贡嘎山东坡植被原生演替的种间协变

泥石流迹地形成植被原生演替系列．通过对演替不同阶段群落优势种群多度的调查，主要采用Ｓｐｅａｒｍａｎ系数来测度种对的多度数据协变的相对强度．结果表明，ｒ对策和Ｋ对策的种对有负协交关系；先锋树种的种对有正协变关系．     

河北坝上弃耕地植被的演替特征及环境因子的影响

利用聚类与排序手段，由植被的空间序列推断其时间序列的方法对河北坝上弃耕地植被的演替进行了分析。结果表明：１）该研究区弃耕地植被共有６个群丛、３个亚群丛，植被严重退化。２）对于植被的数量分析，一般情况下只选用适宜的排序手段即可达到分类与排序之目的。３）影响弃耕地植被演替的因素多种多样，并非弃耕时间单一因素。４）弃耕地植被中植物种类数目变化具有明显的波动性。５）“初始植物种类组成”原理不适于本地区弃耕地植被的演替。０）弃耕地植被的改造利用宜在弃耕后２－６年内进行。     

太岳山森林群落物种多样性

根据 8个样地的调查资料 ,用丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西太岳山 10个森林群落多样性进行研究 ,结果表明 :1)同一群落不同层次的物种多样性指数存在一定的波动范围 ;不同群落间 ,物种多样性指数也存在差异 ,这种差异与群落所处的演替阶段相关 ;当群落处于演替的顶级阶段时乔、灌、草 3个层次的物种多样性和均匀度指数多为乔木层 <灌木层 <草本层 ;演替先锋阶段和进展阶段多为乔木层 <灌木层 >草本层或乔木层>灌木层 <草本层。 2 )分布在不同海拔高度的森林群落的物种多样性呈连续性波动的变化 ,表现为随海拔高度的增加 ,物种多样性指数呈上升趋势。 3)群落物种多样性在空间上的差异不仅决定于物种丰富度指数 ,更与各物种间的均匀度指数密切相关 ;进而影响不同层次的物种多样性对群落总体物种多样性的贡献     

新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带植物群落物种多样性特征

分别采用重要值、盖度、多度计算多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数、优势度指数，对新疆阜康荒漠地区植物群落的物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明：1)各类型群落的物种多样性水平表现为红柳、红砂、梭梭这三个群落较高，肉叶雾冰藜群落、叉毛蓬群落、盐爪爪群落、囊果碱蓬群落和雾冰藜群落居中，无叶假木贼群落和碱蓬群落较低；2)研究区总体群落物种多样性水平较低，随着群落演替其物种多样性水平呈现低—高—较高的变化趋势；3)对荒漠植被，以重要值或盖度为指标计测多样性指数较为可行。     

Coupling between Primary Terrestrial Succession and the Trophic Development of Lakes at Glacier Bay, Alaska

The natural eutrophication of lakes is still an accepted concept in limnology, arising as it does from the earliest efforts to classify lakes and place them in an evolutionary sequence. Recent studies of newly formed lakes at Glacier Bay, Alaska, only partially support this idea, and suggest more variable trends in lake trophic development which are under local (catchment-level) control. Here we use sediment cores from several lakes in Glacier Bay National Park to examine the relationship between successional changes in catchment vegetation and trends in water-column nitrogen (a limiting nutrient) and lake primary production. Terrestrial succession at Glacier Bay follows several different pathways, with older sites in the lower bay being colonized directly by spruce (Picea) and by-passing a prolonged alder (Alnus) stage that characterizes younger upper-bay sites. Sediment cores from three sites spanning this successional gradient demonstrate that the variability in nitrogen trends among lakes is a consequence of the establishment and duration of N-fixing alder in the lake catchment. In the lower-bay lakes, diatom-inferred nitrogen concentrations rise and then fall in concert with the transient appearance of alder in the catchment, while in the upper bay, high nitrogen concentrations are sustained by the continuous dominance of alder. Diatom accumulation, a proxy for whole-lake biological productivity, increases steadily at all three sites during the first century following lake formation, but declines in more recent times at the lower-bay sites in apparent response to the disappearance of alder and decreasing lake-water nitrogen. These results demonstrate a tight biogeochemical coupling between terrestrial succession and lake trophic change during the early developmental history of Glacier Bay lakes.     

Indicators of Great Basin rangeland health

Early-warning indicators of rangeland health can be used to estimate the functional integrity of a site and may allow sustainable management of desert rangelands. The utility of several vegetation canopy-based indicators of rangeland health at 32 Great Basin rangeland locations was investigated. The indicators were originally developed in rangelands of the Chihuahuan Desert. Soil resources are lost through wind and water-driven erosion mainly from areas unprotected by plant canopies (i.e. bare soil). Study sites in Idaho had the smallest bare patches, followed by sites in Oregon. The more arid Great Basin Sagebrush Zone sites in Utah had the largest bare patches. Several vegetational indicators including percent cover by vegetation, percent cover by life-form, percent cover by sagebrush, and percent cover by resilient species were negatively related to mean bare patch size and are potential indicators of Great Basin rangeland condition. Plant community composition and the range of bare patch sizes were different at sites in the three locations in Idaho, Oregon and Utah. Therefore, expected indicator values are location specific and should not be extrapolated to other locations. The condition of study sites were often ranked differently by different indicators. Therefore, the condition of rangeland sites should be evaluated using several indicators.     

Grazing effects on aboveground primary production and root biomass of early-seral,mid-seral,and undisturbed semiarid grassland

Annual/perennial and tall/short plant species differentially dominate early to late successional shortgrass steppe communities. Plant species can have different ratios of above-/below-ground biomass distributions and this can be modified by precipitation and grazing. We compared grazing effects on aboveground production and root biomass in early- and mid-seral fields and undisturbed shortgrass steppe. Production averaged across four years and grazed and ungrazed treatments were 246, 134, and 102 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ for the early-, mid-seral, and native sites, respectively, while root biomass averaged 358, 560, and 981 g m⁻², respectively. Early- and mid-seral communities provided complimentary forage supplies but at the cost of root biomass. Grazing increased, decreased, or had no effect on aboveground production in early-, mid-seral, and native communities, and had no effect on roots in any. Grazing had some negative effects on early spring forage species, but not in the annual dominated early-seral community. Dominant species increased with grazing in native communities with a long evolutionary history of grazing by large herbivores, but had no effects on the same species in mid-seral communities. Effects of grazing in native communities in a region cannot necessarily be used to predict effects at other seral stages.     

Community succession along a chronosequence of vegetation restoration on sand dunes in Horqin Sandy Land

Species diversity influences plant community structure and function. This paper examines the patterns and dynamics of species diversity along a chronosequence of vegetation recovery on sand dunes in a semi-arid region to assess the probability of vegetation recovery via succession, and provides some implications for revegetation practices in this region. Species richness and diversity indices gradually increased with succession, except for a decline in the community of 18 years, which is attributed to the strong dominance of Artemisia halodendron. In each stage of the restoration process, there was a dominant species with particular life history traits which contribute to the dominance of this species. Species replacement and habitat changes were the main drivers of succession, while plant species and community succession drove the process of vegetation recovery. Results showed that restoration via succession holds promise for vegetation recovery and desertification control within protected, fenced enclosures.     

长湖湿地水生植被演替研究

在2006年调查的基础上,结合长湖湿地历史资料,对长湖湿地1985年至2006年21a间水生植被的演替进行了研究。结果表明,长湖湿地破坏严重,生物多样性下降。长湖现有14个水生群落,其中挺水群落3个,浮叶群落3个,沉水群落8个。优势群落发生了变化,从1985年的菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)群落演替为1999年的微齿眼子菜(P.maackianus)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)群落;进一步演替为2000年的苦草、微齿眼子菜群落,至2006年演替为莲(Nymphaea nelumbo)、莲 菰(Zizania na-duciflora)群落。优势群落生活型由沉水型转变为挺水型,植被覆盖度由100%减少到30.35%;群落总生物量为2202.08t(未包括挺水植物群落生物量),其中狸藻(Utricularia aurea) 轮叶狐尾藻(M.verticillatum)群丛最大为1633.48t,微齿眼子菜 日本茨藻(N.gracillima)最小为0.43t。群落单位面积平均生物量从1195.67g/m2增加到1850.53g/m2。人类的活动如过度养殖、打捞水草及污水排放等导致了长湖湿地植被面积、种类及总生物量的下降。     

Influence of aboveground vegetation on seed bank composition and distribution in a Great Basin Desert sagebrush community

The quantity, composition, and spatial dispersion of seed banks can greatly affect community dynamics. While seed banks of hot deserts have been studied extensively, little is known about seed banks in cold deserts, in particular the relationship between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation. We investigated the relationship between the seed bank and aboveground vegetation and the effect of microhabitat (shrub interspace or beneath shrub) and aboveground community phase (high or low perennial bunchgrass cover) on the seed bank of a Great Basin Desert sagebrush community. The seed bank and aboveground vegetation differed in their most dominant species, resulting in moderately dissimilar species compositions as determined by Sørensen's similarity index and Bray–Curtis distance. In contrast, comparing the seed bank species composition to the aboveground vegetation structure (functional groups) using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed a correspondence between the two communities. Shrub seed densities were higher beneath shrubs. Neither microhabitat nor community phase explained variation in total seed density or species richness. Therefore, our measures of the aboveground vegetation did not influence seed density across functional groups or species richness, and the similarity between the seed bank and aboveground vegetation varied depending on the aboveground organizational level used in comparisons.     

Self-organization and complex dynamics of regenerating vegetation in an arid ecosystem: 82 years of recovery after grazing

Understanding the relative contributions of internal dynamics versus external factors in the process of community assembly is important for establishing guidelines for conservation and restoration of native vegetation. The role of internal dynamics and external factors in the process of community assembly at the local scale is a poorly understood issue in ecology, especially in highly variable environments. We analyse an 82-year spatiotemporal record of vegetation recovering from a history of overgrazing within a semi-arid environment to investigate the relative contribution of internal and external factors on community assembly. Community composition and spatial structure were used as indicators of change over time in four sites within a vegetation reserve, which were subjected to the same environmental constraints, climate and grazing history. The four sites follow remarkably different, asynchronous trajectories characterized by periods of stability interrupted by episodic change. The high variability between sites suggests that initial communities are internally reinforced through random chance events, directing them on different pathways of assembly and self-organization; hence external factors may play a less significant role in long-term community assembly at the local scale than previously believed. These results have important implications for rangeland restoration and conservation in many of the world's semi-arid regions.     

干旱区沙漠化土地逆转植被的时空格局及其机制研究

在无灌溉条件下, 干旱区沙漠化土地实现逆转和植被的恢复的降水量要在160mm左右, 而方法是沙漠化土地逆转成败的关键之一。明沙嘴采取的从沙源上风向边缘开始的人工辅助措施加封育的治沙实践证明, 减少人为干预, 主要利用自然力的作用, 能达到流沙固定, 植被增加, 沙漠化土地逆转的目的。人工辅助措施加封育后植被群落在经历约20a的由简单到复杂演变的同时, 种的个数、类型、密度、空间格局等方面都发生了一系列的变化。     

土地覆被变化与管理对土壤动物群落演变的耦合效应

以黑河中游人工绿洲边缘天然草地及其转变的人工梭梭灌木林（21 a）、人工杨树林（28 a）、人工樟子松林（33 a）和农田（开垦27 a和100 a）为研究对象,基于6种研究样地中小型土壤动物群落的调查数据,采用多变量排序和通径分析等方法,研究了土地利用/覆被变化与管理措施对中小型土壤动物群落及其主要类群演变的耦合效应。主要结果是:①将天然草地转变为未实施管理措施的人工梭梭灌木林后并未引起土壤动物群落组成、数量和物种多样性的显著变化,而转变为实施管理措施的杨树和樟子松人工林及农田后,导致了土壤动物群落组成、数量和物种多样性的变异,证实了土地覆被变化对中小型土壤动物群落的作用及其效应受管理措施的强烈调控。②土壤动物群落的演变过程受土地覆被变化与灌溉和施肥管理的共同影响,其中灌溉的贡献率最大,是关键驱动因子。③不同土壤动物类群对土地覆被变化和管理耦合作用的响应不同。灌溉对跳虫、甲螨和革螨的个体数量和物种丰富度的直接影响和总效应最大;施肥对辐螨的个体数量和物种丰富度的直接影响和总效应最大;灌溉和施肥对稀有类群的个体数量和物种丰富度的直接影响和总效应均较大,具同等重要的作用。结论是,土地覆被变化与管理耦合作用通过改变土壤水文和生态环境条件驱动了中小型土壤动物群落的演变过程。     

Bird assemblages of arid Australia: Vegetation patterns have a greater effect than disturbance and resource pulses

Arid birds are known to be highly responsive to spatio-temporal changes in food and water availability, and it is thought that this ‘resource tracking’ will obscure predictable patterns of community structure. Here we examine this resource hypothesis by assessing assemblage structure of birds in relation to landscape-scale environmental variation in the Finke bioregion of arid inland Australia, during an exceptionally high and extended rainfall period. We surveyed 197 sites stratified according to land system, run-off/run-on elements and distance to water, and recorded 106 resident and nomadic species. Cluster analysis produced five assemblages, four of which could be readily linked to a specific habitat type. Constrained ordination (CCA) was carried out using 38 variables that measured environmental gradients, vegetation attributes, food and water availability, and disturbance level. Species patterns correlated most strongly with vegetation variables (woodland, chenopod, grassland, and % mulga cover), and % weed cover. By contrast resource variables (flowering, fruiting, and water proximity), introduced herbivores, and most structural variables were poor predictors of species presence. Thus, we showed that resource availability and grazing disturbance are not major drivers of Australian arid bird assemblage patterns. Instead, patterning relates more to the interaction between bird foraging behaviour and breeding requirements and vegetation assemblages.     

沙坡头人工固沙植被演替过程中主要结皮生物生态位和种间关联变化特征

为探究干旱沙区人工固沙植被演替过程中结皮生物的种间关系变化规律,利用空间代替时间的方法,调查了宁夏沙坡头地区分别始建于1956、1964、1981、1987年人工固沙植被区（分别代表固沙植被建立后的64、56、39、33年4个演替阶段）中发育的6种典型结皮生物——蓝藻（Cyanobacteria）、球胶衣（Collema coccophorum）、石果衣（Endocarpon pusillum）、真藓（Bryum argenteum）、土生对齿藓（Didymodon vinealis）和齿肋赤藓（Syntrichia caninervis）的盖度及频度变化,并以不同样方作为资源状态计算其生态位宽度和重叠值,随后利用方差比率法、卡方检验和种间关联系数分析了它们在固沙植被演替过程中种间关联性变化规律。结果表明：（1）随着固沙植被演替,结皮生物的生态位宽度与重叠指数因具体结皮生物的不同而显现出显著差异：蓝藻生态位宽度迅速变窄（由演替33年的3.865降到演替64年的0）,且与其他结皮生物之间生态位重叠值逐渐降低;真藓与球胶衣生态位宽度基本保持不变且高于其他类型,且二者保持较高生态位重叠;土生对齿藓、齿肋赤藓和石果衣生态位宽度在固沙植被演替前期较小,但随着固沙植被演替的进行明显上升（分别由演替33年1.607、0和0.693上升到演替64年的3.699、3.227和3.373）,三者间生态位重叠值也随之提高。（2）结皮生物的种间总体关联性随着固沙植被演替由负关联向正关联转变,在演替64年时达到最大值（VR=1.15）;不同结皮生物间联系随着固沙植被演替逐渐增强,地表隐花植物群落结构和种类组成趋于稳定。本研究不仅为揭示干旱沙区结皮生物的相互作用、共生共存及演变机制提供了依据,而且对以结皮生物作为新型固沙材料及相关技术的研发具有重要的参考价值。     

The progress and prospects of nebkhas in arid areas

Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures. We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow, soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored.     

干旱地区灌丛沙堆研究现状与展望(英文)

Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas,and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas.This paper reviews the following aspects,including formation and succession,spatial distribution,shape and surface airflow characteristics,balance between erosion and deposition,ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation,response to precipitation and groundwater,soil properties as well as the protection measures.We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods,and shape characteristics,surface airflow,soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood,which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors.Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation,while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected,which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas.Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation,soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors.In addition,positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed.According to the data got from the above,effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored.     

The progress and prospects of nebkhas in arid areas

Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures. We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow, soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored.     

山西云顶山亚高山草甸群落生态分析

应用双向指示种分析法 (TWINSPAN )和除趋势对应分析 (DCA )等数量分析方法,对山西云顶山亚高山草甸生态关系进行了研究,将该草甸划分为5个群落类型,分别位于不同的海拔高度。分类结果很好地反映了植物群落类型及优势种的分布与环境因子之间的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到了较好的验证。DCA排序轴反映了海拔高度、放牧强度和群落土壤湿度的梯度变化,表明海拔高度和水热条件是影响植物群落变化的主要环境因子,物种多样性在群落类型分化中有重要作用,同时放牧对亚高山草甸演替过程的干扰明显。     

新疆准噶尔盆地边缘部分地段生态环境特征

新疆准噶尔盆地边缘部分地段降水少，蒸发量大，干旱多风，土壤肥力低和盐碱化较强，自然条件比较恶劣。但不同地貌单元自然条件又不尽相同，特别是土壤质地、盐分和养分的差异，导致植物群落发生相应变化。在水资源严重匮乏的情况下，植被整体呈现出群落组成简单、优势度高、多样性和覆盖度较低等特征。它们所构成的生态环境非常脆弱，敏感性很高，在水土开发和重大工程建设时必须充分注意这些特点。