基于DEM的黄土塬坡地形特征量化分析研究

系统梳理并界定了塬坡的概念,基于5 m分辨率DEM及0.6 m分辨率快鸟影像,以塬坡为主体,构建地形统计特征、空间展布特征和侵蚀发育特征指标体系,深入分析黄土塬区的地形特征,量化塬区小流域及其内部各级子流域的侵蚀发育程度。结果显示：(1)塬坡在7个流域中面积占比约10%～35%,地形统计特征表明侵蚀程度和粗糙度等自塬面到沟谷逐渐加剧;(2)空间展布特征说明塬坡是沟坡系统中最为复杂的地形单元,塬面对塬坡的邻接性较沟谷对塬坡的邻接性弱;(3)侵蚀指标是塬区小流域侵蚀发育的重要指征,其揭示了流域内部的侵蚀分异规律：侵蚀程度随子流域级别增大而加剧,侵蚀程度越严重的流域,其内部子流域的侵蚀程度也越严重。各侵蚀指标的相关性随子流域级别增加而增强,在0.01置信水平下,侵蚀指标间的最低相关性由0.33提高至0.80。     

DEM结构特征对坡度坡向的影响分析

数字高程模型已严格定义为按规则格网阵列记录的地形高程数据,其固有的结构特征(如格网分辨率、格网方向、高程数据准确度等)直接影响DEM对地形表达和坡度、坡向的计算精度。该文通过理论和数据独立的DEM实验分析方法,研究了DEM结构特征对坡度、坡向的影响,得出如下结论:1)高分辨率的DEM并不一定能给出高精度的坡度、坡向计算结果;2)可通过g=bm/ms×180/π×cos2S来选择合适的DEM分辨率;3)三阶不带权差分算法的坡度、坡向计算结果对DEM方向有较强的依赖性。     

基于DEM的任意方向坡度计算方法

坡度是数字地形分析中重要的地形因子,在水文分析、土壤侵蚀模拟、地貌类型划分等地学分析及工程上均有广泛的应用。由于地形的各向异性,坡度在各个方向上并不相同。目前,基于DEM所提取的坡度,均是位于最陡方向上的坡度,而任意给定方向坡度计算是地学分析和工程应用中较为常见的问题。在对目前DEM坡度提取算法研究的基础上,通过数学分析,给出了格网DEM上任意方向格网点的坡度计算模型和计算流程,并给出了相应的计算实例,从而将坡度计算模型从特定方向推向任意方向,使DEM坡度计算更具普适性。     

DEM地形信息量计算的不确定性研究

DEM地形信息量的准确度量是判定DEM数据应用适宜性与限制性关键。以黄土丘陵沟壑区DEM及其派生的坡度、坡向DTM为例进行实验,研究子集划分与分级数对DEM信息量估算精度的影响。结果表明,DEM地形信息量是实际地形信息和子集划分策略共同作用的结果,现有DEM信息量计算存在不确定性,DEM子集划分算法和分级数的选择直接影响DEM信息量的计算结果。文章借助最大熵定理的基本思路构建DEM地形信息量分级判定模型,可客观获得连续型栅格地形数据在信息量计算上最优分级,为有效估算DEM地形信息量提供科学依据。     

面向DEM地形复杂度分析的分形方法研究

在基于栅格DEM数据的基础上,应用分形几何学方法,采用元分维模型理论,提出一种描述DEM地形复杂度的分形分析方法,并得出分析指标———地形分维指数(TFI)。实验证明,该指标可以有效描述栅格DEM数据反映的地形变化特征,分析窗口由小到大的规律性变化反映出地貌从微观到宏观的变化情况,因此其既可以作为对栅格DEM所描述地形进行评价的坡面因子,又可以作为基于DEM的地貌类型区自动划分的参照依据。     

基于DEM的地形单元多样性指数及其算法

在阐述地形信息表达研究进展的基础上,提出基于DEM地形单元多样性指数的概念和算法。地形单元多样性指数综合了高程、坡度、坡位、坡向、汇流量和水域信息等要素。其算法集成地形位置指数和地形湿度指数算法,采用图层叠加分析,设定分类、分级指标,进行重分类组合,划分地形单元类型,利用窗口分析法计算地形单元多样性指数。以四川省为试验区,利用精度为100 m的DEM数据和水域分布数据进行模拟计算,地形单元划分为13种典型类型,统计窗口半径设为900 m,计算出的多样性指数值小于0.5的区域仅占总面积的11%,大于0.75的区域达57%,符合实验区地形特征,并对算法进行了可行性分析和验证。结果表明,该算法提取的地形单元多样性指数可以有效反映地表形态的多样性特征及其变化。该研究结果为进一步探讨基于DEM地表形态信息的概念体系,以及从微观到宏观的地形信息空间分析研究创造了条件。     

DEM采样间隔对地形描述精度的影响研究

数字高程模型(DEM)的精度包括采样点数据精度和地形描述精度两方面,前人对DEM精度的研究多集中在DEM采样点精度,而忽视了地形描述精度。该文提出基于窗口曲面拟合计算拟合曲面系列参数与"实际地形"曲面参数的标准差来衡量地形描述精度的方法,研究发现DEM地形描述精度随采样间隔的增大呈降低趋势;并利用坡度频率曲线和坡度累计频率曲线研究对DEM精度敏感的坡度因子与DEM采样间隔的关系,认为随DEM采样间隔增大,坡度衰减(变缓)的速率加快。     

基于高分辨率DEM的黄土地貌正负地形自动分割技术研究

黄土地貌正负地形自动分割是构建地表空间分布式机理-过程模型的基础。在分析黄土高原地区典型地貌坡面形态及汇流过程特征的基础上,提出了基于5m分辨率栅格DEM自动分割黄土正、负地形的技术方案。该方案首先利用坡面上下游栅格点的坡度对比识别沟沿线点,然后利用汇水模型提取沟沿线点约束的上游汇水区域,从而实现正、负地形的自动分割。在黄土塬区及丘陵沟壑区的实验结果表明,该方法的优点是提取精度高,人工干预少,在不同地貌类型区域内有很好的应用适宜性。     

基于DEM的大尺度季风风速空间分布模拟研究

起伏地形条件下的风速空间变化受多种地形因素的影响,以往利用DEM对风速空间分布的模拟一般是在内插基础上进行高程订正,不能反映迎风坡和背风坡的风速差别。利用山东日照1∶5万DEM数据,借助研究区及周边6个气象台站1970—2000年的冬季月平均风速资料,在确定冬季主风向的前提下,利用ARC/INFO软件,综合考虑海拔高度、坡度、坡向和坡位等地形要素对风速的影响,通过编写AML程序,实现了起伏地形条件下风速空间分布的模拟,其结果更接近实测风场,为日照市茶树适生环境评价提供重要的冬季风空间分布基础资料。     

基于GRID-TIN混合格网DEM的旱作梯田数值模拟模型研究

旱梯田地形具有独特的平面和剖面形态特征,现有DEM难以对其地貌形态特征进行准确描述,无法满足构建旱梯田地形数值模拟模型的需求。为此,以黄土高原典型旱梯田地形为切入点,基于Grid-TIN混合格网DEM和面向对象技术构建出水平梯田等典型旱梯田数值模拟模型。根据旱梯田地形的独特地貌形态特征,提出能够对旱梯田地形的高程、坡度进行准确计算的数字地形分析方法。该研究成果是对基于DEM的旱梯田地形数值模拟模型研究的有益尝试,对于探讨利用DEM实现旱梯田地形的有效数字表达与分析具有重要理论意义。     

典型黄土地貌类型区的地形复杂度分形研究

黄土高原地貌形态与地形复杂度自南向北有序变化,构成了举世瞩目的独特的地理景观。选择陕西省南北剖面六个典型黄土地貌样区为基本实验区,以其1∶1万栅格DEM为数据源,探讨典型黄土地貌类型区的地形复杂度分形与空间分异特征。首先提出的元分维模型方法,以计算得到的DEM元分维值作为特征指标,研究样区的地形复杂度问题。这种通过滑动窗口的扩展分维分析方法,既可以用于分析该区域不同尺度下的地形复杂度变化情况,也可以探讨区域的局部单元复杂程度及其空间分布,从而不再局限于对全区域的单一分维评价。以此为基础,进一步应用元分维谱方法,研究地貌网格单元的元分维分级分布情况。实验结果表明:以绥德和延川为代表的黄土峁状丘陵沟壑区最为复杂,以宜君和甘泉为代表的梁状丘陵沟壑区居中,而以淳化为代表的黄土塬区和以神木为代表的风沙黄土过渡区最为平缓。实验进一步证明了扩展分形方法在黄土地貌研究中的可行性。     

地形对黄土高原滑坡的影响

高分辨率地形与影像数据的缺乏已成为研究地表现象、特征与过程的重要瓶颈。低成本无人机设备和摄影测量技术的发展,打开了地学领域获取高分辨率数据的大门,大大提高了地质灾害野外调查与灾害编目的精度与效率。本文通过无人机野外调查和遥感室内目视解译,构建了一个包含307个黄土滑坡属性的数据库。在此基础上,通过数字地形分析和数理统计等方法,总结归纳了黄土滑坡样本数据的分布规律,探讨了地形对黄土滑坡分布的影响,阐述了地形相对高差对最长滑动距离、滑坡周长、滑坡面积的影响,提出了基于传统经验公式拟合的滑坡规模快速预测公式。结果表明：① 滑坡规模—频率分布具有明显的规律性,不同最大长度、最大宽度和周长的黄土滑坡数量分布均呈现正偏态分布,而不同面积的滑坡数量分布则服从幂函数分布;② 地形对黄土滑坡发育控制作用明显,不同地形高差、平均坡度、坡形的斜坡单元滑坡发育数量差异较大;③ 地形相对高差与滑坡的最长滑距、周长和面积的拟合曲线很好地符合幂律分布规律,但不同地形区的拟合效果有所差异,黄土丘陵区拟合效果最好,黄土高原全区次之,黄土台塬区最差;④ 本文建立的黄土滑坡规模快速预测模型,为黄土滑坡灾害调查提供了经验公式支撑。     

Bidirectional DEM relief shading method for extraction of gully shoulder line in loess tableland area

The gully shoulder line, one of the most important topographical features, reveals the erosional process and reflects the geomorphological evolution of a loess area. Existing shoulder-line extraction methods are based on local window-filter or image-edge detection, which are sensitive to image noises and algorithm parameters, causing unsatisfactory accuracy and efficiency. This paper proposes a bidirectional relief-shading (BRS) method for loess shoulder-line extraction based on a 5-m Digital Elevation Model (DEM). First, two hill-shaded images are simulated with appropriate altitude and symmetric direction of the light. Second, the grey value difference between inter-gully and inner-gully area can be easily identified by fusing the two images with the mean method. Finally, the shoulder line can be derived by image segmentation using a threshold determined by an empirical equation. Experiments in three areas of loess tableland in Shaanxi Province validated the method, which has the advantages of being a simple operation with relatively high accuracy, 89.7% compared with manual digitalization, and high efficiency. We discuss three parameters in this method: zenith angle, azimuth angle, and segment threshold. Results suggest that the method is applicable for broad-scale gully shoulder line extraction in loess tablelands.     

陕北洛河流域地貌演化阶段的定量分析

根据洛河流域地貌南北纵向区域分布规律,并参考张宗祜先生(1986)编制的"中国黄土高原地貌类型图",将洛河流域由南至北依次划分为洛川黄土塬区、甘泉一志丹黄土梁状(为主)丘陵沟壑区及吴起黄土峁状(为主)丘陵沟壑区3个地貌区。借助于GIS的空间分析功能,对洛河流域3种不同地貌绘制了Strahler曲线,采用高程积分法、信息熵法、侵蚀积分值法进行计算。结果表明:3种地貌区均属于壮年期地貌发育数量特征值范围,说明洛河流域总体的发育状态已经开始进入壮年期,但不同地貌分区的发育阶段不尽相同;洛河流域不同地貌的面积-高程积分曲线的S值大小排列顺序为:吴起黄土峁状(为主)丘陵沟壑区< 洛川黄土塬区< 甘泉一志丹黄土梁状(为主)丘陵沟壑区,与理论情况不相符。分析认为,这可能是由于近年来洛川黄土塬区侵蚀强度增加对洛川黄土塬区的地貌发育产生了一定的影响。     

Drainage basin object-based method for regional-scale landform classification: a case study of loess area in China

Landform classification is one of the most important procedures in recognizing and dividing earth surface landforms. However, topographical homogeneity and differences in regional-scale landforms are often ignored by traditional pixel- and object-based landform classification methods based on digital elevation models (DEMs). In this work, a drainage basin object-based method for classifying regional-scale landforms is proposed. Drainage basins with least critical areas are first delineated from DEMs. Then, terrain derivatives of mean elevation, mean slope, drainage density, drainage depth, and terrain texture are employed to characterize the morphology of the drainage basins. Finally, a decision tree based on the topographical characteristics of the drainage basins is constructed and employed to determine the landform classification law. The experiment is validated in the landform classification of regional-scale loess areas in China. Results show that clear boundaries exist in different landforms at the regional scale. Landform type in a specific region shows significant topographical homogeneity under its specific regional geomorphological process. Classification accuracies are 87.3 and 86.3% for the field investigation and model validation, respectively. Spatial patterns of classified landforms and their proximity to sediment sources and other factors can be regarded as indicators of the evolutionary process of loess landform formation.     

等效沙厚度研究进展

风、沉积物和地表覆盖是控制沙丘地貌的三大要素。沉积物尤其是沙源供应对沙丘地貌的影响仍有待深入研究。沙丘体积的研究促使了等效沙厚度（equivalent sand thickness, EST）概念的提出。EST研究经历了多个沙丘和亚沙丘尺度2个研究阶段。多个沙丘EST研究发现,EST与沙丘高度之间具有较好的一致性,其与方向变率的组合可以很好地区分沙丘类型,且在宏观上可以表征沙源供应。亚沙丘尺度EST研究使得利用高分辨率遥感影像研究沙丘（山）地貌及其形成过程成为可能。未来的研究应在像元尺度上对沙丘（山）地貌进行滤波,不同滤波窗口所得到的不同图层可以用来探究沙丘（山）地貌的形成过程。     

Earth surface processes and their effects on human behavior in monsoonal China during the Pleistocene-Holocene epochs

There is a wide diversity of landforms in China. The topography of three major terraces, decreasing in height stepwise from west to east, was formed by the early Miocene. With the commencement of the Great Northern Hemisphere Glaciations (GHGs) and the glacial-interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene, thick loess deposits accumulated in north China, and fluvial terraces were formed and lakes expanded and contracted in eastern and central China. The earliest evidence of hominins in China is dated to ～1.7 Ma; they occupied the monsoon-dominated region for a long interval, until the late Pleistocene, ～50 ka. In this study, we investigated a large area rich in the relics and artifacts of early man. The results indicate that the early humans occupied riverine areas, especially medium-sized fluvial basins, and lake shores. Even in the relatively recent geological past, the occupation and abandonment of settlements were directly forced by the shifting of sand dune fields in the desert-loess transitional zone, which in turn was closely associated with variations in the monsoon climate and vegetation patterns. Our observations indicate that landforms were one of the main determinants of early human behavior, in that loess tableland, large alluvial plains, desert-Gobi areas, and the Tibetan Plateau, were not suitable environments for early human settlement. We infer that the early humans in China adapted their behavior to specific landforms and landform processes. The monsoon climate, which shapes the large-scale step-like pattern of fluvial landforms, promotes vegetation coverage and dominates soil formation, provides a crucial context for early human adaptation. The adaptation of early humans to earth surface processes in East Asia is investigated for the first time in this study. Future investigations will provide further information that will increase our understanding of the linkage between early human behavior and landform processes in East Asia.     

地貌过程对更新世——全新世中国季风区人类行为的影响（英文）

There is a wide diversity of landforms in China.The topography of three major terraces,decreasing in height stepwise from west to east,was formed by the early Miocene.With the commencement of the Great Northern Hemisphere Glaciations(GHGs)and the glacial-interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene,thick loess deposits accumulated in north China,and fluvial terraces were formed and lakes expanded and contracted in eastern and central China.The earliest evidence of hominins in China is dated to ~1.7 Ma;they occupied the monsoon-dominated region for a long interval,until the late Pleistocene,~50 ka.In this study,we investigated a large area rich in the relics and artifacts of early man.The results indicate that the early humans occupied riverine areas,especially medium-sized fluvial basins,and lake shores.Even in the relatively recent geological past,the occupation and abandonment of settlements were directly forced by the shifting of sand dune fields in the desert-loess transitional zone,which in turn was closely associated with variations in the monsoon climate and vegetation patterns.Our observations indicate that landforms were one of the main determinants of early human behavior,in that loess tableland,large alluvial plains,desert-Gobi areas,and the Tibetan Plateau,were not suitable environments for early human settlement.We infer that the early humans in China adapted their behavior to specific landforms and landform processes.The monsoon climate,which shapes the large-scale step-like pattern of fluvial landforms,promotes vegetation coverage and dominates soil formation,provides a crucial context for early human adaptation.The adaptation of early humans to earth surface processes in East Asia is investigated for the first time in this study.Future investigations will provide further information that will increase our understanding of the linkage between early human behavior and landform processes in East Asia.     

稀疏天然植被对输沙量的影响

在内陆沙漠和海滨沙丘地区,均生长着不同类型低密度的天然植被,它对风沙流活动和风成地貌形态的形成与演变都具有一定的影响,但在大多数情况下是不足以防止风沙危害的。因此,为了达到防沙的要求,其中就存在着一个稀疏天然植被的有效临界密度问题。为此,通过对3个不同类型植物种、10组植株密度的风洞模拟研究表明,当平均输沙率减少到流沙表面的50%左右时,其相应的植物株密度为:呈紧密结构半球状植株密度为6株·m^-2;呈漏斗形上密下疏者为7株·m^-2和呈线状具有弯曲弹性的植株介于6~10株·m^-2之间。在各种植株密度的影响下,输沙率与有效起沙风呈正比关系,即q=a×(V_L-V_t)^b。     

陕北风沙过渡带植被净初级生产力变化特征及原因

基于光能利用率原理,采用CASA（Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach）模型,实现了2000—2014年陕北风沙过渡带地区植被净初级生产力（NPP）估算,对该地区NPP时空变化以及驱动机制进行了定量化分析。结果表明：（1） 2000—2014年陕北风沙过渡带NPP为6.71×10¹²gC·a^-1,单位面积值为202.57gC·m^-2·a^-1,受地貌和气候特征影响,植被空间异质性强,黄土区植被明显优于风沙区;（2）近十几年来该区域植被得到明显改善,NPP总体增速为10.98gC·m^-2·a^-1（R=0.85,P<0.01）,植被增速存在空间差异,东南部的黄土区植被增长较快,西北风沙区植被增长较慢;（3）2000—2014年,降水、气温和辐射与NPP的相关系数分别为0.54（P<0.05）、-0.25、0.35,三者对植被增长的贡献量分别为3.95、0.71、2.75gC·m^-2·a^-1。这说明降水是气候因素中影响陕北风沙过渡带植被变化的主要因素;（4）近15年的植被恢复过程中,气候和人类活动都是重要的驱动因素,气候因子对植被增长的贡献更大,相对作用达到67.49%。区域内部,不同地区植被的主要驱动源存在差异,东部地区植被受气候因子主导,西部地区植被受人类活动主导。