洱源盐井山刚玉矿床地质特征

通过1：5万区域地质调查工作，首次在云南省洱源县盐井山古元古代苍山变质岩中发现刚玉矿床，矿体产于苍山变质岩区，大涧口韧性剪切糜模岩带的变质镁铁岩外接触带，滑石片宕、云母片岩和伟晶岩脉中。矿石有伟晶岩型和滑石片岩型两类。     

闽北变质岩区稀土稀有金属矿产的分布与成矿条件初析

间北前寒武纪变质岩区广泛分布着稀土和稀有金属矿产，本文着重从矿产区域分布和产出地质条件对成矿规律进行分析，认为产于混合岩带的稀土金属矿产与雪峰期至加里东期混合岩化阶段形成的含稀土混合岩有联系，各种类型含稀有元素伟晶岩是混合岩化的加里东期含白云母花岗岩的侵入活动有联系。由于岩体形成时迁移距离、定位深度和围岩条件的不同，因而在混合岩区形成以含铍为主的稀有元素伟晶岩，在混合岩带外侧高绿片岩相变质岩区形成以含铌钽为主的稀有元素伟晶岩带，构成了闽北变质岩区内独特的稀土和稀有金属成矿系列。     

综合测井在陕西商南县光石沟花岗伟晶岩型铀矿勘探开发中的应用效果

花岗伟晶岩型铀矿床是一种重要的铀矿化类型,其矿化层严格受到花岗伟晶岩脉控制,矿化层围岩为片岩、片麻岩和混合岩等。花岗伟晶岩脉由硅质物肢结,坚硬质密,不透水,其测井结果表现为高电阻和高自然伽玛特征。而其围岩片岩、片麻岩和混合岩层理和解理非常发育,并富含层间水,测井结果表现为低自然伽玛、低电阻和低自然电位异常特征。花岗伟晶岩型铀矿含矿层与其围岩物性差异较大,利用地球物理测井参数的差异来评价岩矿层和铀成矿规律显然是一种较好的铀矿勘查工作方法。FD--3019伽玛定量测井是铀矿钻探勘查定量解释必不可少的一项基本测井工作;2007年以前花岗伟晶岩型铀矿钻探勘查没有尝试用电阻率、自然电位等综合测井参数评价预测铀矿化情况,实践结果证明通过综合测井曲线解释能够更准确的预测花岗伟晶岩脉的展布规律,科学划分钻孔地质剖面,为花岗伟晶岩型铀矿勘查评价和预测提供可靠依据,并且及时准确的指导野外生产和钻探设计工作。     

中国祖母绿矿床特征及其找矿方向

中国祖母绿,产于南温河变质核杂岩的变质内核中,含矿构造有两种：一种长英质伟晶岩脉,一为顺面理产生的石英脉。后者所产祖母绿质量较好,是祖母绿的主要含矿构造。经研究,构成祖母绿的主要元素Ｂｅ,主要来自燕山期花岗斑岩,而致色元素Ｃｒ和Ｖ主要来源于元古界变粒岩。矿区外围仍有很好的找矿远景,找矿靶区应选在变质核杂岩内核中的元古界层状变质岩系。     

阿尔泰花岗伟晶岩中的宝石

含宝石花岗伟晶岩主要产于阿尔泰海西地槽褶皱带的次一级构造单元——富蕴地背斜褶皱带中。含矿地层由中、上奥陶统和中、下泥盆统的含蓝晶石、十字石、矽线石、石榴石的石英黑云母片岩、片麻岩、混合岩和石英黑云母片岩组成。变质岩片理走向为NW-SE,与阿尔泰褶皱带方向一致。与稀有金属和宝石矿化有关的花岗岩是片麻状黑云母微斜长石花岗岩(228×10~6年)和片麻状二云母花岗岩(160—135×10~6年)。     

平江瑚珮伟晶岩型铌钽矿床地质特征及成因

矿床位于幕阜山花岗岩体南西缘与板溪群片岩接触带伟晶岩密集区。矿化伟晶岩墙大多受NEE向纵向节理控制，并位于幕阜山岩体的边缘。矿区内已发现7个矿体，它们通常呈脉状，延深约100m。矿石为花岗伟晶结构和条带状构造。含铌、钽的矿物主要包括铌铁矿、钽铁矿和绿柱石，它们主要分布于分异晚期的块体带中。地球化学和同位素研究表明，该矿床为—岩浆—交代伟晶岩型矿床，成因上与幕阜山花岗岩体有关。     

新疆卡鲁安硬岩型锂矿床花岗岩与伟晶岩成因关系：锆石U- Pb定年、Hf- O同位素和全岩地球化学证据

卡鲁安锂矿床位于新疆阿尔泰造山带,是中国主要的稀有金属矿床产地之一,但前人工作程度较低、研究工作较少,其岩石成因和成矿机制有待于深入系统研究。文章系统研究了新疆卡鲁安含矿伟晶岩、无矿伟晶岩、外围花岗岩、外围伟晶岩、角岩、片岩、板岩等全岩样品的主量元素、稀土微量元素、Pb- Sr- Nd同位素以及锆石U- Pb定年和Hf- O同位素,旨在揭示卡鲁安矿区花岗岩与伟晶岩形成时代、岩浆起源及其演化过程,进而探讨两者之间的成因联系。年代学数据显示,卡鲁安矿区外围黑云母花岗岩、含矿伟晶岩和外围伟晶岩锆石SIMS U- Pb年龄分别为407. 9±2. 3Ma（ n =25,MSWD=1. 4)、205. 0±12. 0Ma（ n =6,MSWD=2. 2)和205. 0 Ma。外围黑云母花岗岩以高SiO2（71. 16%~75. 39%)、高CaO（1. 15%~1. 85%)、低Fe2O3/FeO (＜0. 4)、过铝质(A/CNK=1. 04~1. 09) 和富碱性暗色矿物（＞8%)等为特征。在稀土微量元素组成方面,具有弱分异的Zr/Hf（25~55)和Nb/Ta（5. 4~8. 8)比值,相对富集Rb、Th、U、Pb、Hf和LREEs,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti等元素,为典型的弱分异S型花岗岩,其源岩可能为一套变质沉积岩。在Hf- O同位素组成方面,含矿伟晶岩（ ε Hf( t )=-0. 2~2. 0, δ 18O=7. 88‰~10. 87‰)和外围伟晶岩（ ε Hf( t )=-0. 7~8. 1, δ 18O=6. 87‰~9. 48‰)与外围黑云母花岗岩（ ε Hf( t )=1. 3~7. 4, δ 18O=8. 62‰~10. 08‰)具有一致性,指示含矿伟晶岩和外围伟晶岩与外围黑云母花岗岩可能具有相同的物质源区。黑云母花岗岩与片岩、板岩具有类似的稀土微量元素配分模式、类似的Pb- Sr- Nd同位素组成和Nd同位素模式年龄,指示由片岩、板岩部分熔融产生的;同时,含矿伟晶岩和无矿伟晶岩也展现出类似的稀土元素和微量元素配分模式,但其∑REE含量明显低于外围黑云母花岗岩,表明这些伟晶岩可能与外围黑云母花岗岩具有成因关系。但黑云母花岗岩比伟晶岩成岩时代早近200 Ma,所以伟晶岩不是外围黑云母花岗岩结晶分异的产物。值得关注的是2件含矿伟晶岩与片岩、板岩具有类似的稀土微量元素配分模式、类似的Pb- Sr- Nd同位素组成和Nd同位素模式年龄,表明伟晶岩也与片岩、板岩部分熔融有关。外围伟晶岩、含矿伟晶岩和无矿伟晶岩的CaO/Na2O比值（0. 01~0. 19)指示其物源是以泥质岩为主;而黑云母花岗岩CaO/Na2O比值（0. 36~0. 51)指示源区以砂屑岩为主。综上所述,本文认为黑云母花岗岩与伟晶岩是由相同源岩的不同岩性（贫黏土的碎屑岩与富黏土的泥质岩)经不同时代构造演化的产物,其源岩均来自库鲁木提群(S2- 3 KL )的片岩和板岩,具有密切的亲缘关系。     

云南祖母绿宝石的矿物特性

云南祖母绿宝石的矿物特性邓梦祥（中国科学院地球化学所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词祖母绿宝石矿物特性近年云南省发现祖母绿矿床。矿区成矿条件为前寒武系区域深变质的片麻岩、云母岩和花岗片麻岩。矿体呈脉状和囊状赋存于花岗伟晶岩中的层间裂隙。祖母绿晶体完好，储量...     

东秦岭资峪沟含铷伟晶岩脉地质特征及找矿意义

通过野外地质路线调查、岩相学与地球化学研究,资峪沟伟晶岩脉主要产出于丹凤岩群中,产状受区域构造控制。经综合评价,圈定出14条含铷伟晶岩脉体,同一脉体在粒度、矿物含量和矿物组合等方面均存在变化。据石榴子石含量,将其划分为微斜长石伟晶岩和富石榴子石微斜长石伟晶岩两种类型,前者Rb含量较高,后者Rb含量相对较低。石榴子石、原生微斜长石作为标型矿物,可综合判断伟晶岩Rb含量。资峪沟伟晶岩铷矿化与Li,Be,Nb,Ta等潜在成矿金属元素矿化无明显联系,石榴子石与富集稀有金属元素的副矿物关系密切,常伴生出现。石榴子石含量越高,伟晶岩往往越富集Zr,Nb,Y等元素。     

某地稀有金属花岗伟晶岩矿床成矿作用初步认识

本伟晶岩矿区位于某折皱隆起带的东南部,属××-××稀有金属伟晶岩成矿带的一部分.矿区近南北向延伸,主要构造为一复式背斜.区内出露地层大部分是下古生界建×群绿泥石片岩、二云母片岩和石英云母片岩,侏罗系砂砾岩、粉砂岩不整合于其上.目前,在2.4平方公里范围内已发现伟     

Origin of emerald deposits of Brazil

Precambrian emerald deposits of Brazil are found in a typical geologic setting with Archean basement and supracrustal, ultramafic, granitoid and rocks. Volcano-sedimentary series occur as imbricated structures or as bodies affected by complex folding and deformation. Emerald mineralization belongs to the classic biotite-schist deposit, which formed by the reaction of pegmatitic veins within ultrabasic rocks. At the same time, pegmatite-free emerald deposits linked to ductile shear zones are also known. Emerald formation is attributed to infiltrational metasomatic processes provoking a K-metasomatism of the ultrabasic rocks and also a desilication of the pegmatites. A new classification based on the geological setting, structural features, and ore paragenesis is proposed.     

云南祖母绿的矿床地质及宝石学特征

云南祖母绿矿床产于寒武系变质岩中,矿体分别产于片麻岩的伟晶岩及云英岩脉中。属于典型的伟晶岩型或气成高温热液矿床。祖母绿的铬、钒来源于变质岩,而铍来源于伟晶岩。     

Lithological and Structural Controls on the Genesis of Emerald Occurrences and their Exploration Implications in and around Gurabanda Area,Singhbhum Crustal Province,Eastern India

Emerald, the green gem variety of beryl (Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈), is the third most valuable gemstone after diamond and ruby. The green colour appearance of the crystal is due to trace of Cr³⁺ and V³⁺, which replaces Al³⁺ ions in the crystal lattice of beryl. The hue of green colour of emerald depends on the quantity of Cr³⁺ and V³⁺ present in the crystal. Be is incorporated along with Cr and/or V during the process of crystallization. Since Be is relatively rare in the upper continental crust, therefore specific geological and geochemical parameters are required for Be to be incorporated in the crystal lattice of emerald.The present work was carried out to understand the lithological and structural control of emerald occurrences in and around Gurabanda area within the Singhbhum shear zone (SSZ) of Singhbhum crustal province, eastern India. The biotite and serpentine schist belong to the Paleoproterozoic Dhanjori Group and constitute the major lithology of the area. Pegmatite and biotite schist contains a variety of gem minerals in abundance in the area and the gem quality emerald occur at the contact zone of quartz vein and mica-schist. Lithology and structure are the main controlling factors of gem-mineralization in the study area. The study indicates that regional metamorphism and deformation processes along the shear zone played a significant role in the formation of emerald deposits. It is inferred that Singhbhum shear zone facilitated a favourable condition, where the Be bearing pegmatites interacted with Cr bearing mica schist or ultramafic rocks to produce emerald crystal.     

Emerald deposits and occurrences: A review

Emerald, the green gem variety of beryl, is the third most valuable gemstone (after diamond and ruby). Although it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics, Colombia supplies most (an estimated 60%, worth more than $500,000,000 per year) of the world's emeralds. However there is speculation that the emerald mines in Colombia are becoming depleted. Brazil currently accounts for approximately 10% of world emerald production. Emeralds have also been mined in Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, China, India, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, the United States, and Zimbabwe.Because it is difficult to obtain accurate analyses of beryllium, most published analyses of beryl are renormalized on the basis of 18 oxygen and 3 Be atoms per formula unit. The color of emerald is due to trace amounts of chromium and/or vanadium replacing aluminum at the Y site; in most cases the Cr content is much greater than that of V. To achieve charge balance, the substitution of divalent cations at the Y site is coupled with the substitution of a monovalent cation for a vacancy at a channel site.Beryl is relatively rare because there is very little Be in the upper continental crust. Unusual geologic and geochemical conditions are required for Be and Cr and/or V to meet. In the classic model, Be-bearing pegmatites interact with Cr-bearing ultramafic or mafic rocks. However in the Colombian deposits there is no evidence of magmatic activity and it has been demonstrated that circulation processes within the host black shales were sufficient to form emerald. In addition, researchers are recognizing that regional metamorphism and tectonometamorphic processes such as shear zone formation may play a significant role in certain emerald deposits.A number of genetic classification schemes have been proposed for emerald deposits. Most are ambiguous when it comes to understanding the mechanisms and conditions that lead to the formation of an emerald deposit. Studies of individual emerald deposits show that in most cases a combination of mechanisms (magmatic, hydrothermal, and metamorphic) were needed to bring Be into contact with the chromophores. This suggests the need for a more flexible classification scheme based on mode of formation. Stable isotopes can be used to estimate the contribution of each mechanism in the formation of a particular deposit. Such estimates could perhaps be more precisely defined using trace element data, which should reflect the mode of formation.Emerald may be identified in the field by color, hardness, and form. It will tend to show up in stream sediment samples but because its specific gravity is relatively low, it will not concentrate in the heavy mineral fraction. In Colombia, structural geology, the sodium content of stream sediment samples, and the lithium, sodium, and lead contents of soil samples have all been used to find emerald occurrences. Exploration for gem beryl could result in the discovery of new occurrences of non-gem beryl or other Be minerals that could become new sources of Be and Be oxide.Future efforts should go towards creating a comprehensive data base of emerald compositions (including trace elements), determination of the role of metamorphism in the formation of some emerald deposits, improved classification schemes, and more effective exploration guidelines.     

Multi-stage emerald formation during Pan-African regional metamorphism: The Zabara,Sikait, Umm Kabo deposits,South Eastern desert of Egypt

The genesis of gem-quality deep green emeralds of Zabara, Sikait and Umm Kabo (South Eastern Desert, Egypt) is to date a controversial topic. The emerald-bearing biotite schists and quartz lenses are interpreted alternatively as a product of (i) thrust-fault-shear zone – controlled large scale alkali-metasomatism driven by post-magmatic fluid flow or of (ii) a large scale interaction between syntectonic pegmatitic magma or hydrothermal fluids with pre-existing basic to ultrabasic rocks, or of (iii) a syn- to post-tectonic regional metamorphism and small scale blackwall metasomatism. Detailed microstructural and chemical analyses of the Egyptian emeralds and their host rocks show that three generations of beryl can be distinguished: a colourless pegmatitic beryl; a pale green Cr-poor beryl crystallized from pegmatite-related hydrothermal fluids; and a deep green Cr- and Mg-rich emerald. The crystallization of the Cr- and Mg-rich emerald was controlled by the very local availability of Cr, Mg and Be-rich metamorphic fluids during the Pan-African tectono-thermal event. Emerald-rich quartz lenses demonstrate that those fluids locally did mobilize quartz, too. The pale green emeralds found within the pegmatites in association with colourless beryl are the product of a mobilization of colourless pegmatitic beryl and/or phenakite by late pegmatitic fluids slightly enriched in Cr by an interaction with the Cr-rich country rocks. The late pegmatitic fluids are typically Na-rich as is demonstrated by the pervasive albitization of the pegmatites. The complex interplay of magmatic and regional metamorphic events during the genesis of the Egyptian emeralds/beryls makes it impossible through stable oxygen isotope data to relate their genesis to the one or the other event.     

新疆阿尔泰造山带中伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床成矿 规律、找矿模型及其找矿方向

文章对阿尔泰造山带中的主要伟晶岩类型、时空分布特征、形成物源以及稀有金属矿化类型、形成条件(包括温度、压力、侵位深度)、可能控制因素等进行了归纳和总结,进而提出了阿尔泰伟晶岩成因模式、稀有金属矿化机制、伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床找矿模型及其找矿方向。阿尔泰稀有金属伟晶岩显示2个期次(同造山和后造山)和4个阶段(泥盆纪—早石炭世、二叠纪、三叠纪、早侏罗世)的成岩成矿特征。其中,以后造山阶段的三叠纪伟晶岩成岩及其Be、Li成矿作用最为显著。不同期次和阶段的伟晶岩显示规律的时空分布特征,稀有金属伟晶岩的成岩成矿明显受"构造-变质-物源-岩浆"的控制,而伟晶岩与周边花岗岩存在时代或物源上的解耦,表明阿尔泰伟晶岩不是由花岗质岩浆分异演化晚期的残余岩浆固结形成,由此提出阿尔泰不同时代伟晶岩的成因模式,即造山过程中加厚的不成熟地壳物质在伸展减压背景下发生小比例部分熔融(深熔)形成独立伟晶岩。通过对形成伟晶岩初始岩浆中磷含量、伟晶岩分异演化程度的评价以及基于围岩蚀变过程中全岩及蚀变矿物电气石中稀有金属Li、Rb、Cs含量特征,建立了阿尔泰伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床找矿模型、地质-地球化学找矿指标体系,并提出不同尺度的找矿方向。     

An overview of the pegmatitic landscape from the pole to the equator – Applied geomorphology and ore guides

Pegmatites and aplites share the common major constituents with the granitoid suite as well as various gneissic lithologies, e.g., orthogneisses, aplitic gneisses. Not surprising, the pegmatitic landscape has landforms resembling some found in landscapes derived from metamorphic and granitic rocks that genetically next of kin of pegmatites. The wealth of rare minerals, the peculiar shape, the zonation into a rim extremely vulnerable to weathering and a hard silica core renders pegmatites strikingly different from the afore-mentioned crystalline rocks and account for a landscape type of its own. The primary features of pegmatites, shape and composition, the key elements of the CMS classification scheme (Chemical composition-Mineral assemblage-Structural geology) also are critical for the secondary alteration of these rocks and the evolution of a pegmatitic landscape. The 1st order landscape formation, involving geomorphology sensu stricto and weathering contributes to the built-up of five morphological types (erosional type I, alteration type II, mixed type III, composite type IV (erosion-transport-deposition), hidden type V (under an intact roof rock or under clastic overburden)). The minerals produced by chemical weathering are accountable for type II and III, whereas the relic minerals are accountable for type I, III, IV and V. Morphological type IV leads to different placer deposits. The 2nd order landscape formation is governed by the climate giving rise to discrete zones arranged from the pole to the equator and two genetic types, the plain and valley types. Both types can genetically be correlated with the wet-and-dry and the tropical humid climates. Placers developed a clastic apron around pegmatites abundant in relic minerals whereas minerals newly formed during chemical weathering lead to clay deposits resting immediately on top of pegmatites. In terms of applied geomorphology, reading and understanding a pegmatitic landscape means creating an “ore guide” to the pegmatites, to their argillaceous supergene deposits in the apical part and their cogenetic placer deposits around. The current overview is a supplement to the review Dill (2015a).     

世界伟晶岩型锂矿床地质研究进展

稀有金属伟晶岩主要分为LCT (Li-Cs-Ta)型和NYF (Nb-Y-F)型,其中LCT型伟晶岩是全球重要锂矿来源.本文分析了全球伟晶岩型锂矿床的地质勘查和研究成果,简要介绍了各大陆代表性伟晶岩型锂矿床,发现锂矿空间分布不均匀,成矿时间具有多期性和阶段性,成矿事件主要发生在汇聚造山作用的晚期,伴随超大陆汇聚事件.LCT型伟晶岩富含挥发分,与后碰撞S型花岗岩密切相关,多产于中高级变质岩区,就位深度较大,多沿断裂构造贯入.     

东秦岭稀有金属伟晶岩的类型、内部结构、矿化及远景——兼与阿尔泰地区对比

东秦岭地区和阿尔泰造山带均产出大量稀有金属伟晶岩,是中国重要的稀有金属产地。前者工作程度低,远景尚不明朗;后者规模巨大。开展成矿条件对比研究十分必要。东秦岭地区产出铍矿、锂矿和复杂稀有金属矿,以锂矿化为主,伟晶岩类型复杂,包括绿柱石-铌铁矿型、复杂型锂辉石亚型、复杂型锂云母亚型和钠长石-锂辉石型。阿尔泰稀有金属伟晶岩发育多种稀有金属矿化组合,伟晶岩类型为绿柱石-铌铁矿型、复杂型锂辉石亚型和钠长石-锂辉石型。东秦岭稀有金属伟晶岩的内部结构分带型式包括对称分带结构、均一结构和分层结构,阿尔泰稀有金属伟晶岩以对称分带结构为主,也见均一结构。东秦岭与阿尔泰稀有金属矿石矿物相近,东秦岭产出更多含锂磷酸盐矿物。东秦岭稀有金属伟晶岩分异演化程度相对集中且高,阿尔泰稀有金属伟晶岩分异演化程度跨度大。东秦岭和阿尔泰锂矿的锂矿化主要发生于岩浆就位前,复杂稀有金属矿稀有金属富集作用发生在岩浆就位前和就位后,但阿尔泰复杂稀有金属矿经历了更为复杂和极度的分异演化过程。东秦岭稀有金属伟晶岩可能与同期花岗岩为同一熔融事件的产物,与早期花岗岩来自同一物质来源。阿尔泰稀有金属伟晶岩与花岗岩关系复杂,但大量早期花岗岩的形成提高了地壳成熟度,有利于形成晚期稀有金属伟晶岩。东秦岭稀有金属伟晶岩产出于北秦岭单元中,形成于晚造山和造山后阶段,集中于造山后阶段,稀有金属矿化呈多期断续叠加特征。阿尔泰稀有金属伟晶岩主要产出于琼库尔-阿巴宫地体和中阿尔泰山地体内,集中于造山后和非造山阶段。伟晶岩岩浆活动受控于物质来源和造山作用。储存稀有金属的岩石在造山作用中熔融,发生多期的大规模花岗质岩浆活动,稀有金属通过长期复杂的分异演化过程在残余熔体中不断富集。这种富挥发分和稀有金属的过铝质硅酸盐岩浆随后上升就位,可经后续冷却结晶和不混溶作用进一步富集稀有金属,从而形成稀有金属伟晶岩。东秦岭具有形成含稀有金属高度分异演化岩浆的有利条件,该区具有寻找铍矿和复杂稀有金属矿的潜力。