PP and PSv volumes to extract useful attributes, receiver depth information and offset/ azimuth‐dependent anisotropy in the 3D VSP data are the major accomplishments derived from our attention to detail in the above steps.     

转换波方位各向异性裂缝检测技术研究及应用

HTI裂缝各向异性介质中,转换波随方位角的变化比较复杂,目前还没有解析公式可以表达其变化特征,只能通过物理实验或数值模拟来分析其应用的可能性.数值模拟结果表明,转换波在裂缝各向异性介质中传播时,其R分量和T分量的振幅属性都具有明显的方位各向异性特征,R分量振幅方位各向异性拟合椭圆的长轴方向指示裂缝方位,这与纵波方位各向异性特征相似;根据P波AVAZ方位各向异性分析原理,对转换波R分量振幅方位各向异性曲线进行方位椭圆拟合,寻找椭圆的长轴方向,即裂缝主方位,再由P波AVAZ技术中振幅响应与炮检方向和裂缝走向之间的夹角关系式得到裂缝的发育密度,从而构建转换波方位各向异性AVAZ裂缝检测技术.该技术已用于川西新场气田某区块的裂缝储层预测,取得了较好的应用效果.     

Propagation characteristics of converted refracted wave and its application in static correction of converted wave

Three-component seismic exploration through P-wave source and three-component geophone is an effective technique used in complicated reservoir exploration. In three-component seismic exploration data processing,one of the difficulties is static correction of converted wave. This paper analyzes propagation characteristics of non-converted and converted refracted waves,and discovers a favor-able condition for the formation of converted refracted wave,i.e. the velocity of overlaying medium S wave is much lower than that of underlying medium S wave. In addition,the paper proposes the static correction method of converted wave based on PPS converted refracted wave,and processes the real three-component seismic data with better results of static correction of converted wave.