黔桂地区泥盆系层序地层格架及相对海平面变化

志留纪末期的加里东运动,使黔桂地区的古地理格局发生了重大变化,早古生代的滇黔桂古陆演变为晚古生代的滇黔桂海。泥盆纪初期,海水由南而北逐渐海侵超覆,在泥盆系的底部形成一套海侵碎屑岩系地层;早泥盆世晚期的大规模海侵事件造成了明显的相分异,在习称的滇黔桂盆地中发育了若干孤立碳酸盐台地,这种“台-盆-丘-槽”的格局一直延续到晚泥盆世早期;而泥盆纪末期的紫云运动所造成的地壳抬升,又使晚泥盆世地层产生海退尖灭。因此,该地区的泥盆系构成一个二级构造层序,其中包含13个三级沉积层序。在前人大量生物地层学研究的基础上,追索和对比不同沉积背景中的三级沉积层序的相序组构特征以及由其所代表的相对海平面变化,即可建立黔桂地区泥盆系的层序地层格架。层序地层格架较为充分地表现出三级沉积层序的两大特征--空间上相序的有序性和时间上环境变化的同步性,同时也明显地显示出地层记录中的两种相变面和两种穿时性。     

滇黔桂盆地及其邻区晚古生代层序地层格架及相对海平面变化

受同生断裂的控制 ,在晚古生代滇黔桂盆地及邻区形成特殊的“台—盆—丘—槽”的古地理格局 ,发育了复杂而有序的盆地充填序列。根据三级沉积层序的两大特性 ,在滇黔桂盆地及邻区的晚古生代地层中识别出 2 5个三级沉积层序 ;以地层记录中的的两种相变面和两种穿时性界面为关键 ,建立了晚古生代的区域层序地层格架。研究表明 ,地层记录中的层序界面大致可以划分为 4种类型 ,即构造不整合面、沉积不整合面、淹没不整合面以及它们的相关面 ,而且它们还可以进一步归为暴露间断面以及加深间断面两种范畴的界面。     

龙门山地区泥盆纪层序地层及海平面变化——以四川北川桂溪剖面为例

志留纪末期的加里东运动使扬子板块与华夏板块基本上拼接联合为统一的华南板块,由于古特提斯洋北支向东扩张,泥盆纪时龙门山地区形成华南板块西北缘的被动大陆边缘。在这个比较稳定的构造背景下,以桂溪剖面为代表的稳定类型泥盆系大致可以划分为18个三级沉积层序(DS1-DS18),进一步可以归并为2个二级构造层序,对应于两次海侵高潮。层序地层划分表明龙门山地区在泥盆纪经历了一个从海侵作用初期的海侵碎屑岩沉积(DS1-DS9)到高水位碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩混合沉积(DS10-DS12),再到海退期清水碳酸盐岩沉积(DS13-DS18)的有规律的沉积演变过程,从而形成了一个复杂而有序的层序地层序列。这种沉积演变规律及海平面变化与隔陆相望的滇黔桂地区的泥盆系具有相似性。但龙门山地区的泥盆系比滇黔桂地区发育齐全,厚度更大,所以后者的泥盆系只能划分出13个三级层序。     

龙门山地地区泥盆纪层序地层及海平面变化——以四川北川桂溪剖面为例

志留纪末期的加里东运动使扬子板块与华夏板块基本上拼接联合为统一的华南板块,由于古特提斯洋北支向东扩张,泥盆纪时龙门山地区形成华南板块西北缘的被动大陆边缘.在这个比较稳定的构造背景下,以桂溪剖面为代表的稳定类型泥盆系大致可以划分为18个三级沉积层序(DS1-DS18),进一步可以归并为2个二级构造层序,对应于两次海侵高潮.层序地层划分表明龙门山地区在泥盆纪经历了一个从海侵作用初期的海侵碎屑岩沉积 (DS1-DS9) 到高水位碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩混合沉积 (DS10-DS12),再到海退期清水碳酸盐岩沉积 (DS13-DS18) 的有规律的沉积演变过程,从而形成了一个复杂而有序的层序地层序列.这种沉积演变规律及海平面变化与隔陆相望的滇黔桂地区的泥盆系具有相似性.但龙门山地区的泥盆系比滇黔桂地区发育齐全,厚度更大,所以后者的泥盆系只能划分出13个三级层序.     

鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代陆相沉积层序地层学研究

鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代陆相沉积占据了较长的时期，基于现代沉积学理论和层序地层学思想，本文从鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代沉积盆地的沉积特点出发，建立一套比较切合实际的层序地层划分方案，研究了该区晚古生代陆相沉积层序地层学，比较客观地反映了盆地沉积作用和构造演化历史。     

鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代沉积层序地层学与盆地构造演化研究

基于现代沉积学理论和层序地层学思想，在鄂尔多斯地区晚古生代岩相古地理展布及演化特征分析基础上，对该区晚古生代地层进行精确划分、对比和层序地层学研究。进而按其沉积物特征和充填层序特点将这一时期沉积盆地厘定为三种类型,了晚石炭世本溪期至早二叠世早期（太原期）的陆表海盆地及裂陷（坳陷）盆地、早二叠世山西期近海湖盆和中、晚二叠世石盒子期和石千峰期的内陆坳陷盆地，在不同阶段的盆地中，又可划分出若干次级盆地和演化阶段。     

额尔齐斯-西拉木伦对接带古生代沉积盆地演化

额尔齐斯-西拉木伦对接带位于西伯利亚板块、华北陆块和准噶尔地块之间, 其构造演化和古亚洲洋洋盆的打开与关闭有密切的关系.笔者在系统分析研究区3个二级和19个三级构造单元古生代岩石地层、生物地层及年代地层的基础上, 对沉积盆地进行原型恢复, 共划分出10个盆地类型.同时, 根据沉积盆地充填序列对研究区的构造-沉积演化做出了初步的论述.(1)早古生代-早石炭世古亚洲洋俯冲阶段; (2)早、晚石炭世之交的碰撞演化阶段; (3)晚石炭世-早二叠世碰撞及碰撞后演化阶段.研究认为古亚洲洋的闭合由西向东呈"剪刀式", 时间分别为早石炭世末(318 Ma)和中二叠世-早三叠世(260~245 Ma).三叠纪古亚洲洋消亡总体转为陆相环境.      

滇黔桂盆地及邻区泥盆纪层序地层格架及其古地理背景

滇黔桂盆地及其邻区的泥盆系包括下部的海侵碎屑岩系、中部的混合沉积地层和上部的碳酸盐岩地层,其中又可以进一步划分为13个三级沉积层序和两个二级构造层序.不同阶段三级层序的相序组构特征及其空间变化代表了不同的岩相古地理背景,形成了一个受海平面变化和区域构造运动共同控制的沉积盆地充填序列;同时也反映出研究区域三级海平面变化与欧美地区相对比存在较大的差异.     

西昆仑新元古代-中生代沉积盆地演化

西昆仑造山带位于青藏高原的西北缘、塔里木盆地的西南缘, 是中央造山带的重要组成部分, 经历了长期、复杂的沉积-构造演化.叙述了西昆仑造山带5个地层分区出露的岩石地层及其对应沉积盆地类型, 进而对西昆仑沉积盆地演化历史进行了探讨.西昆仑新元古代-中生代的沉积盆地演化过程可划分为如下3个阶段: (1)新元古代大陆裂解、洋壳形成阶段; (2)早古生代-中三叠世板块机制演化阶段; (3)晚三叠世以来陆内演化阶段.      

滇黔桂盆地及其邻区石炭纪至二叠纪层序地层格架及三级海平面变化的全球对比

属于被动大陆边缘裂谷盆地的滇黔桂盆地，自加里东运动之后，泥盆纪开始拉开，整个晚古生代延续发展。受同生断裂的控制，在深水盆地中发育大小不等的孤立碳酸盐台地，因而在滇黔桂盆地及其邻区形成特殊的“台-盆-丘-槽”的古地理格局。对不同古地理背景下的典型剖面进行三级层序划分并对其进行空间追索和对比，在滇黔桂盆地及其邻区的石炭纪和二叠纪地层中可以识别出12个三级层序，相当于晚古生代25个三级沉积层序(2-5Ma；SQ1至SQ25)中的SQ24至SQ25；以地层记录中的的两种相变面和两种穿时性为基本要素，可以建立研究区石炭系和二叠系的层序地层格架；层序地层格架反映了三级层序的基本特征：空间上相序的有序性和时间上环境变化的同步性。研究区的石炭系和二叠系，主要为一套碳酸盐岩地层，其中在连陆台地上发育3套煤系地层，它们分别组成石炭纪三级层序SQ15跨系的三级层序SQ19的HST以及二叠纪吴家坪期的三级层序SQ24；而且在连陆台地边缘和孤立台地上，于阳新世的茅口亚世以及乐平世的长兴期发育海绵生物礁，海绵生物礁分别构成了以下二叠系三级层序即阳新世的SQ22和SQ23以及长兴期的SQ25。3套煤系地层和两套海绵生物礁的发育，使研究区的石炭系和二叠系形成了一个与欧美地区完全不同的层序地层序列。在研究区石炭系和二叠系所识别出的12个三级层序中，石炭纪一二叠纪船山世地层可以划分出6个三级层序。这种划分与Busch等对北美相同层位的划分相似，也就是说该6个三级层序的形成时限大于10Ma；较长的形成时限可能反映了形成在联合古陆汇聚时期即全球构造相对稳定时期三级海平面变化的一个特性。因此，研究区的石炭系和二叠系所识别和划分出的12个三级层序，其数量比Ross和Ross(1985)对欧美地区石炭系和二叠系所划分出的50多个三级层序要少得多。     

上扬子区下寒武统的层序地层格架及其形成的古地理背景

上扬子区特别是贵州及邻区的下寒武统发育完整,是一套从黑色页岩系到碳酸盐岩的地层序列,该序列构成一个复杂而有序的层序地层格架。在时间变化方面,下寒武统组成一个二级层序,其中可以进一步划分为5个三级层序,形成一个有序的海侵-海退旋回序列;在二级层序之中,三级层序形成一个有序的垂直叠加形式,自下而上三级层序由“凝缩段（CS）+高水位体系域（HST）”序列演变为“海侵体系域（TST）+凝缩段（CS）+高水位体系域（HST）”,层序界面类型由淹没不整合型层序界面演变为明显的暴露间断面,意味着二级层序的相序组构与三级层序存在相似性。在空间变化方面,从北西向南东随着古地理背景由浅变深,下寒武统厚度变薄,向东南变为一个难以进行三级层序划分的凝缩序列。该层序地层格架不但表明了三级层序的两大属性--“空间上相序的有序性和时间上环境变化的同步性”,而且反映出地层记录中“两种相变面和两种穿时性”。同时,所建立的层序地层格架表明了其复杂的古地理背景;具有不同特点的三级层序代表了不同的古地理背景,意味着早寒武世复杂的古地理变迁。因此,系列层序地层格架栅状图反映出每一个三级层序的相序组构的时空变化,而系列古地理图又代表了各个三级层序形成时期的独具特色的古地理背景。     

南盘江盆地晚古生代盆地充填序列特征及生储盖组合划分

以米级旋回层序为基本工作单元 ,米级旋回层序在长周期三级层序中的有序叠加形式为基础 ,在南盘江盆地晚古生代地层中共识别出 2 5个三级层序 (沉积层序 ) ;以构造不整合面为准 ,又可进一步归为 4个二级层序 (构造层序 )。根据地层、沉积特征及构造地质涵义 ,把层序界面归纳为 4种类型 :构造不整合面、沉积不整合面、淹没不整合面以及它们的相关面 ,其中构造不整合面类似于类型 界面 ,沉积不整合面类似于类型 界面。晚古生代南盘江盆地存在两个明显的造礁期。于三级海平面上升阶段主要发育礁滩相灰岩构成的储层 ;而在与三级海平面下降相关的强迫型海退过程中则发育白云岩构成的储层。因此 ,可把南盘江盆地区域性的潜在生储盖组合拟定为 3个 :以孤立台地上泥盆系生物礁和加里东运动不整合面为主要勘探对象的下组合 ;以石炭系大埔组白云岩为主要勘探对象的中组合 ;以茅口组上部和长兴组生物礁及礁顶相白云岩、东吴运动不整合面为主要勘探对象的上组合     

Late Paleozoic Sequence-Stratigraphic Frameworks and Sea Level Changes in Dianqiangui Basin and Its Adjacent Areas with Systematic Revision of Regional Unconformities

The formation process of the Dianqiangui basin, a special basin, occurred after the Caledonian orogeny, in the south of Guizhou, the west of Giamgxo and the southeast of Yunnan, experienced three periods:it began in the Devonian, persisted in the Carboniferous, and became fiercer in the Permian. Controlled by syndepositional fault-zones, varieties of isolated carbonate platforms, large and small, were developed in the of a deep-water basin, namely, an inter-platform ditch. And a special paleogeographical Late Paleozoic pattern marked by “platform-basin-hill-trough” was produced in both the Dianqiangui basin and its adjacent arms. Affected by regional tectonic activities and the global changes in the sea level, the platform carbonates and coal measures superimposed each other cyclically on the attached platform. The reef-building on the isolated platform and the margin of the attached platform corresponds to the development of the shale succession in the deep-water basin. All of these elementary characteristics reflect a regular and sophisticated filling sucoession of the Dianqiangui basin, a result of the dual controls of the regionally tectonic activities and the eustacy.Based on the two elementary features of the third-order sequences, i.e. the regularity of sedimentary-facies succession in space and the simultaneity of environmental changes in time, 25 third-order sequences could be discerned in the Upper Paleozoic strata in the Dianqiangui basin and its adjacent areas. On the basis of the two kinds of facies-changing surfaces and the two kinds of diachronisms in stratigraphic records, the regional Late Paleozoic sequence-sequence-stratigraphic framework in the Dianqiangui basin and its adjacent areas can be established.There are two types of facies-changing surfaces and two types of diachronisms in stratigraphic records: the static type, a result of the change in sedimentary facies in space, and the dynamic type, a remit of the change in time. These two types of facies-changing surfaces led to the generation of the two types of diachronisms: the diachronism of facies-changing surfaces that was formed by the static facies-changing surfaces, and the diachronism of punactuated surfaces that was formed by the dynamic facies-changing surfaces. The two types of facieschanging surfaces and the two types of diachronisms in stratigraphic records are the key to the establishment of the sequence-stratigraphic framework, The sequence boundaries could be divided geologically into four types:tectonic unconformity, sedimentary unconformity,drowned unconformity and their correlative surfaces,All of these four types can be further grouped into exposed punctuated surfaces and deepened punctuated surfaces,The tectonic unconformity in similar to Type Ⅰ sequence boundary,and the sedimentary unconformity is similar to Type Ⅱ sequence boundary defined by Vail et al.In terms of sequence stratigraphy,the tectonic unconformities of the Ziyun movement,the Qiangui epeirogeny and the Dongwu revolution as well as the drowned unconformity in the transitional period from the Permian to the Triassic can be systematically defined and their geological characteristics are briefly presented.     

The Late Triassic Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework of the Upper Yangtze Region, South China

In the transitional period between the Middle and the Late Triassic, the Indochina orogeny caused two tectonic events in South China: (1) the formation and uplift of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt along the northern margin of the South China Plate, due to its collision with the North China Plate; and 2) the development of a 1300-km-wide intra-continental orogen in the southeastern part of the South China Plate, which led to a northwestward movement of the foreland thrust-fold zone. These tectonic events resulted in the ending of the Yangtze Platform, and were a stable paleogeographic factor from the Eidacaran to the end of the Middle Triassic. This platform was characterized by the widespread development of shallow-water carbonates. After the end of the Yangtze Platform, the upper Yangtze foreland basin (or Sichuan foreland basin) was formed during the Late Triassic and became a accumulation site of fluvial deposits that are composed of related strata of the Xujiahe Formation. In western Sichuan Province, the Xujiahe Formation overlies the Maantang Formation shallow-water carbonate rocks of the Xiaotangzi Formation siliciclastic rocks (from shelf shales to littoral facies). The sequence-stratigraphic framework of the Upper Triassic in the upper Yangtze foreland basin indicates a particular alluvial architecture, characterized by sequences composed of (1) successions of low-energy fluvial deposits of high-accommodation phases, including coal seams, and (2) high-energy fluvial deposits of low-accommodation phases, including amalgamated river-channel sandstones. The spatial distribution of these fluvial deposits belonging to the Xujiahe Formation and its relative strata is characterized by gradual thinning-out, overlapping, and pinching-out toward both the east and south. This sedimentary record therefore expresses a particular sequence-stratigraphic succession of fluvial deposits within the filling succession of the foreland basin. The sequence-stratigraphic framework for the Upper Triassic in the Upper Yangtze region provides a record of the end of the Yangtze Platform and the formation of the upper Yangtze foreland basin.     

上扬子区震旦系层序地层划分

上扬子区的震旦系包括陡山沱组和灯影组,前者包含较多的黑色页岩,而后者则以大套白云岩为特征。从岩相序列到米级旋回,从沉积相序列到三级层序,可将浅水台地背景的震旦系划分为5个三级层序,这些三级层序均以总体向上变浅的沉积相序列为特征;该5个三级层序组成一个二级层序,陡山沱组较多的黑色页岩到灯影组大套白云岩所组成的向上变浅序列是该二级层序的主要特点,从而表明二级层序与三级层序具有相似的相序组构。以各个主要剖面点的层序划分为基础,依据地层记录中的两种相变面和两种穿时性,可以建立研究区域震旦系层序地层格架。层序地层格架表明,包含较多的深水黑色页岩系的陡山沱组,代表了大冰期之后的海侵作用的特点;与寒武系的变化特征不同,而原生沉积组构保存较为完好的灯影组白云岩,自北西而南东沉积环境由浅变深的沉积背景中均为白云岩,这种变化特点可能意味着前寒武纪末期特殊的白云石化作用特征,同时也意味着许多有待于进一步研究的沉积学问题。     

上扬子区中、上寒武统的层序地层划分和层序地层格架的建立

上扬子区特别是贵州及邻区的中、上寒武统发育完整,是一套从少量灰岩到大套白云岩所组成的地层序列;以娄山关群白云岩为代表的自北西而南东的进积作用穿时,代表了与二级海退作用相对应的碳酸盐台地进积作用的基本特征,从而形成一个复杂而有序的层序地层格架。在研究区域,特别是浅水台地背景之中,从厚度较小的含化石的陡坡寺组到厚度近千米的贫乏化石的娄山关群白云岩,给层序地层研究带来了许多困难;而在较深水背景之中的中、上寒武统,沉积相序列的有序性正好弥补浅水背景中的不足。中、上寒武统组成一个二级层序,其中可以进一步划分为七个三级层序,形成一个有序的海侵—海退旋回序列。伴随着上述时间变化的同时,从北西向南东,古地理背景由浅变深,中、上寒武统由大套白云岩地层相变为泥页岩夹灰岩地层。在不同古地理背景的典型剖面的层序划分的基础上,根据三级层序的两大属性———“空间上相序的有序性和时间上环境变化的同步性”,可以建立研究区域能反映出地层记录中“两种相变面和两种穿时性”的层序地层格架。研究区域的中、上寒武统层序地层格架的建立表明:虽然地层的沉积记录较为复杂,但是建立在以“沉积物的时间演化序列与沉积相的空间展布形式所代表的规律性”为基础的层序地层研究,可以从复杂的地层记录之中寻找出更多的规律性。      

From Basin Black Shales to Platform Carbonate Rocks： A Study on Sequence Stratigraphy for the Lower Cambrian of the Upper-Yangtze Region in South China

In the Upper-Yangtze region,especially in Guizhou Province and its adjacent areas,the Lower Cambrian is well developed and is marked by a succession from black shales of the basin facies to carbonate rocks of the platform facies.The drowning event of the platform occurring at the turn from Sinian to Cambrian resulted in a set of black shales,i.e.the Niutitang Formation,which makes up the bottom part of the Lower Cambrian.With the shoaling of the sedimentary environment,a set of carbonate rocks,i.e.the Qingxudong Formation,was formed in the top part of the Lower Cambrian.Thus,the Lower Cambrian in the study area makes up one second-order sequence that can be further subdivided into five third-order sequences,and forms a regularly cyclic succession of transgression-regression.There is a regularly vertical stacking pattern for the third-order sequences in the second-order sequence.From bottom to top,the succession of the"CS(condensed section) HST(high-stand system tract)"of the third-order sequences is changed into the succession of the"TST(transgressive system tract) CS HST".Correspondingly,the drowning-type sequence boundary is changed into the exposure-type one.Therefore,both the second-order and the third-order sequences have similar sedimentary-facies architectures.A concomitant with these temporal changes, the Lower Cambrian with a thickness of 1000m that contains five third-order sequences is changed into a condensed succession that cannot identify third-order sequences toward the southeast with the deepening of the sedimentary environment.According to the elementary features of the third-order sequences,i.e.the regularity o sedimentary-facies successions in space and the synchronism of sedimentary-environment changes in time,the detailed division of the third-order sequences at main logged sections in different paleogeographical background becomes the basis to establish the sequence-stratigraphic framework that can demonstrate two types of facies-changing surface and two types of diachronism in the stratigraphic records.This sequence-stratigraphic framework shows a growing process of the carbonate platform from the base of the condensed succession formed by black shales of basin facies.Resulting from the rapid transgression at the turn from Sinian to Cambrian the ecological space became open,which formed the antecedent condition of paleogeographical setting for"the Cambrian Biological Explosion".Ultimately,the genetic relationship between the depositional events and the biological-diversity events is very complex and there remain lots of problems that need further research in the future.