冬季北极涛动与极涡的变化分析

利用NCEP／NCAR资料计算出冬季极涡面积（PVA）指数和极涡强度（PVI）指数，对冬季北极涛动（AO）和北半球500hPa极涡指数进行周期分析，讨论了冬季AO与极涡的年际、年代际变化。结果表明：冬季AO指数与PVA指数呈反相关关系，与PVI指数呈正相关关系，且AO指数呈上升趋势，PVA指数呈下降趋势。冬季AO指数、PVA指数以及PVI指数均具有多重周期。强（弱）AO指数年，极地500hPa高度场降低（升高），PVI指数偏大（偏小），PVA指数偏小（偏大）。500hPa高度场上亚洲大槽、北美大槽均减弱（加强）。AO可激发出类似EU遥相关型的异常，从而影响到东亚地区的气候。冬季AO指数在1982年发生突变，且突变后北太平洋地区的正中心位置更靠东，强度更大。此外，AO突变前后极涡变化不是很显著。     

华北地区低云量的变化特征及其影响因子分析

利用1961—2005年华北地区42个测站月平均低云量资料,采用趋势分析、Morlet小波分析等方法分析了华北地区四季低云量的年际变化和周期特征,并利用奇异值分解方法研究了秋季华北地区低云量与500hPa环流指数的关系,重点分析了西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)面积如何影响秋季华北地区低云量变化。结果表明,近45年华北地区四季低云量减弱趋势显著,以秋季减少最多;在年代际尺度上华北地区四季低云量均存在准16年周期,夏季低云量在年际尺度上有显著的准2～4年周期特征;秋季华北地区低云量主要受西太副高面积指数、强度指数、Ⅰ区极涡面积指数、Ⅱ区极涡强度指数和北半球极涡强度指数影响;当秋季西太副高面积偏大(小)时,华北地区上空500hPa高度场偏高(低),上升运动减弱(增强),850hPa南风减小(增大),低层经向水汽输送随之减弱(增强),并且可降水量减少(增大)不利于(有利于)低云的生成;极涡主要是通过影响低层经向风,进而影响华北地区低云量。     

北半球冬季极涡异常变化的时空特征

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均高度场资料,计算了1948/1949-2009/2010年北半球冬季500～10 hPa的极涡环流指数,包括面积指数S、强度指数P和中心位置指数(λc,φc).分析了北半球冬季极涡在垂直高度上(共12层)的季、月气候态和异常态变化规律.结果表明:极涡面积和强度在不同高度上的大小变化不同,最大值出现的时间也存在差异,二者相关性不好,为两个相对独立的指数.极涡面积和强度的年代际变化趋势在上下层上也不一样,异常变化规律复杂;极涡中心位置上下层变化规律相同,主要在东半球80°N以北范围变化,在极点附近经度变化大,纬度变化小,纬度指数年代际变化明显,近10 a极涡明显偏南.从整体上看,极涡中心位置从500 hPa到10hPa形态上为逆时针、半径越向上越大的旋转变化.     

北半球极涡新特征及其对中国冬季气温的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,统计了近50年500,300,200和100 hPa等压面上北半球及4个分区冬季极涡面积和强度指数,并讨论了各层等压面上不同区域极涡面积比例变化特点和500 hPa极涡中心位置变化特征,揭示了冬季各层极涡之间同期和滞后关系,分析了冬季极涡面积与中国平均温度和极端气温的关系。结果表明:(1)北半球极涡面积、强度均经历了先扩张后收缩的变化,20世纪80年代中后期气候变暖以后4层等压面上发生了极涡面积缩小,90年代中期发生强度减弱的年代际突变,只是较面积变化而言,强度年代际变化较弱,极涡面积和强度在年代际上相关显著。(2)位于平流层低层(100 hPa)的极涡年平均面积、强度最大,并且随季节变化幅度也是最大,尤以Ⅰ区(亚洲大陆区)、Ⅳ区(大西洋欧洲大陆区)更为显著。就年内变化而言,100 hPa极涡面积极大值的出现落后于其他层,极小值的出现又早于其他层,并且冬季前期100 hPa极涡面积对其后期500,300和200 hPa的变化有一定影响。(3)4层极涡面积都偏离Ⅳ区,500 hPa极涡基本偏向Ⅱ区(太平洋区)、Ⅲ区(北美大陆区),300,200和100 hPa偏向Ⅰ、Ⅱ区,500 hPa极涡中心多位于Ⅱ区或Ⅲ区。(4)在全球变暖背景下,近50年中国冬季平均气温、暖日(夜)呈现明显的增加趋势,冷日(夜)呈明显的减少趋势,并且突变都发生在20世纪80年代中期。(5)中国冬季平均气温、极端气温指数与极涡面积相关关系以500hPa最为显著。分区来看与500 hPaⅠ区相关最为明显,300 hPaⅠ区、200 hPaⅠ区和100 hPaⅣ区次之。极涡从平流层低层(100 hPa)到对流层中层(500 hPa)是从IV区到I区逐渐影响中国冬季气温。(6)500 hPaⅠ区极涡面积的扩大有利于除东北以外中国大部分地区冷日/夜(暖日/夜)次数的增加(减少),而100 hPaⅢ、Ⅳ区、500 hPaⅣ区面积的扩大有利于中国北方大部分地区冷日/夜(暖日/夜)次数增加(减少),且极涡面积与冷(暖)夜的相关系数要高于与冷(暖)日的,与冷日(夜)的相关系数要好于与暖日(夜)的。     

北极涡活动对我国同期及后期气温的影响

利用NCEP／NCAR1950-2002年500hPa月平均再分析高度场资料计算出北半球及各分区的月平均极涡面积、强度，讨论了它们与我国气温的相关。结果表明：北半球500hPa年平均和4季的极涡面积大小与我国多数站点同期气温呈负相关，尤其在年平均及冬季状况下最显著，1-12月极涡面积与气温的负相关呈由减弱到增强的变化趋势；而极涡强度与我国同期气温的相关性相对较弱，在秋冬季不少地区出现正相关，1-12月极涡强度与气温负相关性的变化趋势是由增强到减弱。利用奇异值分解研究极涡对后期我国气温的影响后发现，极涡指数与后期我国气温呈负相关，但不同季节差异较大。当冬季Ⅳ区极涡面积显著缩小、北半球极涡总强度明显增强时，长江中下游以北及东北地区下一年春季气温通常上升；春季Ⅰ区极涡面积、强度异常偏大，则夏季华南沿海、西南及河套地区气温比常年偏低；若春季北半球极涡强度减弱、夏季亚洲区极涡面积收缩，则其后的秋季华北气温相对较高。     

北极海冰对青海省春季（3—5月）降水的可能影响

用北极海冰面积指数及北半球500hPa高度资料、青海省春季降水资料，分析了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明北极海冰面积Q指数和M指数与我省春季降水的相关性较为一致，即相关性较好的区域皆为Ⅱ区，相关性较好的月份毕为当年1、3、4月及春季3－5月和前一年的6－8月；海冰是通过影响大气环流系统从而影响我省春季降水的，当年春季和前一年夏季海冰面积的变化对青海省春季降水的影响最明显。     

北极涛动、极涡活动异常对北半球欧亚大陆冬季气温的影响

利用1951-2012年NCEP/NCAR全球月平均500 hPa高度场、气温场等再分析资料,北极涛动（AO）指数,北半球及其4个分区的极涡指数等资料,分析极涡和AO对北半球特别是欧亚大陆冬季气温异常分布的影响。北半球极涡面积指数与北半球气温相关场呈由北向南的“+、-”分布,显著正相关中心位于极区,显著负相关中心位于欧亚大陆中高纬度地区;AO指数与气温的相关场分布与此反位相。极涡各分区面积指数体现与各大洲气温显著相关的地域特征,尤其是亚洲极涡面积指数比AO的相关区域更偏向亚洲和中国东部及沿海地区,能表征亚洲大陆冬季风向中低纬度爆发的某些特征。2006年以来AO指数呈较明显的下降趋势,北半球、亚洲区极涡面积指数呈显著的上升趋势,这是有利于欧亚大陆近几年连续冬季气温异常偏低的年代际背景;2009-2011年北半球欧亚大陆冬季大范围低温事件,不仅与冬季AO负位相明显变强有关（2011年除外）,与北半球以及亚洲区极涡面积指数偏大联系更为密切,亦表明该区域冬季变冷的自然变率明显增强。     

MPI-ESM-LR模式中RCP8.5情景下春季北极海冰突变对东亚夏季降水的影响

利用MPI-ESM-LR模式RCP8.5情景下海冰浓度、降水、海表面温度、500 hPa位势高度和850 hPa风场等数据,对比分析了一次北极海冰突变前后春季海冰与东亚夏季降水关系的差异,并探究其可能成因。结果表明:1)北极海冰突变导致北极海冰浓度(Sea Ice Concentration,SIC)和ENSO对东亚夏季降水的影响均发生变化。突变前SIC和ENSO共同影响降水年际变化;突变后ENSO主导降水EOF的第一模态,SIC主导降水EOF的第二模态;2)北极海冰突变前,ENSO和SIC通过500 hPa经向波列,影响整个东亚地区的850 hPa风场,最终导致三极子型降水模态。突变后,ENSO通过500 hPa经向波列,影响华南地区的850 hPa风场,导致降水的偶极子空间模态,从而主导降水EOF的第一模态;同时SIC通过东亚地区500 hPa纬向波列,影响北方850 hPa风场,最终主导降水EOF的第二模态。3)北极海冰突变后,ENSO和SIC对东亚夏季降水的影响存在区域差异。北极海冰突变前,ENSO和SIC共同影响南北方降水;北极海冰突变后,SIC主要影响北方降水,ENSO主要影响南方降水。     

7月南半球500hPa极涡异常的度量及其与极区增暖的联系

利用ECMWF月平均再分析资料,构造了500hPa7月南极极涡面积、强度指数。结果表明,定义的面积及强度指数为两个独立参数,通过分析南半球高纬度地区500hPa位势高度场EOF的主要模态以及典型年份的南极极涡差异,表明强度指数比面积指数更能代表极涡的强度变化。7月500hPa南极极涡强度指数与同期南半球高纬地表温度的变化趋势一致,下垫面的加热作用与南极极涡强度变化联系密切,在全球变暖背景下极涡面积收缩与热带扩张存在联系。     

1961～2005年新疆夏季低云量长期变化特征及影响因素分析

利用新疆51个观测站1961～2005年低云云量资料,采用趋势分析、小波分析等方法分析了新疆夏季低云量的长期变化特征,并对500hPa环流指数与新疆夏季低云量做奇异值分解,重点讨论了极涡对新疆夏季低云量的影响。结果表明:近45年新疆夏季低云量增加趋势显著,并在1987年发生突变;新疆夏季低云量存在2～3年、准6年和准11年的显著周期;环流分析表明新疆夏季低云量与副热带高压、极涡及青藏高原高度场指数关系密切,当极涡面积减小、强度减弱时,西亚高空急流偏弱,新疆上空高空急流偏强,而低层大气主要表现为南风增强,水汽输送辐合加强,因此新疆夏季低云量偏多,反之,低云量偏少。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.