台湾以北海域浮游桡足类生物海洋学特征的研究Ⅰ.数量分布

根据１９８７～１９９０年间在台湾以北海域进行的６个航次的调查资料,对该海域浮游桡足类数量分布作了探讨,结果表明,本区浮游桡足类丰度在春季最高,冬季最低,夏、秋季介于中间;黑潮锋内侧的桡足类丰度一般高于黑潮锋外侧,较高丰度区的分布具夏季最向外海、冬季最靠近岸、其他两季居中的趋势,这与黑潮锋位的季节摆动趋势基本相一致;浮游桡足类丰度的较高值区一般出现在不同水系的交汇区,尤其是黑潮次表层水涌升域的近岸边缘侧,而在黑潮次表层水的主水体中,因溶解氧含量低等因素,其丰度一般均较低;浮游桡足类丰度垂直分布趋势为随水深增加而减低,生物本身昼夜垂直移动规律可能是局部区域产生异常分布的原因之一．     

台湾海峡西部海域浮游桡足类的生态

本文根据1984年5月—1985年2月在台湾海峡中线以西海域不(含海岸带水域)4个季度月综合调查及海潭岛南部外海定点昼夜垂直分层采集所获浮游动物样品进行分析,结果表明,本海域浮游挠足类188种(国内新记录7种,本海区首次记录19种),主要的优势种有锥形宽水蚤、中华哲水蚤、精致真刺水蚤、普通波水蚤等。其群落组成以热带和亚热带种为主,少数为暖温带种。根据其生态习性及分布特点可分为近岸低盐、外海高盐及广温广盐三个生态类群。海潭岛南部外海浮游挠足类的昼夜垂直移动可分为移动显著和不显著两种类型。本海区浮游桡足类种数的季节变化和平面分布均与温、盐度的变化趋势基本一致,其不同生态习性的浮游桡足类的分布与影响本海区的水系的消长密切相关。     

南海南部上层水体浮游有孔虫的组成与分布特征

通过分析2012年4月在南海南部获取的浮游生物拖网样品,对水体中浮游有孔虫的区域分布特征及其影响因素进行了初步探讨。南海南部上层水体中共鉴定出现代浮游有孔虫19种,其中优势种为Globigerinoides sacculifer、Globigerinoides ruber、Globigerinella calida、Globigerinella siphonifera、Globorotalia menardii、Orbulina universa、Neogloboquadrina dutertrei。浮游有孔虫种属组成整体上呈现为热带-亚热带群落特征,浮游有孔虫生物丰度与西太平洋北赤道流区域的生物丰度相当。南海南部春季上层水体中浮游有孔虫整体表现为西高东低的区域分布特征,在垂直分布上浮游有孔虫集中分布在上部0～50m水层中,50m以深水体中浮游有孔虫生物丰度迅速降低。认为浮游有孔虫的分布受到温度、水体层化、初级生产力等多方面环境因子的综合作用。个别深水种(如Globorotalia menardii)出现了主要分布在0～50m水深的特殊现象。     

台湾以东副热带环流区大中型浮游桡足类的生态特征

根据1995~1997年期间在台湾岛以东副热带环流区进行4个季度月的综合调查资料,分析了该海域浮游桡足类的数量分布及其群落的生态特征,探讨其与环境因素的相关性.结果表明,本区大中型浮游桡足类呈低丰度(4个季度平均为6.75个/m3)、低优势度(Y<0.131)以及季节变化幅度小等特点.所记录的206种浮游桡足类中,5种生态类群共存.不同性质水系在测区间的动态制约着不同生态类群的配比,但丝毫左右不了热带大洋广布类群的主导地位.     

台湾海峡西部沿岸浮游介形类的分布

本文研究台湾海峡西部沿岸浮游介形类Ostracoda的分布规律和数量变动与海区环境因素,尤其是与几个不同的水系的运动、消长和相互推移的关系.对于台湾海峡浮游介形类的研究,过去,国内、外已有若干研究者著文论述[1-4],但对海峡两侧介形类的生态学上的研究,尚未见过报道.     

台湾以北海域浮游桡足类生物海洋学特征的研究：I.数量分布

根据１９８７￣１９９０年间在台湾以北海域进行的６个航次的调查资料,对该海域浮游桡足类数量分布作了探讨,结果表明,本区浮游桡足类丰度在春季最高,冬季最低,夏、秋季介于中间;黑潮锋内侧的桡足类丰度一般高于黑潮锋外侧,较高丰度区的分布具夏季最向外海、冬季最靠近岸、其他两季居民的趋势,这与黑潮锋位的季节摆动趋势基本相一致;浮游桡足类丰度的较高值区一般出现在不同水系的交汇区,尤其是黑潮次表层水涌升域的近岸边     

台湾省以东副热带环流区大中型浮游桡足类的生态特征

根据1995-1997年期间在台湾岛以东副热带环流区进行4个季度月的综合调查资料，分析了该海域浮游桡足类的数量分布及其群落的生态特征，探讨其与环境因素的相关性．结果表明，本区大中型浮游桡足类呈低丰度（4个季度平均为6．75个／m^3）、低优势度（Y〈0．131）以及季节变化幅度小等特点．所记录的206种浮游桡足类中，5种生态类群共存．不同性质水系在测区间的动态制约着不同生态类群的配比，但丝毫左右不了热带大洋广布类群的主导地位．     

闽南-台湾浅滩渔场浮游软体动物的分布

本文分析了1987年12月至1988年11月在闽南-台湾浅滩渔场6个航次采集的浮游软体动物,初步鉴定44种,以马蹄(?)螺、棒笔帽螺、尖笔帽螺和蝴蝶螺为该海区的优势种。本文研究了它们的季节变化,平面分布和垂直分布,并讨论了它们与上升流及其他水系的关系。     

海洋双壳类软体动物幼虫发育类型及其在东太平洋的地理分布

沿东太平洋浅海分布的双壳类软体动物数据显示,大量非浮游异养型双壳类具有广泛的地理分布.其中某些种的纬度跨度可达30°以上,这些种绝大部分是分布在38°N～5°S之间.东太平洋沿岸海流、热带海洋相对适宜的环境以及生物地理分区性是导致这一现象的主要原因.经历浮游异养型幼虫发育阶段的双壳类一般具有较高的地理散布潜力,但是,其中某些种由于其对环境的忍耐性较差,只能局限于狭窄的分布范围.东太平洋浅海双壳类的种多样性以及非浮游异养型与浮游异养型双壳类的比例随纬度发生变化.低纬度地区显示很高的多样性,向高纬度地区逐渐降低,浮游异养型双壳类的下降率大大高于非浮游异养型.热带地区以浮游异养型双壳类占主导地位,随着纬度增加其所占比例减少,而非浮游异养型双壳类的比例随纬度增加而逐渐提高.表明随纬度增加所发生的环境变化对浮游异养型双壳类的影响更为显著,而对以本身卵黄为幼虫营养来源的非浮游异养型双壳类影响相对较小一些.     

胶州湾浮游原生生物时空分布特征——丰度周年变化及与环境因子间的关系

为了解胶州湾浮游原生生物时空分布特征及与环境因子间的关系,自2007年6月～2008年5月,对青岛胶州湾内5个站点表层水的浮游原生生物丰度及环境因子进行了累计24次的周年采样调查及定性、定量分析.结果显示:(1) 浮游原生生物周年变动具有2个高峰,分别出现在4月和8月;(2) 浮游硅藻、鞭毛藻和纤毛虫的丰度周年变动均为双峰型:春节(4月)高峰、秋节(8月)高峰;(3) 浮游原生生物丰度与叶绿素a和溶解氧呈显著性相关,而其群落结构的变化与盐度、溶解氧、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的组合呈显著性相关.本工作为进一步探讨富营养化的内湾型近岸水体内原生生物生态学结构与功能提供了一份必要的基础资讯.     

Chemometric study of spatial variations of environmental and ecological characteristics in the Zhujiang River (Pearl River) Estuary and adjacent waters

Chemometric approach based on principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to examine the spatial variances of environmental and ecological characteristics in the Zhujiang River (Pearl River) Estuary and adjacent waters (ZREAW) in the South China Sea. The PCA result shows that the ZREAW can be divided into different zones according to the principal components and geographical locations of the study stations, and indicates that there are distinct regional variances on environmental features and the corresponding phytoplankton biomass and community structures among different areas. The spatial distribution of ecological features was implied to be influenced by various degrees of the different water resources, such as the Pearl River discharges, the coastal current and the oceanic water from the South China Sea. The variation of the biomass maximum zone and the complex impacts on the spatial distributions of phytoplankton biomass and production were also evaluated.     

象山港冬季浮游动物的分布

对2002年12月象山港海区的浮游动物种类组成和数量分布特征及其与环境的关系进行了研究。结果表明,象山港海区出现浮游动物44种,可以划分为4个生态类群,其中近岸低盐性类群的种类较多,其优势种有真刺唇角水蚤Labidoceraeuchaeta、驼背隆哲水蚤Acro-calanusgibber、中华哲水蚤Calanussinicus、中华假磷虾Pseudeuphausiasinica和拿卡箭虫Sagittanagae等,半咸水河口类群、暖水性外海类群和广盐暖水性类群的种数均较少。浮游动物生物量的分布趋势与丰度的一致。湾顶部水域浮游动物的生物量和丰度都出现最高值,从湾顶部往湾口方向,浮游动物的生物量和丰度均呈逐渐降低的趋势。象山港海区周日连续站观测的结果显示,夜间半日潮时浮游动物的生物量和丰度均高于白昼半日潮时,低平潮时浮游动物的生物量与丰度均出现了最高值。     

Biomass, Abundance, and Vertical Distribution of Micronekton and Large Gelatinous Zooplankton in the Subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea during the Summer of 1997

The biomass, abundance, and vertical distribution of micronekton, including enidarians, mysids, euphausiids, decapods, thaliaceans, and fishes, were studied on the basis of samples collected with an 8-m² opening-closing rectangular midwater trawl (RMT-8, mesh size: 4.5 mm) at three stations in the subarctic Pacific (the western subarctic gyre, the central Subarctic, and the Gulf of Alaska) and one station in the oceanic Bering Sea. The total biomass in the 0–1000 m water column ranged from 2.9 to 5.1 gDW m^–2. Except for primary consumers that showed highly variable biomass (thaliaceans and euphausiids), biomass was highest in the oceanic Bering Sea followed by the central (boundary between eastern and western gyres), western gyre, and eastern Gulf of Alaska. The biomass compositions by higher taxa were basically similar between regions: fishes were most dominant, followed by enidarians at all stations, except for the marked predominance of thaliaceans in the Gulf of Alaska. High biomasses of gelatinous animals (31% of overall dry weight), occasionally comparable to those of fishes and crustaceans, suggest their potential importance in the subarctic Pacific. Characteristics in vertical patterns of micronekton biomass common in all stations were: (1) a mesopelagic peak around 500–600 m both day and night, (2) a layer of low biomass in the cold intermediate water and/or in the upper mesopelagic zone, (3) a nighttime shift of biomass to upper layers, and (4) an highly variable biomass of epipelagic/interzonal migrants (euphausiids and thaliaceans).     

A biophysical NPZ model with iron for the Gulf of Alaska: Reproducing the differences between an oceanic HNLC ecosystem and a classical northern temperate shelf ecosystem

Modeling the coastal Gulf of Alaska (CGOA) is complicated by the highly diverse physical and biological features influencing productivity and energy flow through the region. The GOA consists of the offshore oceanic environment, characterized by iron limitation, high-nutrients and low-chlorophyll. The coastal environment is consistently downwelling, with high iron levels from glacial melt water and runoff, but lower concentrations of macronutrients, and with a spring bloom, nutrient depletion cycle (low-nutrient, high-chlorophyll). Cross-shelf movement of water masses mixes coastal and oceanic ecosystem elements.Simulations and field data indicate that the minimum model complexity necessary to characterize lower trophic-level production and biomass in the offshore and coastal regions includes 10 boxes: iron, nitrate, ammonium, small phytoplankton, large phytoplankton, small microzooplankton, large microzooplankton, small copepods, large oceanic copepods and detritus, with copepod mortality as a model closure term. We present the model structure, equations required (and initial parameters used) to simulate onshore and offshore lower trophic-level production in the Gulf of Alaska, along with the information from field data and simulations used to construct the model. We show the results of simulations with and without iron, and with and without two size classes of phytoplankton. These simulations indicate that our method of inclusion of iron works well to distinguish the coastal and the oceanic ecosystems, and that the inclusion of two size categories of phytoplankton is also necessary to generate the differences between these two ecosystems.     

Characterisation of water masses and phytoplankton nutrient limitation in the East Australian Current separation zone during spring 2008

This study focuses on the comparison of oceanic and coastal cold-core eddies with inner-shelf and East Australian Current (EAC) waters at the time of the spring bloom (October 2008). The surface water was biologically characterised by the phytoplankton biomass, composition, photo-physiology, carbon fixation and by nutrient-enrichment experiments. Marked differences in phytoplankton biomass and composition were observed. Contrasted biomarker composition suggests that biomarkers could be used to track water masses in this area. Divinyl chlorophyll a, a biomarker for tropical Prochlorophytes, was found only in the EAC. Zeaxanthin a biomarker for Cyanophytes, was found only within the oceanic eddy and in the EAC, whereas chlorophyll b (Chlorophytes) was only present in the coastal eddy and at the front between the inner-shelf and EAC waters.This study showed that cold-core eddies can affect phytoplankton, biomass, biodiversity and productivity. Inside the oceanic eddy, greater phytoplankton biomass and a more complex phytoplankton community were observed relative to adjacent water masses (including the EAC). In fact, phytoplankton communities inside the oceanic eddy more closely resembled the community observed in the inner-shelf waters. At a light level close to half-saturation, phytoplankton carbon fixation (gC d⁻¹) in the oceanic eddy was 13-times greater than at the frontal zone between the eddy and the EAC and 3-times greater than in the inner-shelf water. Nutrient-enrichment experiments demonstrated that nitrogen was the major macronutrient limiting phytoplankton growth in water masses associated with the oceanic eddy. Although the effective quantum yield values demonstrate healthy phytoplankton communities, the phytoplankton community bloomed and shifted in response to nitrogen enrichments inside the oceanic eddy and in the frontal zone between this eddy and the EAC. An effect of Si enrichment was only observed at the frontal zone between the eddy and the EAC. No response to nutrient enrichment was observed in the inner-shelf water where ambient NO_x, Si and PO₄ concentrations were up to 14, 4 and 3-times greater than in the EAC and oceanic eddy. Although results from the nutrient-enrichment experiments suggest that nutrients can affect biomass and the composition of the phytoplankton community, the comparison of all sites sampled showed no direct relationship between phytoplankton biomass, nutrients and the depth of the mixed layer. This is probably due to the different timeframe between the rapidly changing physical and chemical oceanography in the separation zone of the EAC.     

Distribution of indicator dinoflagellates in the East China Sea

-The material discussed in this paper is from four cruises which were carried out in May -June, 1986 (spring), July -August, 1987(summer) .October -November, 1988(autumn)and December, 1987(winter)respectively. Identified dinoflagellates were 141 species (including varieties and forms) belonging to 18 genera.According to the distribution and ecological characteristics of dinoflagellates species, we can divide them into three groups: 1) Hyporhaline-neritic group: they are distributed only in type Ⅲ and typeⅣ water and they perform an evident function indicating continental coast water; 2) Eurythermic-euryhaline group represented by Protoperidinium depressum, Gentium fusus, etc. They are fond of perching in mixing water which character is similar to that of coast water even though they are distributed in different water systems; 3) Hyperthermic-hyperhaline group: on the basis of varying degrees to which they tolerate temperature and salinity, we can divide them into two sub-groups: euryhyperthermic-euryh     

夏季南极长城湾海流变化特征及其对浮游植物生物量的影响

通过对2010/2011年夏季南极长城湾叶绿素a浓度和海流等环境参数的传感器连续观测;研究其时空变化特征及海流对浮游植物生物量的影响。结果表明;12.9 m水层叶绿素a浓度从12月中旬开始增长;直至2月上旬开始维持相对稳定;期间出现两个高值点（2.74 μg/L和3.76 μg/L）。叶绿素a浓度表现出了24 h周期变化特征;每日叶绿素a浓度最高值出现在正午前后时段的概率要高于其他时段。表层海水受西北风影响;流速较大;约为60~100 cm/s;中层和底层水体流速较小;约为10 cm/s。表层的风海流使海水在长城湾发生辐散;下层海水向上涌升;驱动了水体的垂直交换。长城湾与麦克斯韦尔湾存在水体交换;水体主要从中层进入湾内;从表层输出。长城湾的叶绿素a浓度与流速呈显著负相关;表明低流速环境有利于长城湾浮游植物的生长。     

On the role of bottom roughness in overflows

Overflows play an important role in the downwelling limb of the oceanic thermohaline circulation. In light of the recognition that some overflows are not homogenous but exhibit a vertical density structure, and details of topography influence the pathways of some overflows, the impact of topographic roughness on the product property distribution is explored using the 3D non-hydrostatic spectral element model Nek5000. Numerical experiments are carried out by varying bottom roughness amplitude and ambient stratification parameters, in a regime where equilibrated product water masses are formed in a non-rotating environment.Our main finding is that bottom roughness can influence the overflow product distribution such that the highest salinity classes are removed and neutral buoyancy level is attained higher up in the stratified ambient water column. It is also shown that the form drag coefficients in overflows over rough bottom can be much larger than the skin drag coefficient over smooth bottom. To our knowledge, form drag has never been measured in oceanic overflows. As such, these numerical experiments imply that such measurements would be useful for a better understanding of overflow dynamics. It is also found that the ratio of source and product overflow mass transports is robust to changes in bottom roughness. This appears to happen because the distribution of entrainment is totally different in the case of rough bottom. Entrainment tends to initiate earlier (due to vertical motion induced by topography) and terminate earlier (due to development of form drag) than that over smooth topography.     

Regime shifts: Can ecological theory illuminate the mechanisms?

“Regime shifts” are considered here to be low-frequency, high-amplitude changes in oceanic conditions that may be especially pronounced in biological variables and propagate through several trophic levels. Three different types of regime shift (smooth, abrupt and discontinuous) are identified on the basis of different patterns in the relationship between the response of an ecosystem variable (usually biotic) and some external forcing or condition (control variable). The smooth regime shift is represented by a quasi-linear relationship between the response and control variables. The abrupt regime shift exhibits a nonlinear relationship between the response and control variables, and the discontinuous regime shift is characterized by the trajectory of the response variable differing when the forcing variable increases compared to when it decreases (i.e., the occurrence of alternative “stable” states). Most often, oceanic regime shifts are identified from time series of biotic variables (often commercial fish), but this approach does not allow the identification of discontinuous regime shifts. Recognizing discontinuous regime shifts is, however, particularly important as evidence from terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems suggests that such regime shifts may not be immediately reversible. Based on a review of various generic classes of mathematical models, we conclude that regime shifts arise from the interaction between population processes and external forcing variables. The shift between ecosystem states can be caused by gradual, cumulative changes in the forcing variable(s) or it can be triggered by acute disturbances, either anthropogenic or natural. A protocol for diagnosing the type of regime shift encountered is described and applied to a data set on Georges Bank haddock, from which it is concluded that a discontinuous regime shift in the abundance of haddock may have occurred. It is acknowledged that few, if any, marine data are available to confirm the occurrence of discontinuous regime shifts in the ocean. Nevertheless, we argue that there is good theoretical evidence for their occurrence as well as some anecdotal evidence from data collection campaigns and that the possibility of their occurrence should be recognized in the development of natural resource management strategies.     

东海浮游介形类生态适应分析

根据1997~2000年东海23°30'~33°N,118°30'~128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,用浮游介形类物种丰度和同步表层温、盐度数据进行曲线拟合,构造数学模型,计算介形类分布最适温度和盐度值,并参考其地理分布和生态适应特征分析,确定东海浮游介形类主要物种的生态类型.结果表明:在浮游介形类优势种中,后圆真浮萤(Euconchoecia maimai)、短棒真浮萤(E.Chierchiae)、针刺真浮萤(E.aculeata)、细长真浮萤(E.elongata)和齿形海萤(Cypridina dentata)等为亚热带外海种.这些种具有广泛的分布,如果冬、春季在较低水温出现,与东海北部外海暖流带入有密切的关系.腹突拟浮萤(Paraconchoecia decipiens)、猬刺拟浮萤(P.echinata)、棘刺拟浮莹(P.spinifera)、长拟浮萤(P.oblonga)、大浮萤(Conchoecia magna)和葱萤(Porroecia porrecta)等是热带大洋种,这些种主要分布在黑潮暖流、台湾暖流和台湾海峡水域.同心假浮萤(Pseudocon-choecia concentrica)和Paraconchoecia sp.最适温度较低,但地理分布特征显示前者是亚热带外海种,后者是暖温带外海种.所提到介形类其他物种最适盐度大多超过34,但最适温度在15~20℃之间.依据有关文献,这些种在我国从东海到南沙海域都有分布,分布虽广但数量稀少,难有证据表明这些种分布与暖流有密切的关系,是亚热带外海种.