土体各向异性边界面模型隐式算法在ABAQUS软件中的实现

基于Wheeler土体各向异性旋转硬化法则,结合边界面理论,构造一个能够反映土体初始各向异性及加载后应力诱发各向异性的边界面本构模型,并借助ABAQUS软件提供的UMAT子程序接口,采用隐式积分算法--图形返回算法实现。通过对正常固结状态下（OCR=1）高岭土试样三轴不排水剪切试验进行模拟,并将模拟结果与ABAQUS自带的修正剑桥模型模拟结果进行了比较分析,表明本模型的模拟结果能够反映土体在偏压加载过程中产生的各向异性现象。在此基础上,采用本模型对中等超固结（OCR=4）高岭土试样三轴不排水剪切试验进行模拟,并再次与ABAQUS自带的修正剑桥模型模拟结果进行比较,表明本模型能够较好地反映中等超固结土在小应变情况下的非线性特性。相比于经典弹塑性模型,如修正剑桥模型,本模型的模拟结果更符合中等超固结土的变形特性。     

k0固结条件下淤泥土排水蠕变特性研究

利用室内试验研究土体蠕变特性时,因受试验条件限制较少开展土体的排水蠕变特性试验研究。对于先还原土体的先期固结条件,然后再开展土体的三轴排水蠕变特性试验的研究更少。为此,以淤泥土为研究对象,通过 固结三轴排水蠕变试验探讨了饱和淤泥土在轴向加载和侧向减载条件下的排水蠕变特性。由试验数据可知：排水条件下,两种应力路径的轴向蠕变规律基本一致,体积应变明显小于轴向应变,且随时间的延长呈现一定程度的剪缩与剪胀交替性。首次利用三单元力学模型推测出淤泥土的蠕变起始时间为施加偏应力荷载后的100～200 min之间。提出淤泥土蠕变系数的概念并总结其变化规律,得知淤泥土的蠕变系数与偏应力水平密切相关,即不论围压及加载方式如何,蠕变系数均随应力水平增大而增大,且基本呈直线关系,而与前期固结围压大小、蠕变荷载施加方式关系不大。最后提出了淤泥土蠕变本构模型建立的思路,即用南水双屈服面模型描述瞬时变形量和用蠕变经验公式描述蠕变变形量相结合的方式来建立蠕变本构模型。     

一种横观各向同性岩体蠕变模型

层状岩体由于层理面或者结构面的存在,在力学上具有横观各向同性的特点,现有的各向同性蠕变模型难以全面反映横观各向同性岩体的蠕变力学特性。为构建能够反映横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变模型,以能反映瞬时应变、减速蠕变和稳态蠕变特征的黏弹性Burgers模型为基础,基于常泊松比假定,在三维各向同性蠕变本构方程的基础上,按照算子替换的方法,将横观各向同性柔度矩阵代替各向同性柔度矩阵,并考虑了平行和垂直层理方向岩体蠕变力学行为的差异性,推导了横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变本构方程。根据本构方程的特点,提出了根据平行和垂直方向岩体蠕变试验结果进行三维蠕变本构模型中蠕变参数的辨识方法。将提出的模型应用于三轴蠕变试验参数辨识,从而获得了一套完整的三维蠕变参数,并与试验结果进行对比分析,从而验证了所提模型与方法的合理性和有效性。进一步,指出了传统蠕变试验设计方案的局限性,给出了横观各向同性材料蠕变试验设计建议。研究成果为研究岩体三维蠕变机制提供了新思路,可对岩体蠕变试验设计提供相应的科研支撑。     

饱和土体静态液化失稳理论预测

通过在屈服准则和剪胀性方程中引入材料状态参数,建立了一个与材料状态相关的本构模型,用于模拟不同初始孔隙比和围压下土体的应力-应变关系。基于二阶功理论,建立了饱和土体静态液化失稳理论判别准则。通过预测一系列饱和松砂三轴不排水试验结果,验证了所建立的本构模型及判别预测准则的合理性。分析结果表明,静态液化发生于土体硬化阶段,静态液化触发伴随着剪应力达到峰值,其后剪应力降低且孔隙水压力持续增长。进一步地,模拟了充分降解的城市固体废弃物在不排水条件下的应力-应变特性,并预测到了潜在失稳线及静态液化触发点。     

考虑排水条件的软土蠕变特性及模型研究

为了研究珠江三角洲软土在不同的排水条件和应力水平下的蠕变特性,进行了一系列室内三轴排水及不排水蠕变试验。试验结果表明,在排水情况下软土的瞬时变形大,而蠕变变形小,而在不排水情况下蠕变随时间的发展更为显著。在工程中可以提高软土地基的排水性能,来减小蠕变破坏的可能性。引入Singh-Mitchell蠕变方程,建立了珠江三角洲软土排水和不排水的Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型,其中应力-应变关系采用指数函数,应变-时间关系采用幂函数。该模型较好地表达了土体的应力-应变-时间关系。随着排水条件的改变,模型参数的取值有着较大的变化,其原因可归结为,在不同的排水条件下土体的应变-时间关系和应力-应变关系均有很大的不同。     

排水条件下卸荷土体变形特性的真三轴试验研究

在真三轴仪上模拟基坑开挖周边土体的应力路径,进行了排水与不排水两种卸荷试验,通过对试验结果的对比分析可知,土体在不同排水条件下应力-应变关系有着显著的差异,说明排水条件对土体的变形性状有一定的影响。进一步研究了排水条件下卸荷土体广义剪应力与广义剪应变的关系,证明土体广义剪应力与广义剪应变关系曲线呈明显的非线性,并根据土体实际应力路径定义了中主应力系数,推导出了土体卸荷剪切模量计算公式。     

粗粒土的离心模型试验与数值模拟

岩土工程数值计算中粗粒土常采用邓肯-张本构模型,为了验证该模型在轴向加载、卸载、侧向加载等复杂应力路径条件下的适用性,进行了粗粒土的三轴试验获取其力学特性及本构模型参数;根据相似性原理制作了堆石坝的离心模型试样,并采用与三轴试验同样级配与粒径的粗粒土进行复杂应力路径的堆石坝离心模型试验,试验中通过改变离心加速度模拟加载、卸载,利用上游蓄水模拟坝体的侧向加载;采用ABAQUS对离心模型试验进行三维数值模拟,并研究了模型箱侧壁摩擦系数与土体的初始应力对数值结果的影响。通过比较离心模型试验与数值模拟成果,表明土体的初始弹性模量对计算结果影响较大,初始应力应选择自重作用下的应力场;邓肯-张本构模型能较好地描述堆石坝的加载应力路径,而模拟卸载应力路径有一定的差异,需要改进邓肯-张本构模型中卸载模量的确定方法。     

复杂应力条件下土体各向异性及其建模思路

由于加荷方式不同,土体在复杂应力状态下在各主应力方向上应力-应变关系表现出显著应力各向异性,在常规三轴试验基础上,采用经典弹塑性理论各向同性土体模型对此不能合理描述。通过真三轴试验,总结应力各向异性柔度矩阵规律,结合试验规律进行相应理论研究,用非线性各向异性弹性矩阵代替弹塑性模型的弹性矩阵,用具有各向异性屈服准则的弹塑性模型描述塑性部分,建立非线性各向异性弹性-塑性模型,可以改善柔度矩阵矩阵形态,反映复杂应力状态下土体应力各向异性特征。     

应力各向异性对地基变形的影响

应力诱导各向异性对复杂应力状态下土体的变形规律有重要影响 :建立在常规三轴试验基础 ,加以各向同性假设的常用土体本构模型不能反映土体的这种特性。偏载作用下的地基土体单元因相对位置的不同而具有不同程度的应力各向异性 ,能否反映这种各向异性 ,直接影响到地基变形分析的结果。采用各向异性非线性弹性模型 ,对偏载作用下的地基土体变形进行有限元数值分析 ,并和邓肯模型计算结果比较 ,分析结果表明各向异性的影响不容忽视     

软黏土蠕变试验及其经验模型研究

针对湖南竹城公路路基软土开展了系统的三轴固结不排水蠕变试验,得到不同围压、不同应力加载等级下的全过程蠕变曲线。进而通过“陈氏加载法”得到分别加载下蠕变曲线和应力-应变等时曲线。以围压100 kPa为例,得出应力-应变关系采用幂函数,而应变-时间关系采用双曲线关系的蠕变方程。对比分析表明,该蠕变方程较Singh-Mitchell模型、Mesri模型更适应试验数据,能够更好地反映和预测该软土的蠕变特性。     

Simulation of yielding and stress–stain behavior of shanghai soft clay

In this paper, a simple bounding surface plasticity model is used to reproduce the yielding and stress–strain behavior of the structured soft clay found at Shanghai of China. A series of undrained triaxial tests and drained stress probe tests under isotropic and anisotropic consolidation modes were performed on undisturbed samples of Shanghai soft clay to study the yielding characteristics. The degradation of the clay structure is modeled with an internal variable that allows the size of the bounding surface to decay with accumulated plastic strain. An anisotropic tensor and rotational hardening law are introduced to reflect the initial anisotropy and the evolution of anisotropy. Combined with the isotropic hardening rule, the rotational hardening rule and the degradation law are incorporated into the bounding surface formulation with an associated flow rule. Validity of the model is verified by the undrained isotropic and anisotropic triaxial test and drained stress probe test results for Shanghai soft clay. The effects of stress anisotropy and loss of structure are well captured by the model.     

Numerical modeling of changes in anisotropy during liquefaction using a generalized constitutive model

A constitutive model with rotation hardening was generalized from the triaxial compression state to a general stress state. With the generalized model, numerical simulations of cyclic and monotonic undrained triaxial tests were conducted to reproduce the phenomenon of continuous, orderly and rapid changes in anisotropy during liquefaction. The simulated results demonstrated that when sand enters the liquefaction stage, the yield surface in the stress space rotates quickly, causing continuous and rapid changes in anisotropy. Through comparison of the simulated and experimental results, the generalized constitutive model was shown to be able to capture the fundamental behaviors of sand demonstrated by the experimental data, and the rotational hardening rule adopted in the generalized model was proven suitable for describing the continuous, orderly and rapid changes in anisotropy that occur during liquefaction.     

Predictions of large stress reversals in true triaxial tests on cross‐anisotropic sand

A rotational kinematic hardening constitutive model with the capability of predicting the behavior of soil during three‐dimensional stress reversals has been developed. An existing elasto‐plastic constitutive model, the Single Hardening Model, utilizing isotropic hardening serves as the basic framework in these formulations. The framework of the kinematic hardening model was discussed in a companion paper. The previously proposed cross‐anisotropic Single Hardening Model is added to the present kinematic hardening mechanism to capture inherent anisotropy of sands in addition to the stress reversals. This model involves 13 parameters, which can be determined from simple laboratory experiments, such as isotropic compression, drained triaxial compression and triaxial extension tests. The results from a series of true triaxial tests with large three‐dimensional stress reversals performed on medium dense cross‐anisotropic Santa Monica Beach sand are employed for comparison with predictions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonstationary flow surface theory for modeling the viscoplastic behaviors of soils

This paper presents a three-dimensional elastic viscoplastic model that can describe the time-dependent behaviors of soft clays. The constitutive model is formulated based on the nonstationary flow surface theory and incorporates new developments, including (i) an improved definition of the nonstationary flow surface that is capable of capturing the stress–strain behaviors under different loading paths, (ii) a unique stress–strain—viscoplastic-strain-rate equation that is able to explicitly describe the nonstationary flow surface, and (iii) a final stable state concept that identifies the final equilibrium state at the end of creep and stress relaxation, which is also used to simplify the loading criteria. The consistency condition is validated for the proposed model, and the viscoplastic multipliers are calculated by solving the consistency equations. The model performance is investigated and validated via simulation of both oedometer and triaxial tests. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed model is able to reproduce the main viscoplastic behaviors of soils, including creep, undrained creep rupture, stress relaxation, rate effect and accumulated effect.     

Evaluation of an anisotropic elastoplastic–viscoplastic bounding surface model for clays

An anisotropic time-dependent bounding surface model for clays is developed by generalizing a previous time-independent model that adopts a flexible bounding surface. It is based on the framework for coupled elastoplasticity–viscoplasticity for clays and Perzyna’s overstress theory. Three viscoplastic parameters were introduced and explained in detail. The model was validated against undrained creep tests for both isotropically and anisotropically consolidated clays, undrained and drained stress relaxation tests on some undisturbed clays, and undrained triaxial tests with varying strain rates on natural Hong Kong marine deposit clay. The general agreement between the model simulations and test results was satisfactory. The varying effects of lower-level parameters were discussed on the undrained multistage stress relaxation response for normally consolidated soils which had been ignored in literature. The flexibility of the model in capturing the shear strengths, which is the unique feature of the current model, was shown in the simulations of time-dependent triaxial tests on Taipei silty clay. All the simulations show that the proposed model is a relatively practical model considering both anisotropy and time dependency of clays.     

New Viscoplastic Model for Design Analysis of Tunnels in Squeezing Conditions

Summary  This paper is intended to describe the SHELVIP (Stress Hardening ELastic VIscous Plastic) model, a new viscoplastic constitutive law which has been developed to incorporate the most important features of behaviour observed in tunnels excavated in severe to very severe squeezing conditions. This model couples the elastoplastic and time-dependent behaviour by using a plastic yield surface, as frequently adopted in tunnel design analysis, and the definition of a state of overstress referred to a viscoplastic yield surface. The model is formulated in all its detailed aspects. The related analytical closed-form solution for representing triaxial creep deformations is developed. Also developed is an incremental numerical solution for describing the triaxial stress–strain behaviour under constant strain rate conditions. The model is shown to fit very satisfactorily the results of creep tests on clay shales and relaxation tests on coal specimens, as recently performed for design analysis of tunnels in squeezing conditions. Correspondence: D. Debernardi, Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy     

基于微观力学机制的各向异性结构性砂土的本构模型研究

在岩土破损力学基础上,基于微观破损机制,提出了考虑各向异性的结构性砂土本构理论。采用Lade-Duncan强度准则考虑中主应力对抗剪强度的影响;采用考虑颗粒排列组构的各向异性状态变量A反映各向异性对土体强度和变形的影响;通过相似扩大重塑土的屈服面反映结构性对土性的影响;通过引入非相关联流动法则考虑各向异性和结构性对土体塑性变形的影响。同时,将基于微观力学机制的损伤演化规律引入结构性土的硬化规律;该硬化规律同时考虑了塑性体积应变和剪切应变对各向异性结构性土强度的影响。然后将该模型用于模拟室内三轴压缩试验,初步验证了该模型的合理性和适用性。     

SANICLAY: simple anisotropic clay plasticity model

SANICLAY is a new simple anisotropic clay plasticity model that builds on a modification of an earlier model with an associated flow rule, in order to include simulations of softening response under undrained compression following K_o consolidation. Non‐associativity is introduced by adopting a yield surface different than the plastic potential surface. Besides, the isotropic hardening of the yield surface both surfaces evolve according to a combined distortional and rotational hardening rule, simulating the evolving anisotropy. Although built on the general premises of critical state soil mechanics, the model induces a critical state line in the void ratio–mean effective stress space, which is a function of anisotropy. To ease interpretation, the model formulation is presented firstly in the triaxial stress space and subsequently, its multiaxial generalization is developed systematically, in a form appropriate for implementation in numerical codes. The SANICLAY is shown to provide successful simulation of both undrained and drained rate‐independent behaviour of normally consolidated sensitive clays, and to a satisfactory degree of accuracy of overconsolidated clays. The new model requires merely three constants more than those of the modified Cam clay model, all of which are easily calibrated from well‐established laboratory tests following a meticulously presented procedure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anisotropic viscoplastic modeling of rate‐dependent behavior of clay

The objective of this study is to derive an effective stress‐based constitutive law capable of predicting rate‐dependent stress–strain, stress path and undrained shear strength and creep behavior. The flow rule used in the MIT‐E3 model and viscoplasticity theory is employed in the derivation. The model adopts the yield surface capable of representing the yield behavior of the Taipei silty clay and assumes that it is initially symmetric about the K₀‐line. A method is then developed to compute the gyration and expansion of the loading surface to simulate the anisotropic behavior due to the principal stress rotation after shear. There are 11 parameters required for the model to describe the soil behavior and six of them are exactly the same as those used in the Modified Cam‐clay model. The five additional parameters can be obtained by parametric studies or conventional soil tests, such as consolidation tests, triaxial compression and extension tests. Finally, verification of the model for the anisotropic behavior, creep behavior and the rate‐dependent undrained stress–strain and shear strength of the Taipei silty clay is conducted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.