多向荷载作用下层状地基刚性桩筏基础分析

提出一种多向荷载作用下层状地基中刚性桩筏基础的计算方法。基于剪切位移法,采用传递矩阵形式分析了竖向荷载下桩顶面-桩顶面相互作用;引入修正桩侧地基模量,采用有限差分法分析了水平荷载下桩顶面-桩顶面相互作用;基于层状弹性半空间理论,分析了多向荷载下桩顶面-土表面、土表面-桩顶面、土表面-土表面的相互作用关系。建立了桩土体系柔度矩阵,得到了多向荷载下层状地基中刚性桩筏基础的受力和变形的关系以及桩的内力和变形沿桩身分布规律。通过与有限元对比,验证了该方法的合理性和修正地基模量的优越性,并对多向荷载作用下的桩筏基础进行了计算分析,计算结果表明,水平力将会引起桩筏基础的倾斜。     

往复荷载下层状地基柔性筏板-群桩共同作用分析

提出一种层状地基中柔性筏板-群桩共同作用分析方法,探讨筏板刚度对桩筏基础沉降的影响,并成功预测了往复荷载下桩筏基础的长期沉降。筏板刚度采用Mindlin板理论的有限单元法分析;桩-土体系的刚度矩阵中,桩顶面-桩顶面、桩顶面-土表面以及土表面-土表面的相互作用分析采用层状剪切位移法借助层状地基的Burmister位移解求得。基于层状地基中柔性筏板-群桩的沉降计算方法以及往复荷载下土体压缩模量的衰减特性得到了桩筏基础的长期沉降预测方法。与已有文献方法和离心模型试验结果的对比分析表明,柔性筏板-群桩共同作用方法得到的沉降值具有较高的精度。     

风机梁板式桩筏基础承载特性大型模型试验研究

梁板式桩筏基础与传统桩筏基础一样具有较高的承载力和变形控制能力,且较传统桩筏基础能够节约成本,具有重要经济效应,因而成为了新兴的基础形式被应用于风电基础中。然而目前该基础仍采用传统桩筏基础的设计方法进行计算,造成了巨大的浪费。为了弥补目前梁板式风机基础设计方法的缺陷,采用大型室内模型试验对梁板式风机基础的受力变形特性进行研究,分析了竖向荷载作用下梁板式风机基础内梁、桩、土体等的受力机制及特性。研究表明,在工作荷载范围内,梁板式桩筏基础体系处于弹性状态,且梁板式桩筏基础具有一定的柔性,中央与边缘存在一定的差异沉降。桩-桩相互作用及桩-土相互作用对具有一定柔性的梁板式桩筏基础受力变形特性具有重大的影响,应该修正现行设计时不考虑这几个因素的缺点。     

竖向荷载下刚性板桩筏基础分析方法

根据群桩中桩侧摩阻力分布规律,在桩筏基础中基于弹性理论中的变形协调关系、桩体物理方程和力的平衡关系,推导了竖向荷载作用下桩筏基础的荷载和位移之间的刚度矩阵,从而提出了一种刚性板下桩筏基础的分析方法。刚性板桩筏基础分析中考虑了4种相互作用,分别为桩-土-桩、桩-土-板、板-土-桩和板-土-板相互作用。基础中各桩可具有不同的桩长、桩半径和刚度等特性。应用该方法不需要划分桩-土体单元,分析中的计算矩阵仅与基础中桩数和筏板下土节点数量相关而与其他变量无关,分析过程简洁通用。通过与各种分析方法的比较验证,证明该方法是合理可行的。     

国华通辽风电场三期工程梁板式桩筏基础性状数值分析

风力发电作为发展最快的新型能源之一,得到越来越多的关注,耦合荷载作用下风机基础的优化设计成为一个重要的问题。首先对商业有限元的计算精度以及对耦合荷载的模拟能力进行验证,在该基础上对国华通辽风电场梁板式桩筏基础进行模拟分析,重点讨论在耦合荷载作用下梁板式基础管桩、肋梁和环梁的受力和变形特性,并将有限元计算得出的基础构件内力与规范设计方法计算结果进行对比分析。与此同时,分析风机基础桩土分担比,研究耦合荷载作用下土体的承载作用。计算结果可为实际工程的设计提供参考依据。     

桩-筏(网)复合地基桩土应力比现场测试研究

桩土应力比是刚性桩复合地基的一个重要设计参数,通过对沪宁城际铁路路基试验段CFG桩-筏(网)和PHC桩-筏复合地基桩土应力进行长期观测,分析了桩土应力变化规律,对桩土应力横向分布、桩间土应力变化、桩土应力比及荷载分担比等进行了对比研究。研究表明:桩土应力比与填筑荷载成非线性关系,与桩土相对刚度密切相关;桩土应力横向呈不规则锯齿形分布,桩顶应力集中现象明显,桩间土承载作用在填筑初期得到了充分发挥,桩土差异沉降迫使桩顶承受更多荷载,褥垫层和土工格栅调整了桩土荷载分担,揭示了路堤荷载作用下桩-筏(网)复合地基承载机制。     

上部结构－桩基—地基共同作用数值分析及桩基变刚度调平优化设计

本文采用有限元法对高层建筑上部结构—桩筏基础—地基共同作用及相互影响进行了研究。研究表明:高层建筑上部结构—桩筏基础—地基共同作用及相互影响时,基础总体沉降和差异沉降随楼层的增加呈非线性变化趋势,上部结构中存在次应力,弯矩和轴力比常规法设计偏大;随楼层的增加,桩体对荷载的分担比在减少,土体分担比在增加;随着上部结构刚度的增加,荷载向角桩、边桩集中;增加筏板厚度,能减少一定的差异沉降和基础平均沉降,从而减少上部结构的次应力,提高地基土的荷载分担比,同时筏板下桩顶反力分布更不均匀,因此需要从筏板受力,以及考虑筏下桩、土的受力来综合确定一个合理的筏板厚度,使设计安全经济;随着地基土变形模量的提高,地基土分担的上部荷载增加,桩顶反力趋向平均,筏板最大弯矩逐渐减小。桩筏基础在均匀布桩条件下呈中间大边缘小的“碟型”分布。差异沉降是由于上部结构次生应力和筏板内力产生的。通过对地基土刚度以及桩长、桩径、桩距等五种桩基刚度的调整,并分析不同刚度对基础差异沉降影响可知:改变桩长的布桩形式并结合地基土刚度调整的中心布桩形式是高层建筑桩筏基础最佳设计方案。     

考虑基础刚度影响的风机梁板式桩筏基础模型试验研究

梁板式桩筏基础作为新型风机基础,前景广阔,适当优化结构,可节约成本。采用大型室内模型试验,研究了梁板式桩筏基础在不同筏板刚度情况下的受力变形特性,同时讨论了桩土荷载分担比的关系。研究表明,在工作荷载范围内,适当增大筏板刚度,桩平均轴力增加,外圈桩承担的荷载增大,内圈桩的轴力减小,环梁及肋梁弯矩减小,但继续增加刚度,对桩身轴力、环梁弯矩、肋梁弯矩的影响并不大;随着荷载的增大,土体承担的荷载比逐步增大,趋于稳值。随着梁板式基础刚度增加,基础内外差异沉降减少,但是达到一定刚度后再增加刚度对变形影响较小。梁板式基础刚度的变化会影响基底反力分布的均匀性,且存在一个最优刚度,使基础底部反力分布最为均匀,本次试验中12梁的梁板式基础基底反力比6梁和实体基础更均匀。桩基的分布和梁的分布存在相互影响,改变梁的分布会影响桩顶力,而桩基在梁底下又会使梁的应力产生重新分布。研究成果可为设计桩筏基础提供参考依据。     

桩-土-承台共同作用的简化分析方法

从桩与承台下地基土共同分担荷载的基本条件出发,提出了一种从单桩荷载沉降曲线入手的桩-土-承台共同作用简化分析方法。在给定单桩荷载水平下,假定承台下桩间土的变形量等于此时单桩沉降量,求解相应的板底应力,从而可以得到任意桩荷载水平下的承台荷载分担量,而不必将桩的受荷水平限制在极限荷载。将基础沉降分为桩间土变形量及桩端下卧土层的整体压缩量两部分进行分析。桩间土变形量等于单桩在给定荷载水平下的沉降量,而桩端下卧土层的整体压缩量则由承台与桩两部分荷载引起,可以相对准确地预测基础沉降量。工程实例分析与实测结果的比较表明该方法是可行的。     

考虑流变与固结效应的桩筏基础-地基共同作用分析

土的流变性与地基固结的综合作用,导致了上部结构与地基变形的时效性,并呈现出明显的非线性,对桩筏基础与地基共同作用的工作机理及其工作性能产生重要影响。为此,采用弹黏塑性流变模型考虑土的流变特性,通过有限元方法数值求解Biot耦合固结方程,对桩筏基础与地基共同作用的时间效应问题进行了非线性数值分析。通过算例计算,对加载后桩筏基础荷载分配和沉降特性及下覆土层中孔隙水压力的扩散和消散规律进行了探讨。研究表明,地基孔隙水压力的增长和消散不仅具有Mandel-Cryer效应,而且依赖于土的流变变形,尤其在排水条件较差时更为明显。因此,在分析桩筏基础内力变形的时效性时必须考虑土的流变性与地基的固结作用的联合效应。     

Three-dimensional analysis of bearing behavior of piled raft on soft clay

The piled raft has proved to be an economical foundation type compared to conventional pile foundations. However, there is a reluctance to consider the use of piled rafts on soft clay because of concerns about excessive settlement and insufficient bearing capacity. Despite these reasons, applications of piled rafts on soft clay have been increased recently. Current analysis methods for piled rafts on soft clay, however, are insufficient, especially for calculating the overall bearing capacity of the piled raft. This study describes the three-dimensional behavior of a piled raft on soft clay based on a numerical study using a 3D finite element method. The analysis includes a pile–soil slip interface model. A series of numerical analyses was performed for various pile lengths and pile configurations for a square raft subjected to vertical loading. Relatively stiff soil properties and different loading types were also used for estimating the bearing behavior of the piled raft. Based on the results, the effect of pile–soil slip on the bearing behavior of a piled raft was investigated. Furthermore, the proportion of load sharing of the raft and piles at the ultimate state and the relationship between the settlement and overall factor of safety was evaluated. The results show that the use of a limited number of piles, strategically located, might improve both bearing capacity and the settlement performance of the raft.     

A simplified analysis method for piled raft and pile group foundations with batter piles

A simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to vertical, lateral, and moment loads, using a hybrid model in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates and the piles as elastic beams and the soil is treated as springs. Both the vertical and lateral resistances of the piles as well as the raft base are incorporated into the model. Pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions are taken into account based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with several existing methods for single piles, pile groups and piled rafts. Workable design charts are given for the estimation of the lateral displacement and the load distribution of piled rafts from the stiffnesses of the raft alone and the pile group alone. Additionally, parametric studies were carried out concerning batter pile foundations. It was found that the use of batter piles can efficiently improve the deformation characteristics of pile foundations subjected to lateral loads. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design method of piled-raft foundations under vertical load considering interaction effects

The paper has proposed a design method considering interaction effects for a piled raft foundation. In this method, the raft is considered as a plate supported by a group of piles and soil. The ultimate load capacity of the pile group is taken into account in calculating the settlement when the foundation is subjected to a large vertical external load. In addition, this method supports estimation of the nonlinear behaviour of the piled raft foundation by considering the nonlinear behaviour of the piles.A step-by-step procedure to apply the proposed method to calculate the settlement and distribution of the bending moment of the piled raft foundation is introduced. To verify the reliability of the proposed method, models of a 16-pile raft and a 9-pile raft with different pile lengths embedded in homogeneous silica sand were tested in a centrifuge and comparisons were made between the results of the proposed method, the results of centrifuge tests, and those of Plaxis 3D. Good agreement between centrifuge modelling and the proposed method is demonstrated, thus showing the potential of the proposed method.     

Analysis of piled raft with nodular pile subjected to vertical load using a Winkler model approach

An investigation is made to present analytical solutions provided by a Winkler model approach for analysis of piled rafts with nodular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils. The vertical stiffness coefficient along a piled raft with the nodular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from the displacement given by the Mindlin solution for elastic continuum analysis. The vertical stiffness coefficients for the bases of the raft and the nodular part in the nodular pile in a soil are expressed by the Muki solution for the 3‐D elastic analysis. The relationship between settlement and vertical load on the pile base is presented considering the Mindlin solution and the equivalent thickness in the equivalent elastic method. The interaction factor between the shaft of the nodular pile and the soil is expressed taking into account the Mindlin solution and the equivalent elastic modulus. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a piled raft with the nodular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is obtained by using the recurrence equation of influence factors of the pile for each layer. The percentage of each load carried by both nodular pile and raft subjected to vertical load is represented through the vertical influence factors proposed here. Comparison of the results calculated by the present method for piled rafts with nodular piles in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the finite element method and a field test. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Piled Raft Design Strategies for High Rise Buildings

Piled rafts have been widely adopted as an effective foundation for designing high-rise buildings because of their efficiency in controlling the total and differential settlements and improving bearing capacity. In many cases the piled rafts settlements are likely to be large, which leads to an increase of the pile length and/or number of piles required to reduce the settlements. However, this increase does not satisfy the design requirements or an economical design. The majority of piled raft foundations has been designed with a uniform pile length and configuration. This paper describes the process of optimizing the design of a piled raft foundation for a high rise building in the Mazandaran province in Iran by considering an economical design methodology in which piles are placed more densely beneath the maximum load positions when the piled raft is subjected to non-uniform loads. By using the ELPLA software in the analysis process, the validity of the software is examined through the results of a report prepared on behalf of Technical Committee TC18 on piled foundations. The study shows that the pile arrangement method can help to considerably reduce the total and differential settlements with similar total pile length as well as the induced bending moments and shear forces of the raft. This study can help practicing engineers to choose pile and raft parameters with the pile arrangement method to produce an economical design.     

Integral equation method for analysis of piled rafts with dissimilar piles under vertical loading

In a piled raft, the length and arrangement of piles has a significant effect on the stresses and deflections of the raft. The use of piles with different dimensions and properties below a raft is an innovative concept and can optimize the design of a piled raft. In this study, an integral equation method with a fictitious pile model was adopted to analyze the piled raft foundation with dissimilar piles. The Fredholm integral equations of the second kind were obtained for this problem. The loads shared by piles and subsoil, the load transfer, and the settlement of the piled raft were obtained using numerical calculation. The results from the present method were compared with those in the literature. An optimization technique was introduced to design piled rafts with dissimilar piles. The stiffening effect of piles on the surrounding soil is also discussed as compared the conventional interaction factor approach.     

A simplified analysis method for piled raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling

A simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling and incorporated into a computer program ‘PRAB’. In this method, a hybrid model is employed in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates, the piles as elastic beams, and the soil is treated as interactive springs. The interactions between structural members, pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions, are modelled based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with some published solutions for single piles and pile groups subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling. Thereafter, the solutions from this approach for the analysis of a pile group and a piled raft subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling are compared with those from three‐dimensional finite difference program. Good agreements between these solutions are demonstrated. The method is then used for a parametric study of single piles, pile groups and piled rafts subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parametric study for optimal design of large piled raft foundations on sand

In designing piled raft foundations, controlling the total and differential settlements as well as the induced bending moments of the raft is crucial. The majority of piled raft foundations have been designed by placing piles uniformly. In such a design method, the settlements of the piled rafts are likely to be large, which leads to an increase of the pile length and/or number of piles required to reduce the settlements. However, this increase does not satisfy the requirement for economical design. On the basis of a parametric study, this paper contributes a framework for considering an economical design methodology in which piles are placed more densely beneath the column positions when the piled raft is subjected to column loads. The analysis uses PLAXIS 3D software, and the validity of the parametric study is examined through the results of centrifuge model tests conducted by the authors. The study shows that the concentrated pile arrangement method can help to considerably reduce the total and differential settlements as well as the induced bending moments of the raft. Moreover, the effects of parameters, such as pile length, pile number, raft thickness and load types, on the piled raft behavior are investigated. This study can help practicing engineers choose pile and raft parameters in combination with the concentrated pile arrangement method to produce an economical design.     

考虑基坑开挖影响的群桩基础竖向承载性状数值分析

对土体采用Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性本构模型,用接触面单元模拟桩-土相互作用,利用ABAQUS建立桩筏基础--地基--基坑开挖三维有限元分析模型。对基坑开挖影响下的群桩基础竖向承载性状进行了分析,讨论了桩顶反力分布、桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力以及开挖引起的桩身水平位移及其弯矩的变化规律,并进行了考虑基坑开挖与不考虑基坑开挖的群桩基础竖向承载性状的对比分析。通过研究,取得了基坑开挖对高层建筑桩筏基础影响的基本认识,这些认识对于改进桩筏基础设计理论有一定的参考意义。