增强型地热系统研究开发:以美国新墨西哥州芬登山为例

增强型(或工程)地热系统是指从地壳深部低孔渗的干热岩体中,采用人工工程方法形成储层,经济地采出具有相当数量的热能.这种早期被称之为干热岩的技术首次在美国新墨西哥州芬登山得到示范.本文以芬登山增强型地热系统为例,通过综述其发展历程,论述了增强型地热系统钻井与储层激发、工质流动与储层测试、储层性能评价等关键问题,总结了从芬登山增强型地热系统研究中获得的认识和启示.芬登山地热项目发展的经验表明,增强型地热储层是通过重新打开本来存在、但被密封的、多重连通的节理组,或通过水力压裂创造新的流动通道和换热面,利用复杂裂隙网络中的流循环,从储层系统中开采热能.芬登山实践表明,在稳态条件下增强型地热系统的持续运行是可能的,芬登山地热项目对世界和我国深层地热发展具有重要指导意义.     

我国增强型地热系统选址问题探讨

增强型地热系统(简称EGS)是目前地热领域的重要发展方向,EGS研究受到了发达国家的普遍重视.本文考察了EGS的勘查选址原则和国际典型案例,并结合我国地热资源分布特征,评估各地热资源分布区的开发潜力,探讨不同地热带EGS选址的可能性.最终将我国进行EGS项目的选址地区分为三类:优先开发利用区、勘探开发区、综合调查区.为我国EGS开发可行性评价等基础研究及项目实施提供参考.     

近年来我国地热学的研究与展望

简要回顾了近年来我国地热研究的现状及取得的重要进展，包括大地热流、岩石层热状态、地壳-上地慢热结构、地热与气候变化、灾害环境以及矿山地热、油田地热、地热资源等；并从固体地球科学发展动向及国民经济需求两个方面，展望我国理论地热学和应用地热学研究的今后发展方向     

地热区的电磁研究

在过去的25年间,几乎所有电磁的和地电的技术都被用来进行地热勘探和开发方面的有效性试验。偶极-偶极剖面法、声频大地电磁法和受控源电磁法就是已经证明对地热勘探是相当有效的例子。从世界上许多地热区进行的成百次野外调查,已发现了各种具有不同地质的、水文的和热传输特征的地热区和局部地热系统,根据这些不同特征的组合,每个地热区或地热系统出现新的问题,为了取得最佳勘探效果,这些问题可能需要不同的野外方法或者野外方法的组合,不管这些问题如何,新的地热区已经被探测到了,而且地热系统的结构和过程目前已得到较好的了解。例如,已经在以下几方面的研究中取得了进展:(1)多孔的/可渗透的热水/蒸汽储集层和热水/蒸汽循环及产生的碎片区的特征;(2)冷的雨水和热水的分布及运动;(3)盖层冠岩对储集层的热绝缘;(4)对流的和(或)传导的热传输;以及(5)岩浆侵入到地壳上部的热影响。新的勘探方法、资料分析程序和模型计算在地热区的研究过程中已经得到了发展。它们包括受控源电磁法、远参考场技术、以及正演和反演计算的比较好和快的算法的发展。今后的问题是:(1)发展和改进仪器设备及野外方法,以便比较精确的描述和鉴别地热区的电导率分布,特别是那些具有高的孔隙度/渗透性和破碎带的电导率分布;(2)改进野外数据的计算机分析,以便在野外测量中能更好地进行;(3)研究对于大多数地热区内存在的相当不均匀电导率分布的更有效的解释。     

平行多裂隙模型中换热单元体对EGS釆热的影响

增强型地热系统(EGS)是开发深层高温地热能的有效途径.本文在垂直单裂隙模型(SVFM)的基础上构建了平行多裂隙模型(MPFM),验证了其可靠性及优越性,创新地提出了换热单元体(HTU)的概念,将对整体热储层的研究集中于采热基本单元上,并利用此模型对EGS采热过程中裂隙流体及热储层温度场的演化进行模拟.基于介质分类,将采热的影响因素分为流体和岩体.本文针对岩体热储层分别设计多组案例,分析了岩体HTU尺寸及储层初始温度对釆热的影响.结果表明,HTU的厚度与流体产出温度呈负相关,但与热储层的热采率呈正效应;HTU的长度与采出温度和热储寿命呈正相关;热储层的初始温度也与流体采出温度呈正相关,对热储寿命影响不大.因此,热储层激发越充分,对流换热越充分,采热效率越高.注采策略应与热储层的激发情况相配合,才能取得较好的热开采效果.     

地热地球物理勘探新进展

地热作为一种清洁能源具有巨大的开发潜力,将在我国的经济发展中起到巨大的作用.在传统的热水型地热开发的基础上,国际上非常重视热干岩(Enhanced Geothermal)型地热的勘探开发.在这两类地热勘查和开发中,地球物理方法具有非常重要的作用.本文从地热系统的目标体岩石的地球物理性质出发,分析岩石的地球物理性质与温度、压力和含水量等影响因素的关系.例如随着温度的升高,岩石会出现去磁、电阻率降低、密度降低、弹性波速度也现明显降低等现象.进而分析地球物理方法应用到具体的地热勘查地质-地球物理异常模型.结合国际上21世纪以后的新方法技术,分析了重磁、电、地震方法在利用由于岩石温度的升高而出现的特殊地球物理现象,并应用于地热勘探.通过国内外实例介绍了各种地球物理勘探方法在地热勘查中成功应用,为进一步提高我国地热勘查水平,提供一些参考.     

增强型地热系统热流耦合水岩温度场分析

增强型地热系统(Enhanced Geothermal System,简称EGS)作为深层地热资源开采最有效方法已成为国际研究热点.其中多场耦合是EGS研究中的关键部分,但目前对最基础和最重要的热流耦合研究仍不充分,特别是对热流耦合下热传导过程和采热效率的研究还不透彻.本文构建了针对EGS单裂隙热流耦合的数学模型,模型主要控制热流耦合时水岩温度场的演化,以展现热流耦合下的热传导过程,并以此计算了裂隙宽度和裂隙水流速率对水岩温度场的影响,分析了裂隙特征对采热效率的影响.计算表明,在特定的开采条件下,都有相应的岩体温度场影响半径;热量从高温岩体传至裂隙流体的过程显示为进水口为低温区,以水流方向为轴,向两侧岩体对称展开的三角形热传导模式;裂隙宽度和裂隙流体速度对裂隙两侧的岩体温度场和采热半径产生明显影响,但裂隙长度总体上对采热率表现为正效应,而裂隙宽度和裂隙流体速度在一定范围内对采热率表现为负效应;裂隙宽度与裂隙流体速度对水岩温度场具有完全一致的影响效果.模型的对比验证确认了本模型的合理性和优越性.文中最大的创新点和亮点是首次推导给出了EGS热流耦合水岩温度场演化特征的简明数学表达式,另一亮点是基于岩体热传导系数来考虑耦合过程的热传导量.     

智能导钻技术体系与相关理论研发进展

为满足国家高效低成本开发深层/超深层(埋深4500～9000 m)油气资源的战略需求,亟待发展适合我国地质禀赋的深层/超深层石油地质理论,创新支撑深层/超深层油气勘探开发的智能导钻技术体系.依托中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项“智能导钻技术装备体系与相关理论研究”(简称智能导钻系统),面向深层/超深层系统性开展了油气成藏理论、旋转导向和地质导向钻进技术、远程决策系统和装备试验平台研究.深层/超深层特有的高温、高压环境和水的加氢作用能显著提高油气资源潜力,多类型优质规模储集体形成的主控因素为“先天基础、后期改造、深埋保持”,多期成藏改造过程控制了深层/超深层油气藏类型和分布的差异性.围绕智能导钻技术体系的旋转导向(钻)、地质导向(测)、高速传输(传)、地面控制(控)四大子系统,突破了旋转导向高精度动态测量与控制、非接触高效电能与信号传输,随钻方位电磁波测井全对称抗干扰天线系、高温高压仪器设计与封装,井地数据传输非线性流体负载高精度伺服控制、强畸变信道微弱信号提取等关键技术.研制了旋转导向、地质导向、井地传输等10余支井下仪器,实现了“钻-测-传-控”一体化智能导钻系统的集成总装.目前正在...     

沉积盆地地热史模拟方法及简要述评

沉积盆地的地热史模拟是目前盆地动态模拟的重要内容.盆地热史研究经历了定性、半定量及定量研究的过程,而且这一研究仍在继续深入.目前,盆地热史反演研究占据了主导地位.对目前一些常用的盆地地热史研究方法和手段作概要总结,并加以简要的评述,尤其着重介绍了近年发展起来的地热史反演方法——利用有机质镜质体反射率R_0资料和磷灰石裂变径迹资料反演沉积盆地的地热历史.     

全球干热岩资源开发诱发地震活动和灾害风险管控

干热岩地热资源作为一种绿色可再生的新型能源,其开发利用已成为当前世界各国尤其是发达国家能源战略的重要组成部分.但由于干热岩位于地壳浅部3～10 km,在采用增强型地热系统(EGS)等通用开发方式过程中,伴随着地壳应力状态的扰动,部分开采项目发生较大震级的诱发地震事件,甚至造成明显灾害、引起社会问题,亟待实现科学利用和风险管控.鉴于此问题在平衡能源开发战略和社会安全领域的重要性和关键性,本文梳理了全球干热岩开采诱发地震的总体情况、典型案例,整理了在成因和机理研究、地震灾害风险管控和缓解等方面的研究进展.综合分析结果表明,已有EGS项目案例中诱发地震震级超过3.0的达到31.2％、主要与断层活化有关,最大的诱发地震可发生在注水压裂、关井后、循环生产等各阶段.干热岩开采诱发地震有多种成因,已有案例多为多种成因共同作用,其中的关井后的尾随效应是目前重大难点.目前世界各国已开展了广泛的诱发地震机理研究并探索多种减灾措施,认为累积注水体积、注水速率与最大诱发震级之间不存在普适性的定标关系,前瞻性预测需要采用"一井一策"的方式.在缓解诱发地震灾害风险上,普遍采用科学的流体注入策略、对注采策略进行验证校准、持续开展地震活动监测等系列措施.此外,对储层的临界应力状态和应力时空演化的量化描述、地热储层内的先存断层与裂缝的探测识别、可有效管控地震发生的流体注入策略等,是当前干热岩资源开发减轻地震风险的主要技术难点,而利用地热储层实时感知信息技术、采用新的注入热交换载体、发展前瞻性的地震预测方法是该领域目前重点关注的技术方向.根据我国的干热岩资源开发和减轻地震灾害风险的实际情况,亟待建立开采场地安全性和灾害风险评价、多学科的地震监测网络和分析技术、地震灾害风险管控红绿灯系统等技术体系,并加强关井后的尾随现象、多场耦合等科学问题的基础研究.     

Using Estimated Risk to Develop Stimulation Strategies for Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are an attractive source of low-carbon electricity and heating. Consequently, a number of tests of this technology have been made during the past couple of decades, and various projects are being planned or under development. EGS work by the injection of fluid into deep boreholes to increase permeability and hence allow the circulation and heating of fluid through a geothermal reservoir. Permeability is irreversibly increased by the generation of microseismicity through the shearing of pre-existing fractures or fault segments. One aspect of this technology that can cause public concern and consequently could limit the widespread adoption of EGS within populated areas is the risk of generating earthquakes that are sufficiently large to be felt (or even to cause building damage). Therefore, there is a need to balance stimulation and exploitation of the geothermal reservoir through fluid injection against the pressing requirement to keep the earthquake risk below an acceptable level. Current strategies to balance these potentially conflicting requirements rely on a traffic light system based on the observed magnitudes of the triggered earthquakes and the measured peak ground velocities from these events. In this article we propose an alternative system that uses the actual risk of generating felt (or damaging) earthquake ground motions at a site of interest (e.g. a nearby town) to control the injection rate. This risk is computed by combining characteristics of the observed seismicity of the previous 6 h with a (potentially site-specific) ground motion prediction equation to obtain a real-time seismic hazard curve; this is then convolved with the derivative of a (potentially site-specific) fragility curve. Based on the relation between computed risk and pre-defined acceptable risk thresholds, the injection is increased if the risk is below the amber level, decreased if the risk is between the amber and red levels, or stopped completely if the risk is above the red level. Based on simulations using a recently developed model of induced seismicity in geothermal systems, which is checked here using observations from the Basel EGS, in this article it is shown that the proposed procedure could lead to both acceptable levels of risk and increased permeability.     

Seismic network design to detect felt ground motions from induced seismicity

Human activities, such as fluid injection as part of the stimulation of an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) for heat and power production, can cause damaging earthquake ground motions. A difficulty in quickly settling or rejecting insurance claims to the policy of the EGS operator is the lack of ground truth on the observed shaking at sites of reported damage. To overcome this problem a local seismic network could be installed prior to injection to constrain the ground-motion field at points of potential damage. Since the installation and maintenance of seismometers are costly there is an incentive to keep the number of instruments to a minimum. In this short communication, ground-motion fields are simulated and receiver operating characteristic analysis is conducted to guide decisions on the number of sensors required to obtain a certain confidence in the rate of false alarms and missed detections. For densities of 10–20 instruments per km² the ability to estimate potentially damaging ground motions is reasonable but associated with a significant chance of missed detections and false alarms. If an EGS operator or regulatory authority does not want to accept such chances then network densities of 50–100 instruments per km² are required and even in this case the exceedance/non-exceedance of a certain ground-motion threshold cannot be completely constrained.     

两种新方法实现CSAMT静态校正

可控源音频大地电磁法近几年来成功地应用于矿产资源、油气资源、地热资源、煤炭资源勘查及工程环境等勘探中,但是地表不均匀体产生的静态效应问题是当前该方法急需解决的一个技术难题。针对这一问题提出了两种静态校正新方法,方向滤波法和带相位的滑动滤波法,并具体说明了这两种算法的设计思想。通过建立地表存在不均匀体时的地电模型,正演模拟合成了存在静态效应的电阻率及阻抗相位断面图,使用方向滤波法和带相位的滑动滤波法分别对它们进行静态校正,基本可以消除地表不均匀体的影响。然后对新疆某地存在静态效应的CSAMT测量原始数据断面图应用这两种方法进行静态校正,取得了较好的效果。     

Geothermal resource assessment of the United States

Geothermal resource assessment is the broadly based appraisal of the quantities of heat that might be extracted from the earth and used economically at some reasonable future time. In the United States, the Geological Survey is responsible for preparing geothermal assessments based on the best available data and interpretations. Updates are required every few years owing to increasing knowledge, enlarging data base, improving technology, and changing economics. Because geothermal understanding is incomplete and rapidly evolving, the USGS complements its assessments with a broad program of geothermal research that includes (1) study of geothermal processes on crustal and local scales, (2) regional evaluations, (3) intensive study of type systems before and during exploitation (4) improvement of exploration techniques, and (5) investigation of geoenvironmental constraints.     

贵德盆地深部地热资源地球物理评价

为了评价贵德盆地深部地热资源远景,使用V8仪器进行了地面大地电磁法和可控源音频大地电磁法工作,首次对贵德盆地深部电性特征和深部地热资源进行评价.查明贵德盆地基底埋深3600 m～4900 m.推断盆地第三系上新统贵德组（上部地层）是浅部热储层,其厚度为370 m;其埋深为530 m.老第三纪渐新统（上部地层）是中部热储层,其厚度为640 m～800 m,其埋深为1810 m～2330 m.侏罗纪、白垩纪地层是深部热储层,其厚度为970 m~1600 m;其埋深为3680 m～4990 m.提出浅部热储层属于盆地型层状热储;中深部热储层属于断裂型带状热储.推断出二条大断裂破碎带.     

中低温对流型地热系统中氢同位素的变化

中低温对流型地热系统在阐明地区构造活动性、地热资源形成与分布、水-岩相互作用以及有用元素富集成矿等方面具有十分重要的意义。而水作为地热系统的载体,研究其同位素变化机制是分析此系统中水-岩相互作用和地热水来源的必要前提。文中统计了中国大陆前人发表的167个温泉水与同一地区冷水的氢同位素(δD值)资料,并讨论了这些温泉水与区域活动构造的空间分布关系。结果表明,温泉水δD值均低于同一地区冷水,且91.11%的温泉发育于活动构造周边。文中还对造成温泉水δD值低于冷水的原因进行了分析: 主要是水由地表向地下渗透的过程中,水分子H-D同位素产生分馏作用(深循环作用),且分馏速率与温度相关,温度越高H-D分馏作用越明显; 其次,对于围岩中含高岭土矿物的地区,水与高岭土的H-D同位素也可能发生交换反应,从而降低温泉水中D同位素的含量。     

西藏地热事业的喜悦与隐忧

联合国开发计划署和意大利政府最近准备再度资助西藏地热的二期项目,中国地球物理学界对此表示极大的关注。西藏高原的地热现象早就引起中外科学家的注意,最早的文字记载可以追溯到七世纪中叶,但到本世纪70年代初才提到地热发电利用。中国地球物理学界和地质学界对这一转变作出了巨大贡献。他们坚持认为西藏高原上地幔或下地壳内很可能存在局部熔融,这就为浅部的水热活动提供了深源热背景,并意味当地的地热资源具有巨大的动力开发潜力。西藏羊八井地热电站目前的装机容量已经达到16MWe,其北缘和邻近的羊易乡热田又分别钻探到202.2℃和201.8℃的高温;但是当前的西藏地热事业也存在许多隐忧。作者认为这些问题不解决,西藏地热事业便很难得到快速进展。     

Policies to reduce nitrogen surplus in German agriculture

The article focuses on a concept for the creation and evaluation of environmental policy measures. Based on this concept two policy strategies which aim to reduce nitrogen emission from agriculture for spatial resource protection are developed. The strategies are firstly an EU-wide limitation of nitrogen balance surpluses per hectare, and secondly an increase in mineral fertilizer prices plus regional livestock unit limitation. Because of its low costs of administration and control, the authors favour an early introduction of the component ‘regional livestock unit limitation’. If the impacts of this measure do not lead to a sufficient reduction of nitrogen emissions an ‘increase in mineral fertilizer prices’ should be added.     

Geothermal energy prospects in Brazil: A preliminary analysis

Results of geothermal gradient measurements in 44 localities in Brazil are presented. The Precambrian shield areas are found to be characterized by relatively low temperature gradients in the range 6 to 20°C/km while younger sedimentary basins are characterized by gradients in the range 15 to 35°C/km. An inverse correlation between geothermal gradient and tectonic age has been observed. This as well as the favourable hydrological conditions suggest that the best sites for extraction of geothermal energy in Brazil are the younger sedimentary basins. The Parana Basin is found to offer at present the best site for extraction of geothermal energy in Brazil. Preliminary examination of the temperature distributions in the major aquifer (Botucatu sandstone) suggest that this aquifer contains substantial quantities of warm waters in the temperature range 40 to 90°C. The water layer in this confined aquifer is in convective motion and can be considered as a low enthalphy geothermal system. Many of the routine uses to which geothermal waters are put, such as space heating and soil warming, are not applicable in Brazil mainly because of the favourable climatic conditions. Conversion of this geothermal energy into electrical energy is also unlikely to be economical. Hence we do not consider the Parana Basin geothermal system as an independent ec9nomically exploitable energy resource. However, a few other applications are pointed out where geothermal waters can be used as a supplementary or supporting energy source in increasing the efficiency of economically viable systems utilizing hot waters.