2014年《岩石矿物学杂志》优秀论文奖获得者简介——黄启帅

<正>获奖论文:《班公湖MOR型蛇绿岩Re-Os同位素特征对班公湖一怒江特提斯洋裂解时间的制约》(2012年第4期)黄启帅,男,1985年9月出生。2008年7月获长安大学地矿系学士学位;2008年9月就读于中国科学院青藏高原研究所,2013年6月获得构造地质学专业理学博士学位,2013届中国科学院优秀毕业生;2010年11~12月在澳大利亚Macquarie大学开展地幔橄榄岩中硫化物原位Re-Os同位素分析研究;2013年7月至今,在中国科     

西藏班公湖—怒江缝合带中段蓬湖蛇绿岩中的洋脊型二辉橄榄岩

蓬湖蛇绿岩产于西藏藏北湖区的蓬湖西侧,属班公湖-怒江缝合带中段白拉拉弄-依拉山亚带。该蛇绿岩主要由地幔橄榄岩、堆晶岩和辉绿岩等组成。其中地幔橄榄岩由方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩组成。蓬湖二辉橄榄岩的橄榄石Fo值介于88.85～90.33之间、斜方辉石的Al2O3含量范围在4.26%～6.60%。与原始地幔相比,蓬湖二辉橄榄岩岩石有较高的MgO含量和较低的Al2O3、CaO和TiO2等易熔组分含量;稀土元素总量介于1.11×10-6～1.53×10-6之间,明显低于原始地幔值,配分模式为轻稀土轻微亏损。在原始地幔微量元素蛛网图中,蓬湖二辉橄榄岩显示Rb、Zr亏损,U、Ta、Sr强烈富集特征。蓬湖二辉橄榄岩的铂族元素总量介于22.9×10-9～27×10-9之间,PGEs球粒陨石标准化图解显示其为接近原始地幔的"平坦型"。以上特征与深海橄榄岩相似,指示它们可能形成于大洋中脊环境。定量模拟估算表明,蓬湖二辉橄榄岩可能来源于地幔中尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩源区,系经历了约5%～10%的部分熔融残余。蓬湖堆晶岩矿物结晶顺序为橄榄石-单斜辉石-斜长石,其中异剥橄榄岩中的单斜辉石Mg#值介于86.92～89.93之间、橄榄石Fo平均值为84.45,明显不同于MOR型蛇绿岩堆晶岩。蓬湖堆晶岩的矿物组成、岩浆结晶顺序和矿物成分均与俯冲带上SSZ型蛇绿岩形成的堆晶岩类似。以上结果表明,蓬湖二辉橄榄岩形成于大洋脊环境,为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩源区经历了不超过10%部分熔融的残余,后期由于洋内俯冲作用经历了岩石-熔体反应,形成了SSZ型堆晶岩和含较高Cr#值尖晶石的方辉橄榄岩。     

Re-Os同位素体系在蛇绿岩应用研究中的进展

Re-Os不同于由亲石元素构成的同位素体系，在原始上地幔（PUN）部分熔融过程中，母体Re是中等不相容元素，优先进入熔体相，子体Os是强相容元素，富集在残留相中，是研究蛇绿岩的极好示踪剂。在蛇绿岩应用研究中已经取得了4个方面的进展：（1）明确了熔体相的Re／Os和^187Os／^188Os比值高，而残留相的低；（2）铬铁矿中铂族元素矿物（PGM）的Re亏损年龄（TRD）证实了蛇绿岩中复杂的超镁铁岩体是多阶段部分熔融的产物；（3）现代大洋橄榄岩和玄武岩的Re-Os同位素研究表明熔体相和残留相的^187Os／^188Os比值在高于亏损地幔值（DMM）的部分是一致的，而低于DMM的存在不一致性，为研究蛇绿岩中熔体相与残留相是否存在“耦合”关系提供了新的制约因素；（4）揭示了蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中含有古大陆岩石圈地幔，这是前所未知的。虽然取得了不少进展，但是由于Re-Os同位素体系用于蛇绿岩研究的时间较短，尚存在一些问题，如显生宙蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩的定年问题，有待进一步深化研究。     

汉诺坝幔源橄榄岩包体的微量元素和Re-Os同位素地球化学：SCLM的性质和形成时代

本文报道了汉诺坝新生代碱性玄武岩中地幔橄榄岩包体的主量、微量元素和Re-Os同位素。14个尖晶石橄榄岩Re、Os含量分别为0.022～0.193ng/g和1.237～4.304ng/g，^187Os/^188Os比值为0.1183～0.1244，与^187Os/^188Os比值相关性不好，但与熔体亏损指标如重稀土元素Yb的含量、全岩Al2O3的百分含量有很好的线性关系，可能反映了地幔熔融后的Re或/和Os的活动。全岩Al2O3、CaO、TiO2含量均与MgO有很好的负相关性，全岩原始地幔标准化REE丰度模式呈现了LREE亏损，表明该区橄榄岩包体是由软流圈地幔经过部分熔融，亏损了玄武质组分后形成的。由Os同位素代理等时线得到该区陆下岩石圈地幔的形成年龄为1.7～2.0Ga，表明尖晶石相橄榄岩所代表的岩石圈地幔是中元古代的陆下岩石圈地幔减薄后的残留体。     

新疆西准噶尔达拉布特蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩成因

达拉布特蛇绿岩中地幔橄榄岩的主体为方辉橄榄岩,含少量纯橄岩和二辉橄榄岩,岩石遭受强烈蚀变。方辉橄榄岩单斜辉石、斜方辉石、橄榄石和尖晶石的主量元素特征均显示从深海地幔橄榄岩向SSZ地幔橄榄岩过渡的特征,与斜方辉石原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素特征一致,二辉橄榄岩具有深海地幔岩的性质。采用尖晶石-橄榄石平衡氧逸度计算方法,得出方辉橄榄岩的Δlog(fo2)FMQ在-0.14至+0.96log FMQ之间,具有MOR地幔橄榄岩向SSZ地幔橄榄岩过渡的特点或弧后盆地至岛弧过渡的特征。尖晶石Ga-Ti-Fe3+#图解显示纯橄岩成因可能和地幔橄榄岩与岛弧拉斑玄武岩的反应有关,而方辉橄榄岩可能为地幔橄榄岩与MOR熔体反应以及SSZ环境中含水熔体反应后的残余。纯橄岩和方辉橄榄岩∑REE都低于球粒陨石,且具有LREE富集的U型稀土元素配分模式,暗示了岩石和流体/熔体之间的相互作用。综合以上研究表明,达拉布特蛇绿岩形成于弧后扩张脊并受俯冲流体/熔体影响。     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段错不扎地幔橄榄岩铂族元素特征

对位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段北亚带错不扎地幔橄榄岩铂族元素地球化学特征进行研究,旨在对其岩石成因和构造环境进行限定。错不扎地幔橄榄岩以方辉橄榄岩和含单辉方辉橄榄岩为主。含单辉方辉橄榄岩具有较高的铂族元素(PGEs)含量,w(PGEs)=22.31×10~(-9)~36.12×10~(-9),平均值为29.60×10~(-9),高于原始地幔含量;而方辉橄榄岩的w(PGEs)处于17.34×10~(-9)~25.18×10~(-9)之间,平均值为21.08×10~(-9),略低于原始地幔值。相对岩浆成因超基性岩,两岩类皆强烈富Os和Ir,为部分熔融后残余的地幔体。含单辉-方辉橄榄岩及部分方辉橄榄岩含较高的Pd,(Pd/Ir)m比值远大于1,具左倾型PGE组成模式,而且两者都具有低于原始地幔的Cu/Pd比值。综合研究表明错不扎方辉橄榄岩是熔融程度较低的含单辉-方辉橄榄岩继续部分熔融后的残余;两者在部分熔融过程中可能存在部分赋存Pd的硫化物未完全溶解进入硅酸盐熔体,此后又受到俯冲带岩浆渗滤形成的富硫化物熔体的改造。     

西藏日喀则蛇绿岩镁铁质岩石Re-Os同位素特征及意义

通过对日喀则蛇绿岩的镁铁质岩石进行岩石学和地球化学研究,探讨其岩石成因及源区性质,同时根据Re-Os同位素的地球化学约束来探索雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩的形成机制。研究表明,日喀则蛇绿岩镁铁质岩石微量元素的标准化配分型式与洋中脊玄武岩类似,又具有岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特征。结合微量元素和同位素特征,均表明岩石的形成与俯冲作用有关。日喀则蛇绿岩产出于远离大陆地壳的SSZ环境,其形成过程未受到陆壳的混染;同时,Re-Os同位素体系受蚀变作用的影响也不明显。日喀则蛇绿岩镁铁质岩石的Re、Os含量低,¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os同位素比值较高,主要是源区性质和俯冲作用影响的结果。特提斯洋早期发生的多次俯冲作用造成地幔源区不均一。新特提斯洋壳俯冲过程中,上述不均一地幔发生部分熔融产生的镁铁质岩浆上升,经过遭受了早期熔体/岩石作用的纯橄岩通道,发生强烈的Re-Os同位素分馏,使熔体与地幔残余Os同位素组成表现出明显的解耦现象,进而形成现今的日喀则蛇绿岩。     

西藏班公湖蛇绿岩组合层序、地球化学及其成因研究

班公湖蛇绿岩带位于班公湖-怒江结合带西段,蛇绿岩均遭受了强烈挤压构造变形而形成蛇绿混杂岩带.通过对不同类型的蛇绿混杂岩片按正常蛇绿岩层序重新组合排列,恢复后的蛇绿岩层序综合剖面可与典型洋壳剖面对比,自下而上层序为：①变质橄榄岩,主要为强蛇纹石化斜辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩;②堆积岩,由层状辉长岩和层状橄榄岩组成;③辉长辉绿岩岩墙群;④镁铁质熔岩,可分为块状熔岩和枕状熔岩;⑤深海-半深海沉积,岩性为放射虫硅质岩、浊积岩、灰岩等.地质构造和地球化学特征对比综合分析表明,该区蛇绿岩主要形成于中特提斯洋中脊、洋岛环境,中特提斯洋可能为比较成熟的大洋盆地,而不是发育不完全的陆间小洋盆或边缘海盆地.     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带泽当地幔橄榄岩的矿物化学和铂族元素特征

泽当蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段,由地幔橄榄岩、辉长辉绿岩、火山岩等组成。地幔橄榄岩主要为方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩,有少量的铬铁矿化方辉橄榄岩和透镜状纯橄岩。地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的Fo值为89.6~91.8,属镁橄榄石。斜方辉石为顽火辉石,En端员组分变化于87.8~90.3。单斜辉石En组分变化于44.1~50.0,主要为顽透辉石和透辉石。二辉橄榄岩与方辉橄榄岩铬尖晶石的Cr#为17.0~31.8,为富铝型尖晶石。泽当地幔橄榄岩PGE总量为16.67×10-9~32.59×10-9,与原始地幔相似。矿物化学特征显示泽当二辉橄榄岩属于深海型地幔橄榄岩,方辉橄榄岩属于弧前地幔橄榄岩。尖晶石Cr#、橄榄石Mg#的变化以及高Os含量(3.50×10-9~7.75×10-9)表明泽当地幔橄榄岩经历了部分熔融过程;正斜率的PGE配分模式以及较高的Pd/Ir值(1.09~3.94)表明泽当地幔橄榄岩受到了俯冲带环境下地幔交代作用的改造。泽当地幔橄榄岩矿物学特征与铂族元素地球化学特征显示其形成于MOR环境,后受到SSZ环境的改造。     

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带中西段康穷蛇纹岩的岩石学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

康穷蛇纹岩出露于班公湖-怒江缝合带的中西段,是康穷蛇绿混杂岩的超基性岩石端元。依据全岩地球化学元素含量,可将康穷蛇纹岩划分为A组和B组2种。两者均富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Cs)和高场强元素(U、Nb)。经估算,A组蛇纹岩原岩是原始地幔经过10%~17%部分熔融的地幔残留,B组蛇纹岩原岩经历过更高程度的部分熔融(17%~23%),表明康穷蛇纹岩原岩至少经历过两阶段的部分熔融。初步研究认为,A组蛇纹岩原岩是洋内俯冲初始阶段上涌软流圈地幔部分熔融的地幔残留,受类MOR型熔体交代作用而仍然亏损轻稀土元素(LREE),却富集U和Nb,属类MOR型地幔橄榄岩;B组蛇纹岩原岩是A组蛇纹岩原岩在洋内俯冲带环境再熔融的产物,受玻安质熔体交代作用而相对富集轻稀土元素,属弧前地幔橄榄岩。两者均发生蛇纹石化作用而转变成蛇纹岩,最终因大洋碰撞闭合而残存于缝合带内,是班公湖-怒江新特提斯洋洋内俯冲演化阶段的岩石记录。     

Sulfides in mantle peridotites from Penghu Islands, Taiwan: Melt percolation, PGE fractionation, and the lithospheric evolution of the South China block

Major elements, highly siderophile elements (HSE) and Re-Os isotope ratios were analysed in situ on individual sulfide grains in spinel peridotite xenoliths hosted by Miocene intraplate basalts from the Penghu Islands, Taiwan. The xenoliths represent texturally and compositionally different mantle domains, and the geochemical characteristics of the sulfides show changes in HSE distribution and Re-Os isotope systematics, produced as their host rocks were metasomatised by percolating fluids/melts. In prophyroclastic and partly metasomatised peridotites from the Kueipi (KP) locality, the sulfides have subchondritic to superchondritic ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os and ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios. Many of these sulfides reflect fluid/melt interaction with residual MSS and/or crystallization of fractionated sulfide melts, which produced high contents of Cu and PPGEs and high Re/Os; inferred melt/rock ratios are low. In contrast, sulfides in equigranular and extensively metasomatised peridotites from the Tungchiyu (TCY) locality are mainly more sulfur-rich Ni-(Co)-rich MSS, with subchondritic to chondritic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os and subchondritic ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os. These sulfides are interpreted as products of interaction between pre-existing MSS and percolating silicate melts. Melt/rock ratios were high and the percolating melt was less differentiated than the melt that percolated the KP peridotites. Sulfides in a TCY pyroxenite are mainly MSS; they have the lowest HSE contents, subchondritic to superchondritic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os and subchondritic ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os, and may have precipitated from sulfide melts that segregated from basaltic melts under S-saturated conditions. In most sulfides melt percolation appears to have induced fractionation among the HSEs and disturbed Re-Os isotope compositions. Despite the metasomatic effects, rare residual MSS, sulfides that from crystallised sulfide melts and sulfides modified by addition of Re (with no evidence for Os addition) can still provide useful chronological information. Such sulfides yield T_RD age peaks of 1.9, 1.7-1.6, 1.4-1.3 and 0.9-0.8 Ga, which may record the timing of melt extraction and/or metasomatic events in the mantle. These periods are contemporaneous with the major crustal events recorded by U-Pb dates and Nd and Hf model ages in the overlying crust. This close correspondence indicates that the sulfide T_RD ages reflect the timing of lithosphere-scale tectonothermal events (such as melting and metasomatism) that affected both the lithospheric mantle and the overlying crust. The sulfide T_RD ages, taken together with the crustal data, suggest that most of the Cathaysia block had formed at least by Paleo-Proterozoic time, and that some domains are Archean in age.     

Melt/mantle mixing produces podiform chromite deposits in ophiolites: Implications of Re-Os systematics in the Dongqiao Neo-tethyan ophiolite, northern Tibet

Podiform chromite deposits occur in the mantle sequences of many ophiolites that were formed in supra-subduction zone (SSZ) settings. We have measured the Re-Os isotopic compositions of the major chromite deposits and associated mantle peridotites of the Dongqiao Ophiolite in the Bangong-Nujiang suture, Tibet, to investigate the petrogenesis of these rocks and their genetic relationships.The ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of the chromite separates define a narrow range from 0.12318 to 0.12354, less variable than those of the associated peridotites. Previously-reported ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of the Os-rich alloys enclosed in the chromitites define two clusters: 0.12645 ± 0.00004 (2 s; n = 145) and 0.12003 to 0.12194. The ultra-depleted dunites have much lower ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os (0.11754, 0.11815), and the harzburgites show a wider range from 0.12107 to 0.12612. The average isotopic composition of the chromitites (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.12337 ± 0.00001) is low compared with the carbonaceous chondrite value (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.1260 ± 0.0013) and lower than the average value measured for podiform chromitites worldwide (0.12809 ± 0.00085). In contrast, the basalts have higher ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os, ranging from 0.20414 to 0.38067, while the plagioclase-bearing harzburgite and cumulates show intermediate values of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os (0.12979 ~ 0.14206). Correspondingly, the basalts have the highest ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os ratios, up to 45.4 ± 3.2, and the chromites have the lowest ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os ratios, down to 0.00113 ± 0.00008. We suggest that melts/fluids, derived from the subducting slab, triggered partial melting in the overlying mantle wedge and added significant amounts of radiogenic Os to the peridotites. Mass-balance calculations indicate that a melt/mantle ratio of approximately 15:1 (melt: ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os: 45.4, ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.34484; mantle peridotite: ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.0029, ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.11754) is necessary to increase the Os isotopic composition of the chromitite deposits to its observed average value. This value implies a surprisingly low average melt/mantle ratio during the formation of the chromitite deposits. The percolating melts probably were of variable isotopic composition. However, in the chromitite pods the Os from many melts was pooled and homogenized, which is why the chromitite deposits show such a small variation in their Os isotopic composition. The results of this study suggest that the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of chromitites may not be representative of the DMM, but only reflect an upper limit. Importantly, the Os-isotope compositions of chromitites strongly suggest that such deposits can be formed by melt/mantle mixing processes.     

Osmium isotope and highly siderophile element geochemistry of mantle xenoliths from NW Turkey: implications for melt depletion and metasomatic history of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle

Ultramafic xenoliths entrained in the late Miocene alkali basalts and basanites from NW Turkey include refractory spinel-harzburgites and dunites accompanied by subordinate spinel-lherzolites. Whole-rock major and trace element characteristics indicate that the xenoliths are mostly the solid residues of varying degrees of partial melting (～4–～15%), but some have geochemical signatures reflecting the processes of melt/rock interaction. Mantle-normalized trace element patterns for the peridotites vary from LREE-depleted to strongly LREE-enriched, reflecting multistage mantle processes from simple melt extraction to metasomatic enrichment. Rhenium and platinum group element (PGE) abundances and ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os systematics of peridotites were examined in order to identify the nature of the mantle source and the processes effective during variable stages of melt extraction within the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The peridotites are characterized by chondritic Os/Ir and Pt/Ir ratios and slightly supra-chondritic Pd/Ir and Rh/Ir ratios, representing a mantle region similar in composition to the primitive mantle (PM). Moderate enrichment in PPGE (Pd–Pt–Rh)/IPGE (Ir–Os–Ru) ratios with respect to the PM composition in the metasomatized samples, however, reflects compositional modification by sulphide addition during possible post-melting processes. The ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of the peridotites range from 0.11801 to 0.12657. Highly unradiogenic Os isotope compositions (γOs at 10 Ma from –7.0 to –3.2) in the chemically undisturbed mantle residues are accompanied by depletion in Re/Os ratios, suggesting long-term differentiation of SCLM by continuous melt extraction. For the metasomatized peridotites, however, systematic enrichments in PPGE and Re abundances, and the observed positive covariance between ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os and γOs can most likely be explained by interaction of solid residues with basaltic melts produced by melting of relatively more radiogenic components in the mantle. Significantly, the wide range of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios characterizing the entire xenolith suite seems to be consistent with multistage evolution of SCLM and suggests that parts of the lithospheric mantle contain materials that have experienced ancient melt removal (～1.3 Ga) which created time-integrated depletion in Re/Os ratios; in contrast, some other parts display evidence indicative of recent perturbation in the Re–Os system by sulphide addition during interaction with metasomatizing melts.     

Mineralogical and geochemical constraints on the shallow origin, ancient veining, and multi-stage modification of the Lherz peridotite

New major- and trace-element data of bulk-rocks and constituent minerals, and whole-rock Re-Os isotopic compositions of samples from the Lherz Massif, French Pyrenees, reveal complex petrological relationships between the dominant lithologies of lherzolite ± olivine-websterite and harzburgite. The Lherz peridotite body contains elongate, foliation parallel, lithological strips of harzburgite, lherzolite, and olivine-websterite cross-cut by later veins of hornblende-bearing pyroxenites. Peridotite lithologies are markedly bimodal, with a clear compositional gap between harzburgites and lherzolites ± olivine-websterite. Bulk-rock and mineral major-element oxide (Mg-Fe-Si-Cr) compositions show that harzburgites are highly-depleted and result from ∼20-25 wt.% melt extraction at pressures <2 GPa. Incompatible and moderately-compatible trace-element abundances of hornblendite-free harzburgites are analogous to some mantle-wedge peridotites. In contrast, lherzolites ± olivine-websterite overlap estimates of primitive mantle composition, yet these materials are composite samples that represent physical mixtures of residual lherzolites and clinopyroxene dominated cumulates equilibrated with a LREE-enriched tholeiitic melt. Trace-element compositions of harzburgite, and some lherzolite bulk-rocks and pyroxenes have been modified by; (1) wide-spread interaction with a low-volume LREE-enriched melt +/− fluid that has disturbed highly-incompatible elements (e.g., LREEs, Zr) without enrichment of alkali- and Ti-contents; and (2) intrusion of relatively recent, small-volume, hornblendite-forming, basanitic melts linked to modal and cryptic metasomatism resulting in whole-rock and pyroxene Ti, Na and MREE enrichment.Rhenium-Os isotope systematics of Lherz samples are also compositionally bimodal; lherzolites ± olivine-websterite have chondritc to suprachondritic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os and ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os values that overlap the range reported for Earth’s primitive upper mantle, whereas harzburgites have sub-chondritic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os and ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os values. Various Os-model age calculations indicate that harzburgites, lherzolites, and olivine-websterites have been isolated from convective homogenisation since the Meso-Proterozoic and this broadly coincides with the time of melt extraction controlled by harzburgite Os-isotope compositions. The association between harzburgites resulting from melting in mantle-wedge environments and Os-rich trace-phases (laurite-erlichmanite sulphides and Pt-Os-Ir-alloys) suggests that a significant portion of persistent refractory anomalies in the present-day convecting mantle of Earth may be linked to ancient large-scale melting events related to wide-spread subduction-zone processing.     

Os mobilization during melt percolation: The evolution of Os isotope heterogeneities in the mantle sequence of the troodos ophiolite, Cyprus

This study focuses on the origin of the Os isotope heterogeneities and the behaviour of Os and Re during melt percolation and partial melting processes in the mantle sequence of the Troodos Ophiolite Complex. The sequence has been divided into an eastern (Unit 1) and a western part (Unit 2) (Batanova and Sobolev, 2000). Unit 1 consists mainly of spinel-lherzolites and a minor amount of dunites, which are surrounded by cpx-bearing harzburgites. Unit 2 consists of harzburgites, dunites, and contains chromitite deposits.Unit 1 (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os: 0.1169 to 0.1366) and Unit 2 (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os 0.1235 to 0.1546) peridotites both show large ranges in their Os isotopic composition. Most of the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of Unit 1 lherzolites and harzburgites are chondritic to subchondritic, and this can be explained by Re depletion during ancient partial melting and melt percolation events. The old Os isotope model ages (>800 Ma) of some peridotites in a young ophiolitic mantle show that ancient Os isotopic heterogeneities can survive in the Earth upper mantle. Most harzburgites and dunites of Unit 2 have suprachondritic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios. This is the result of the addition of radiogenic Os during a younger major melt percolation event, which probably occurred during the formation of the Troodos crust 90 Ma ago.Osmium concentrations tend to decrease from spinel-lherzolites (4.35 ± 0.2 ng/g) to harzburgites (Unit 1: 4.06 ± 1.12 ng/g; Unit 2: 3.46 ± 1.38 ng/g) and dunites (Unit 1: 2.71 ± 0.84 ng/g; Unit 2: 1.85 ± 1.20 ng/g). Therefore, this element does not behave compatibly during melt percolation as it is observed during partial melting, but becomes dissolved and mobilized by the percolating melt. The Os contents and Re/Os ratios in the mantle peridotites can be explained if they represent mixing products of old depleted mantle with cpx- and opx-veins, which are crystallization products of the percolating melt. This mixing occurred during the melting of a continuously fluxed mantle in a supra-subduction zone environment.This study shows that Unit 1 and Unit 2 of the Troodos mantle section have a complex and different evolution. However, the Os isotopic characteristics are consistent with a model where the harzburgites and dunites of both units belong to the same melting regime producing the Troodos oceanic crust.     

云南马关地区岩石圈地幔组成和年龄:地幔橄榄岩包体的Re-Os同位素限制

本文对马关地区新生代碱性玄武岩中的地幔包体进行了系统的岩石学和地球化学研究,并首次进行了包体的Re-Os同位素测试。马关地区的橄榄岩包体主量成分上表现为饱满肥沃的特征;具有不同程度的轻稀土亏损特征,亏损Nb、Ti和Zr等高场强元素(HFSE)以及Ba等大离子亲石元素(LILE);橄榄岩包体的Nd同位素特征表明橄榄岩包体代表的是不均一的亏损地幔。5个橄榄岩全岩样品的Re-Os同位素分析结果表明,样品的Os含量总体较高(3.29×10^-9~3.78×10^-9),接近于造山带橄榄岩体的Os含量,Re含量变化范围较大(0.24×10^-9~0.54×10^-9),与Re的迁移能力较强有关。样品的¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os值在0.12295~0.12530之间变化,与¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os值和Al₂O₃含量之间都不存在较好的相关性,说明Re-Os体系不单纯由熔体抽取过程所控制。橄榄岩包体的Re亏损年龄t_RD为254~604Ma,说明马关地区岩石圈地幔形成的时代应该在新元古代之前。马关地区岩石圈地幔并非是由软流圈上涌新增生的地幔,而是经历了如下演化历史:在新元古代之前,由原始地幔的部分熔融和熔体抽取作用形成了岩石圈地幔,之后经历了熔/流体交代和改造而发生了再富集作用,导致部分地幔橄榄岩逐渐从亏损难熔的特征向饱满肥沃转变,而未遭受熔/流体的改造的橄榄岩仍然保持了难熔亏损的特征。这种熔/流体交代和改造作用很可能与晚二叠纪峨眉山地幔柱的活动有关,而新生代以来印度-亚洲大陆碰撞导致地幔物质向东南方向的侧向流动,诱发软流圈上涌和马关地区的钾质岩浆的活动,也对马关地区岩石圈地幔的改造具有重要的影响,但由于喷发时间较新对Os同位素组成的影响还未显现出来。     

Petrogenesis and Tectonic Significance of the Cuobuzha Peridotite,Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone,China

The Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (YZSZ) in southern Tibet includes the remnants of Neo‐Tethyan oceanic lithosphere and marks a major suture between the Indian plate to the south and the Lhasa terrane of Tibet to the north. The upper mantle section of the Cuobuzha ophiolite in the northern subbelt of the western YZSZ comprises mainly clinopyroxene (cpx)‐rich and depleted harzburgites. Spinels in the cpx‐harzburgites show lower Cr^# values (12.6–15.1) than the spinels in the harzburgites (26.1–34.5), and the cpx‐harzburgites display higher heavy rare earth element concentrations than the depleted harzburgites. The harzburgites have subchondritic Os isotopic compositions (0.11624–0.11699), yielding Re‐depletion model ages (TRD) ages from 1.8 to 1.7 Ga, indicating that the Cubuzha mantle underwent at least one ancient melt extraction event ca. 1.8‐1.7Ga; whereas the cpx‐harzburgites have suprachondritic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios (0.12831–0.13125) with higher Re concentrations (0.380–0.575 ppb), indicating subsequent addition of Re following the last partial melting event that occurred during mid‐ocean ridge melt evolution processes. Although these geochemical and isotopic signatures suggest that both peridotite types in the ophiolite represent mid‐oceanic ridge–type upper mantle units, their melt evolution trends reflect different mantle processes. The cpx‐harzburgites formed from low‐degree partial melting of a primitive mantle source, and they were subsequently modified by melt‐rock interactions in a mid‐oceanic ridge environment. The depleted harzburgites, however, were produced by remelting of the cpx‐harzburgites, which later interacted with mid‐oceanic ridge basalt– or island‐arc tholeiite–like melts, possibly in a trench–distal backarc spreading center. Our new isotopic and geochemical data from the Cuobuzha peridotites confirm that the Neo‐Tethyan upper mantle had highly heterogeneous Os isotopic compositions as a result of multiple melt production and melt extraction events during its seafloor spreading evolution.     

华北克拉通岩石圈减薄机制: 来自山东白垩纪基性-中基性岩浆岩Re-Os同位素地球化学特征的制约

对华北山东地区不同构造单元中生代白垩纪基性-中基性岩浆岩进行了系统的Re-Os同位素研究.侵入岩样品采自鲁西济南岩体、鲁中沂南岩体和胶东的观水岩墙群, 火山岩样品采自鲁西蒙阴、费县、方城青山群和鲁中安丘青山群.所有样品均以低Re(0.076×10-9~0.711×10-9)和Os(0.006×10-9~1.030×10-9)含量以及高放射成因Os同位素比值为特征, 其相应的初始187Os/188Os比值和γ_Os(t)值分别为0.131 6~0.529 1和4.30~319.00(安丘粗面安山岩分别高达1.463和1 060.000), 并具有较大变化范围(0.125~2.090 Ga)的Os同位素模式年龄.在Os-Nd和Os-Sr同位素关系图上, 这些样品分布于典型的岩石圈地幔与地壳端元组成之间, 显示壳-幔源岩浆混合特征.然而, 除1件观水岩体(MGS0610)和费县玄武岩之外, 各地质单元样品之间或所有的中生代岩浆岩作为整体, 样品的γ_Os(t)与(La/Ta)_N和(Th/Nb)_N比值间缺乏明显的相关关系, 说明样品的混源Os同位素并非来自岩浆作用过程中的地壳围岩混染.区内基性岩浆岩Os同位素模式年龄T_MA明显小于古生代地幔橄榄岩包体的Re亏损模式年龄(T_RD), 可能为地幔条件下源岩与再循环地壳物质发生交代作用后Re/Os比值升高所致.蒙阴高镁安山岩和沂南闪长岩在Yb-Re/Yb图解中大致位于中生代辉石岩包体与地壳端元之间, 也指示了下地壳拆沉后产生的熔体与地幔岩石可能发生了交代作用.蒙阴安山岩MMY-12(SiO₂=56.4%)具有古老壳源特征的Os同位素模式年龄(2.090 Ga)、高Mg#(64.6)和高Os含量(0.089×10-9), 为这一解释提供了有力的佐证.      

Archean-Paleoproterozoic Lithospheric Mantle at the Northern Margin of the North China Craton Represented by Tectonically Exhumed Peridotites

Tectonically emplaced peridotites from North Hebei Province, North China Craton, have retained an original harzburgite mineral assemblage of olivine(54%–58%) + orthopyroxene(40%–46%)+minor clinopyroxene(1%)+spinel. Samples with boninite-like chemical compositions also coexist with these peridotites. The spinels within the peridotites have high-Al end-members with Al_2O_3 content of 30 wt % –50 wt %, typical of mantle spinels. When compared with experimentally determined melt extraction trajectories, the harzburgites display a high degree of melting and enrichment of SiO_2, which is typical of cratonic mantle peridotites. The peridotites display variably enriched light rare earth elements(REEs), relatively depleted middle REEs and weakly fractionated heavy REEs, which suggest a melt extraction of over 25% in the spinel stability field. The occurrence of arc-and SSZ-type chromian spinels in the peridotites suggests that melt extraction and metasomatism occurred mostly in a subduction-related setting. This is also supported by the geochemical data of the coexisting boninite-like samples. The peridotites have ~(187)Os/~(188)Os ratios ranging from 0.113–0.122, which is typical of cratonic lithospheric mantle. These ~(187)Os/~(188)Os ratios yield model melt extraction ages(TRD) ranging from 981 Ma to 2054 Ma, which may represent the minimum estimation of the melt extraction age. The Al_2O_3-~(187)Os/~(188)Os-proxy isochron ages of 2.4 Ga–2.7 Ga suggest a mantle melt depletion age between the Late Achaean and Early Paleoproterozoic. Both the peridotites and boninite-like rocks are therefore interpreted as tectonically exhumed continental lithospheric mantle of the North China Craton, which has experienced mantle melt depletion and subduction-related mantle metasomatism during the Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic.