孔隙结构和水动力对饱和多孔介质中颗粒迁移和沉积特性的耦合影响

为了研究孔隙结构和水动力对悬浮颗粒在饱和多孔介质中沉积和迁移特性的影响,对天然硅粉（悬浮颗粒）和荧光素钠（示踪剂）在饱和多孔介质中的渗流迁移特性进行土柱试验,分别得到了5种不同渗流速度（0.033、0.066、0.132、0.199、0.265 cm/s）、两种不同多孔介质（石英砂和玻璃球）的悬浮颗粒和示踪剂全组合下的20条穿透曲线。根据试验结果,研究孔隙结构、渗流速度对饱和多孔介质中颗粒迁移和沉积过程中水动力作用机制、弥散效应、加速效应的影响。研究表明,悬浮颗粒的穿透曲线可以用一阶沉积动力学对流弥散方程的解析解来描述。随着渗流速度的增大,水动力学作用对颗粒出流浓度的影响越来越大,而孔隙结构的影响则相对减弱。同时,存在一个临界渗流速度值。当渗流速度超出该值时,悬浮颗粒迁移要快于示踪剂,而且临界渗流速度对于玻璃球和石英砂两种多孔介质是不同的;其次,在两种介质中,随渗流速度增大,弥散度增加,回收率和回收悬浮颗粒粒径增大,沉积系数先增大后减小。此外,在孔隙比相近的情况下,悬浮颗粒在玻璃球介质中的回收率要大于其在石英砂中的。可见,孔隙结构和渗流速度是影响饱和多孔介质中颗粒输运的重要因素,渗流速度越大,孔隙结构的作用越明显。     

悬浮微小颗粒对多孔介质渗流特性影响的实验研究

在清洁水渗流实验的基础上,开展了恒水头条件下不同浓度的含悬浮颗粒流体在多种填充粒径的多孔介质内的渗流实验。结果表明:悬浮颗粒在多孔介质段的沉积,并不一定使多孔介质局部相对渗透系数(k_t/k_0)降低,相反在一定情况下会出现局部相对渗透系数增大的情况。较小悬浮颗粒浓度下,悬浮颗粒粒径越小,曲线波峰出现越迟,相对渗透系数增加幅度越大;而较大进口浓度则抑制(k_t/k_0)曲线波峰的生成,直至相对渗透系数单调递减。通过包括前人实验数据在内的悬浮颗粒浓度C_0与颗粒直径比值d_p/D_p(悬浮颗粒直径/多孔介质颗粒直径)有无相对渗透系数增加现象的对照图,进一步揭示了含悬浮颗粒流体在多孔介质内的运移与沉积规律。     

不同钠吸附比含水介质中胶体迁移-沉积动力学

以滨海含水介质中天然胶体为研究对象,采用自行设计的室内土柱装置,研究不同钠吸附比胶体在滨海含水介质中迁移动态特征,测定了胶体沉积动力学曲线,计算了胶体总沉积率和沉积速率常数,最后对胶体迁移沉积机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明,胶体的穿透曲线与示踪离子相比,存在一个临界孔隙体积数(临界点),在临界点之前胶体的迁移速度大于示踪离子,之后则相反;胶体未发生完全穿透,钠吸附比SAR为0,2.85和∞;出水胶体最大相对浓度为0.65,0.16和0.70;胶体在含水介质迁移过程中发生了沉积,沉积量随孔隙体积数的增加而增加。胶体在含水介质中迁移的总沉积率分别为50.96%、87.95%和54.24%。钠吸附比SAR=2.85时沉积动态曲线为直线,沉积速率常数为0.151h-1,而钠吸附比SAR为0和∞时胶体沉积动态曲线为分段直线,拐点前后胶体沉积速率常数分别为0.072 h-1、0.048h-1和0.211 h-1、0.194 h-1。研究结果用双电子层理论可以很好地解释。     

悬浮颗粒形状对其在多孔介质中迁移和沉积特性的影响

悬浮颗粒在多孔介质中迁移的研究在地下水回灌、地下污染物扩散、核废料处置、石油开采等领域有重要的理论意义和应用价值。为了研究形状对颗粒迁移的影响,对1组球状颗粒（10 ?m中位粒径）和2组杆状颗粒（长径比为3:1和6:1）进行了三阶段室内土柱试验,得到了不同形状颗粒在多种溶液离子强度条件下的穿透曲线。结合DLVO理论分析了悬浮颗粒沉积和释放机制,阐释了形状对颗粒迁移行为的影响。试验结果表明,颗粒形状对迁移特性有重要影响,当离子强度较低时（6 mmol/L）,DLVO势能曲线展现较高能量壁垒,各种形状颗粒沉积主要为次级势阱沉积;当离子强度较高时（150 mmol/L）,球状颗粒因能量壁垒较高,其滞留机制仍以次级势阱沉积为主,但长径比为6:1的杆状颗粒在次级势阱和初级势阱都有沉积,这和杆状颗粒的静电性能和优先方向有关。对于杆状颗粒,边位沉积比端位沉积具有更深的次级势阱和更大的影响距离,边位沉积是更加稳定的沉积方式和沉积的优先方向。基于Derjaguin近似方法的DLVO理论计算显示,DLVO理论预测结果和土柱试验结果吻合较好。     

钙质砂一维压缩回弹过程中声发射特征试验研究

为了揭示钙质砂在一维压缩回弹作用下的压缩变形、颗粒破碎特性以及声发射规律,对钙质砂进行了3种相对密实度下不同粒组的一维压缩回弹实验和声发射实验。通过对不同粒组、不同相对密实度的钙质砂进行一维压缩实验和同步的声发射实时监测,获得其压缩、回弹和声发射特性,最后通过筛分获得实验后的颗粒粒径分布,得出相对破碎势B_r。实验结果表明:钙质砂的压缩变形由颗粒位置调整和破碎两部分组成,其中颗粒破碎是产生压缩变形的主要因素,回弹曲线近似一条直线,表明压缩变形为不可恢复的塑形变形;压力相同时颗粒粒径越大,相对破碎势B_r越大。颗粒形状不同致使颗粒间填充作用与嵌合作用不同,影响颗粒的滑移与重排列,进而影响颗粒的压缩变形。两种砂的声发射计数率随粒径增大而增大,且都集中出现在800~3200 kPa的压缩阶段,钙质砂的压缩变形及破碎特性与其声发射特征具有一致性,钙质砂声发射计数率与时间关系曲线和应力与时间关系曲线吻合较好,可通过声发射计数率与时间关系曲线来反映钙质砂的力学特性。钙质砂存在一个声发射事件最少的“临界孔隙比”,本次实验中1~2 mm钙质砂临界孔隙比为1.33~1.41,试样的初始孔隙比偏离该临界值时,声发射活动会有不同程度提高。     

养护龄期和铅含量对磷酸镁水泥固化/稳定化铅污染土的固稳性能影响规律及微观机制

采用磷酸镁水泥（MPC）对铅污染土进行固化/稳定化处理。基于无侧限抗压强度试验、渗透试验和浸出试验,研究了养护龄期和铅含量对污染土固稳性能的影响规律。试验结果表明：固化土的强度随养护龄期增加而增大,渗透系数和浸出浓度减小,7 d龄期的固化土强度和浸出浓度分别为0.36 MPa、1.75 mg/L,均满足环境安全标准;铅含量对固化土的强度及渗透特性的影响均存在临界值,为500 mg/kg。铅含量低于临界值时,固化土的强度随着铅含量的增加而增加,渗透系数随着铅含量的增加而减小。浸出浓度随铅含量的增加而增加,但浸出浓度均低于浸出安全标准。压汞试验结果表明,随养护龄期的增大,固化土孔隙体积减小,铅含量不超过临界值时,固化土孔隙体积随着铅含量的增大而减小。扫描电镜试验结果表明：随着养护龄期的增加,土颗粒团聚化越明显,胶结程度加强;铅含量不超过临界值时,土颗粒团聚体增多。镁钾磷酸盐晶体（MKP）主要通过减少孔径大于0.1 ?m的孔隙体积来影响固化土的渗透特性。     

极细颗粒黏土渗流离子效应的试验研究

采用常规固结仪对孔隙液离子浓度对极细颗粒黏土渗流固结特性的影响进行试验研究,在相同试验条件下进行了4组孔隙液含NaCl浓度不同的膨润土试样固结性质的测试,得到了各试样的固结曲线,求得相应的固结系数,再由固结系数求得相应的渗透系数。通过对各组试样的渗透系数对比分析,结果表明,孔隙液离子浓度对土体的渗流性质有重要影响,土体的渗透系数随孔隙液离子浓度的增加而增大,存在明显的离子效应。试验结果分析认为,黏土颗粒表面的扩散双电层厚度随离子浓度变化而变化,可能是产生离子效应的主要原因。试验结果有助于分析土体渗流离子效应的起因,对改进和完善现有渗流固结计算理论有一定指导意义。     

非饱和重塑砂土动力特性循环单剪试验研究

利用英国WFI生产的WF25735循环单剪试验系统,完成了一系列不同含水率重塑砂土在不同剪应变条件下的循环剪切试验,分析了不同剪应变条件下含水率的变化对非饱和砂土动力特性的影响规律。试验结果表明：动剪模量Gd/Gdmax-?归一化数值,在大应变下存在一个临界含水率11.2%,低于临界含水率时,Gd/Gdmax随含水率的增大而增大,高于临界含水率时,随着含水率的增大,Gd/Gdmax逐渐减小。骨架曲线存在一个相同的临界含水率,当低于该临界含水率时,随着含水率的增大,骨架曲线呈缓慢增大趋势,在含水率为11.2%处达到峰值;当高于该临界含水率时,随着含水率的增大,骨架曲线下降比较剧烈,且出现软化现象,从骨架曲线可以进一步解释Gd/Gdmax-?散点图的变化趋势。对阻尼比D/Dmax-?进行归一化数值,在较大正应力下,D/Dmax随着剪应变的增大而增大。非饱和砂土的滞回耗能随着剪应变的增大而增大;随着含水率的增大,存在一个临界含水率,滞回耗能曲线呈现先增大后下降的趋势,且临界含水率随着正应力的增大出现了偏移。     

水泥尾矿砂土的应力渗流耦合特性试验

基于工程环境中水泥土桩体经常处于各种荷载应力和地下水渗流等多因素耦合作用的复杂状态,采用三轴应力-应变-渗流试验系统,研究了不同水泥掺量的水泥尾矿砂土的渗流特性。结果显示:各种应力状态下水泥尾矿砂土的渗流特性均符合达西定律,且渗透系数随着水泥掺量的增加明显减小;在应力-渗流耦合作用下,水泥尾矿砂土的渗流特性随应力状态变化而改变,渗透系数随着轴向应力的增加先减小后增大,变化曲线呈U字型。水泥尾矿砂土的渗透特性变化与它的应力-应变特性具有一定的对应关系。     

碎石土细颗粒迁移特征及优先流形成路径

碎石土是一种非连续、非均质的结构性材料,由于内部含有大量碎石块,容易形成架空结构,使其内部形成复杂独特的渗流通道即优先流通道,碎石土优先流通道是包括水分运移和土体细颗粒迁移的复杂过程,但在研究其优先流路径时通常只考虑了水分的运移而忽略了细颗粒的迁移,颗粒迁移与通道形成密切相关。为此,对两种不同级配土柱(粗细颗粒连续级配和间断级配)分别进行饱和渗流-颗粒迁移试验,从细颗粒迁移的角度分析通道形成的时空发展规律。试验结果表明：细颗粒迁移一部分由于流失引起碎石土渗透性增大,另一部分由于重新沉积而堵塞局部孔隙,降低渗透性,两者作用结果最终加速优先流通道形成;连续级配的碎石土形成大面积交叉分布的管网状渗流通道,间断级配的碎石土则形成集中渗流通道;相同水力条件下,不同级配细颗粒迁移的空间分布特征不同,连续级配的碎石土细颗粒迁移不随空间位置的差异而发生变化,间断级配的碎石土细颗粒迁移随空间位置的差异而发生变化,两种级配下碎石土细颗粒主要流失量的粒径范围均在1～0.075 mm;不同水力梯度条件下,连续与间断级配试验细颗粒流失量均随水力梯度增加而增大,间断级配的碎石土破坏时水力梯度小于连续级配破坏时水力...     

An experimental and theoretical study of the seepage migration of suspended particles with different sizes

This study experimentally investigates the effect of particle size, particle concentration and flow velocity on the migration of suspended particles of size 1.02–47 μm in porous media. The results show that at the same flow velocity, the peak values of the breakthrough curves decrease and corresponding pore volumes increase slightly with increasing particles size. The migration velocity of smaller suspended particles is even greater than water flow velocity, which is attributed to the size exclusion effect. With increase of the injected particle concentration, the deposition coefficients of small single particles increase at first and then tend to a steady state or even decrease slightly, explained by the maximum retention concentration. The dispersivity of small particles decreases with increasing velocity. However, at a high flow velocity, the hydrodynamic dispersivity becomes increasingly dominant with the increase of particle size. The deposition coefficients for large-sized particles are higher than those for small-sized particles, which is attributed to considerable mass removal due to straining. An analytical solution, considering the release effect of sorbed particles, is developed to account for the one-dimensional flow and dispersive effect using a source function method, and then three transport parameters—dispersivity, deposition coefficient and release coefficient—are fitted using the experimental results. Finally, suspended-particle migration is predicted by the proposed model for short-time constant-concentration injection and repeated three-pulse injection. Overall, particle size has a significant effect on the seepage migration parameters of suspended particles in porous media such as the particle velocity, dispersivity and deposition coefficient.     

Transport and deposition of suspended particles in saturated porous media: hydrodynamic effect

A laboratory study was undertaken to determine the transport and deposition rate of suspended particles in columns of saturated porous media (gravel and glass beads), where the porous media were subjected to steady-state flow. Silt particles with a mode of 14 μm diameter (used as the suspended particles) and fluorescein (as the conservative tracer) were injected into the columns in short pulses. The breakthrough curves were competently described with the analytical solution of a convection–dispersion equation with a first-order deposition rate. The experiments were performed using different flow rates. The suspended particle size distribution, the porous media, and the flow rates themselves were the main factors retained in this study to investigate the mechanisms governing the transport and deposition kinetics in detail. The results showed the existence of a flow rate, beyond which suspended particles travel faster than the conservative tracer. A decrease of the deposition rate of suspended particles beyond a critical flow velocity was also observed. Such behaviour led to consideration of the couple hydrodynamic-gravity forces at high flow rates. As the hydrodynamic force increases, particle deposition rates are reduced due to the effect of hydrodynamic forces inhibiting the deposition.     

Effets de la vitesse d'écoulement sur le transport et la cinétique de dépôt de particules en suspension en milieu poreux saturé

We study in this paper the transport and deposition of suspended particles in saturated porous media. Some chromatographic short-pulse tests were performed in a laboratory column with a tracer and two types of suspended particles. A mathematical model was used to determine the hydrodispersive parameters and deposition rates from the breakthrough curves. The results show that the fitted parameters obtained vary with the flow rate and the characteristics of the suspended particles. We also observe, at high flow rates, that particles have a migration velocity higher than that of the conservative tracer. To cite this article: A. Benamar et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

Implication of surface modified NZVI particle retention in the porous media: Assessment with the help of 1-D transport model

Retention of surface-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles in the porous media near the point of injection has been reported in the recent studies. Retention of excess particles in porous media can alter the media properties. The main objectives of this study are, therefore, to evaluate the effect of particle retention on the porous media properties and its implication on further NZVI particle transport under different flow conditions. To achieve the objectives, a one-dimensional transport model is developed by considering particle deposition, detachment, and straining mechanisms along with the effect of changes in porosity resulting from retention of NZVI particles. Two different flow conditions are considered for simulations. The first is a constant Darcy’s flow rate condition, which assumes a change in porosity, causes a change in pore water velocity and the second, is a constant head condition, which assumes the change in porosity, influence the permeability and hydraulic conductivity (thus Darcy’s flow rate). Overall a rapid decrease in porosity was observed as a result of high particle retention near the injection points resulting in a spatial distribution of deposition rate coefficient. In the case of constant head condition, the spatial distribution of Darcy’s velocities is predicted due to variation in porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The simulation results are compared with the data reported from the field studies; which suggests straining is likely to happen in the real field condition.     

高水力梯度条件下颗粒堆积型多孔介质渗流规律试验研究

煤矿开采面临的水文地质条件越来越复杂,尤其是遭遇承压含水层的水压力越来越大,突水灾害发生时必然会带来高水力梯度引起的破碎岩体突水通道内高速非线性渗流问题。据此,研制高水力梯度（最大600）条件下堆积型多孔介质中高速非线性渗流试验装置,采用堆积型钢球模拟破碎岩体,对粒径为1、2、3、4、5、6 mm共6种光滑钢球分别开展了一维均质圆柱渗流试验。试验结果表明：对于由1～6 mm钢球堆积而成的孔隙率为0.44～0.45的多孔介质,当水力梯度大于145时,通过分析水力梯度-平均流速（J-v）曲线和水力梯度-雷诺数（J-Re）关系曲线,将流动状态划分为3个模式：线性层流、非线性层流、紊流,并获得了从线性层流过渡到非线性层流的临界流速为0.23～0.78 cm/s、临界水力梯度为3～8;从层流到紊流转捩的临界流速为1.6～4.8 cm/s、临界水力梯度为90～145。从小粒径多孔介质到大粒径多孔介质的渗流过程中,临界流速越来越大,而临界水力梯度逐渐减小。 渗透率与粒径的平方、非达西流影响系数与粒径的倒数均呈线性正相关,非达西流影响系数随着渗透率的增加呈指数减小。该研究对多孔介质非线性渗流的理论研究以及实际工程中高承压含水层突涌水问题有重要借鉴意义。     

Particle transport within water-saturated porous media: Effect of pore size on retention kinetics and size selection

The transport and filtration behaviour of fine particles (silt) in columns packed with sand was investigated under saturated conditions by using step-input injections. Three samples of different particle size distributions (coarse medium, fine medium and a mixture of both) were used in order to highlight the influence of the pore size distribution on particle retention and size selection of recovered particles. The main parameters of particle transport and deposition were derived from the adjustment of the experimental breakthrough curves by an analytical model. The higher particle retention occurs in the mixture medium, owing to its large pore size distribution, and the filtration coefficient decreases with increasing flow velocity. Particle size distribution of recovered particles shows a thorough size selection: (i) the first recovered particles are the coarser ones; (ii) the size of the recovered particles increases with increasing flow velocity and enlarger pore distribution of the medium.     

Size-sorting during suspension transportation—lognormality and other characteristics

Grain size distributions of the suspended loads above a bed of bimodal size distribution (size range 2-00-0.04 mm) were studied in a laboratory flume at water velocities varying from 42 to 160 cm/s. With increase of velocity the phi (logarithmic) size distribution of the suspended particles (at 5-20 cm above the bed) changed from a strongly skewed to a nearly symmetrical, unimodal form (nearly lognormal) through an intermediate bimodal stage. At low velocity the skewness of the distribution changed from positive to negative with increase of height. The experiments indicate that lognormality of‘weight frequency’ distribution of grain sizes is a transitional feature, attained through size sorting within a critical range of velocity and height above a sand bed of a given composition. The observed changes in the size distribution patterns were effected by a differential rate of increase in weight in the different size classes in suspension with increase of flow velocity. The phenomenon could be explained by the equation of relative suspension concentration which relates the relative concentration of a suspended particle of a particular diameter to the flow velocity of the turbulent fluid and the height of suspension above the bed.     

Filtration of kaolinite particles in a saturated porous medium: hydrodynamic effects

A study was undertaken on physical clogging of a porous medium by injecting suspended particles (SP), ranging in diameter from 1.7 to 40 μm, into a sand-filled column. Long-term tracer tests were carried out at various flow velocities. Retention of the SP is significantly influenced by the flow velocity. At low flow velocities, retention is confined to a limited length of porous medium, from the entrance of the column, leading to a substantial modification of the hydraulic characteristics of the porous medium. However, at high flow velocities, a much greater length of the porous medium is affected. Particle-size analyses indicate that the particle-size distribution (PSD) of recovered particles changes with time, while the PSD of retained particles changes with depth and time. At the beginning of the filtration process, larger particles were mainly retained at the column entrance. As the injection volume increases, the larger particles penetrate more deeply into the porous medium, and the size of particles observed in the effluent gradually increases. This study highlights the influence of flow velocity, duration of filtration, and the particles’ polydispersity, on the hydraulic characteristics of the porous medium.