珠江口盆地晚第四纪地层及环境初步研究

本文利用珠江口盆地四个工程钻井的古生物、古地磁、同位素及沉积物资料，对钻孔所揭露的地层进行划分，认为所钻遇的地层包括下更新统（上部）、中更新统、上更新统及全新统。依据古生物分异度及含量作出海平面变化曲线，识别出十个海侵期，利用钙质超微化石特征种的初现面和末现面资料，将本区海平面变化曲线与太平洋Ｖ＿（２８－２３９）氧同位素曲线对比，分析了本区晚第四纪以来的沉积环境和气候，认为早更新世晚期，中更新世中期，晚更新世早期及全新世本区气候温暖，沉积环境属陆架浅海环境。     

台湾地区第四纪地层的时代划分与对比

台湾地区第四纪地层分布广泛，沉积厚度大，成因类型复杂，它划分为早更新世－中更新世早期头科山组、中更新世中期大南湾组、中更新世晚期－晚更新世冲－洪积层、晚更新世中－晚期恒春石灰岩层、全新世冲积层和全新世珊瑚礁。     

鲁东南滨海平原全新世海进地层研究

本文主要根据对钻孔样品的粒度分析、矿物分析、微体古生物分析、孢粉分析及14C测年资料,探讨了鲁东南滨海平原地区全新世海进地层的划分和对比、沉积特征、沉积古地理环境及其演变规律.在早全新世阶段,该区处于滨海环境,广泛发育了下全新亚统滨海沼泽相沉积层;中全新世时,该区遭受海侵,为河口湾、滨岸沉积环境,发育了中全新亚统海陆过渡相沉积层;自晚全新世以来,该区成为冲积海积平原环境,上全新亚统陆相沉积层得以发育形成.     

辽东湾北部LH01孔晚更新世24Ka以来古环境演变

通过对辽东湾北部LH01孔柱状岩芯样品进行粒度、孢粉、有孔虫和测年多项环境指标测试,探讨了辽东湾北部晚更新世24ka BP以来的古环境演变。LH01孔沉积环境经历了晚更新世晚期河湖相沉积—全新世早期海陆交互相沉积—全新世中期浅海相沉积—全新世晚期河口滨海相沉积;气候经历了晚更新世晚期冷较干—晚更新世晚期凉稍润—新仙女木降温—全新世早期凉稍润—全新世中期温暖较润—全新世中期温暖较干—全新世晚期温较干的变化;LH01孔在大约7.5ka BP发生了盘山海侵。     

黄海中部近岸浅海区第四纪孢粉及其古植被古气候意义

通过分析黄海中部QC_2孔的孢粉地层,本文论述了该海域180万年以来的古植被古气候变化历史。其中早更新世早期为一寒冷期,晚期则为一湿热期,为该孔所揭露的最高温时期,中更新世早期气候波动较频繁,经历了冷—暖—冷—暖四个气候亚期。中更新世晚期气候严寒。晚更新世早期气候温暖,晚期虽然气候有波动,但总体上为一寒冷期。全新世气候相对温暖。     

福建九龙江河口平原晚第四纪地层划分与对比

本文根据沉积物岩性，孢粉，微体古生物组合特征及年代测定，对九龙江河口平原晚第四纪地层进行了划分与对比。结果表明，北岸平原缺失上更新统下，中段，且全新统厚度小于南隙，研究区晚更新世以来发生两次海侵，分别出现于玉木亚间冰期和全新世。晚更新晚期，本区主要处于河口港湾的环境，显示出与相邻海域及全球的差异性，这主要是由构造沉降所造成的。     

现代黄河三角洲东北部(埕北地区)晚更新世及全新世地层的物理力学性质

依据在现代黄河三角洲东北海区(埕北地区)所取2个钻孔的详细资料,将本区地层自上而下分为全新世地层、晚更新世地层和底部的中更新世地层。上部全新世地层厚约15米,按沉积物的物理力学性质又可分为两个亚层:A亚层,0～9米是现代黄河三角洲沉积,含有许多含水量高强度低的软弱夹层;B亚层,9～15米,是全新世高海面时期的浅海沉积,其承载力较高。 15～65米为晚更新世地层,上半部均质性差,有软弱夹层。下半部较稳定,承载力超过20吨/米~2。晚中更新世地层(65米以下),经过长时期的固结作用,含水量较低,密度较高,承载力超过30吨/米~2。     

黄海晚更新统表层与全新统底层的沉积相及其界面特征

掌握界面特征对划分晚更新统与全新统地层有着十分重要的作用.界面埋深的变化是水动力及泥沙运动等沉积环境要素的反映.黄海晚更新统与全新统地层有两种接触关系:整合接触与不整合接触,在黄海深水区以整合接触居多.黄海晚更新统与全新统地层界面存在若干分区,这些界面分区的特征,全面反映黄海从晚更新世末期过渡到全新世初期时,古地理环境变化的多种信息和各种不同特点.     

莱州湾南岸晚更新世后地层中沉积海水的特征及其形成环境

本文阐述了莱州湾南岸晚更新世和全新世地层的地质特征、从山前冲洪积平原淡水到海积平原沉积海水的水化学特征,以及沉积海水的形成及其演化过程.研究表明,莱州湾南岸晚更新世和全新世地层具有3个赋存着沉积海水的海相沉积层,沉积海水与海水的化学成分相似,与冲洪积平原淡水化学成分不同.在古海水浓缩过程中,存在着方解石和石膏的沉淀以及钠长石和钙长石的蚀变.在沉积海水入侵淡水的混合带,存在着Na+与Ca2+和Mg2+之间的离子交换.沉积海水的形成是晚更新世后期三次海侵期间的海水,经过蒸发浓缩、下渗富集和埋藏变质等作用的结果.     

福建沿海断陷盆地和平原区的晚第四纪地层

据根CK—7孔的绝对年代学及气候地层学研究,包括~14C测年、古地磁地层、孢粉分析、微体古生物分析以及粘土矿物分析,本区晚第四纪地层可以划分为上更新统和全新统;上更新统可以进一步划分为a、b、c、d四段;全新统可以划分为a,b两段。文中还讨论了本区晚更新世以来的气候变化、海面变化以及沉积环境的演变,发现有三次明显的海侵,它们分别与温暖气候期相对应。     

Environmental record from the mud area on the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea since the midHolocene

Paleoclimate record was revealed in Core MZ01 covering the mid-Holocene in age, located in the mud area of the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea. The ancient environment featured low-energy shallow sea shelf deposition formed mainly by coastal currents. The results show that temporal variation in geochemistry corresponds with the climate changes inferred from historical record. Relatively low MgO/Al₂O₃, CaO/K₂O and high Al₂O₃/Na₂O, K₂O/Na₂O, MnO/CaO values reflected a warm and humid climate in general, and vice versa. Therefore, these chemical indices could be applied to identify the variation of palaeoclimate in eastern China. The authors reconstructed the history of mid-Holocene climatic variation of the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea. From 8 300 a BP to 4 200 a BP, the climate was moderately warm and humid. From 4 200 a BP to 2 000 a BP, the climate turned cool and dry, and the regional climate frequently fluctuated in alternation of cool-dry periods (3 700 a BP, 2 850 a BP and 2 400 a BP) and warm-wet periods (3 250 a BP and 2 650 a BP). After 2 000 a BP, the climate of the study area gradually turned warm again, while the Little Ice Age, a cold event centered at around 250 a BP was indicated by those geochemical indices as mentioned above.     

Photosynthesis-irradiance relationship of phytoplankton and primary production in the vicinity of Kuroshio warm core ring in spring

The light-saturated maximum value (P ^B _max) and initial slope (α) of the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-E) curve were examined in a warm streamer, a cold streamer and a warm core ring off the Sanriku area in the subarctic western North Pacific Ocean during an ADEOS/OCTS Sanriku field campaign in early May 1997. BothP ^B _max and α were within the ranges of temperate populations. A regional difference was apparent inP ^B _max: populations in the warm streamer tended to show higher value ranging between 1.92 and 4.74 mgC (mgChla)⁻¹h⁻¹ than those in the cold streamer and the warm core ring (1.35–2.87 mgC (mgChla)⁻¹h⁻¹). A depth variation was also observed in α in both the warm streamer and the warm core ring: shallow populations tended to have lower α than deep populations. The depth variations in bothP ^B _max and α resulted in a lower light intensity of the light saturation in a deeper population than that of a shallower one. These depth-related variations in the P-E parameters were likely a manifestation of “shade-adaptation” of photosynthesis. Photoinhibition was not observed over in situ surface light intensity varying below ca 1600 μmol photon m⁻²s⁻¹. Water-column primary productivity was biooptically estimated to be 233 to 949 mgC m⁻²d⁻¹ using vertical distributions of the P-E parameters, chlorophylla, phytoplankton light absorption and underwater irradiance. Applicability of surface data sets for estimation of water-column productivity is discussed.     

渤海西岸五号桩介形虫壳体地球化学标型特征研究

本文用电子探针分析了渤海地区一深120m钻孔中15个介形虫壳体的化学组成。结果表明,地层中介形虫的壳体成分主要为CaO(含量50.16—54.60％),其次为SrO、K_2O、NaO、SiO_2、MgO、Al_2O_3、FeO和MnO。在不同层位中,介形虫壳体成分的变化,反映了不同的沉积相。全新世介形虫壳体的化学成分与晚更新世介形虫壳体的化学成分相比较,除CaO降低外,其它化学成分增高。     

Impact of regional variation in detrital mineral composition on reservoir quality in deep to ultradeep lower Miocene sandstones,western Gulf of Mexico

Future exploration in lower Miocene sandstones in the Gulf of Mexico will focus increasingly at depths greater than 4.5 km, and reservoir quality will be a critical risk factor in these deep to ultradeep reservoirs. The goal of this study was to understand the variation in reservoir quality of lower Miocene sandstones across the western Gulf of Mexico. To do this, we examined regional variation in detrital mineral composition, diagenesis, and reservoir quality in five areas: (1) Louisiana, (2) upper Texas coast, (3) lower Texas coast, (4) Burgos Basin, Mexico, and (5) Veracruz Basin, Mexico using petrographic and petrophysical data from depths of 0.9–7.2 km.There are strong variations in mineralogical composition within the study area. Lower Miocene sandstones from offshore Louisiana have an average composition of quartz = 86%, feldspar = 12%, and rock fragments = 2% (Q₈₆F₁₂R₂). Feldspar and rock-fragment content increase southward as source areas shifted to include volcanic and carbonate rocks. Composition of samples from offshore Texas ranges from Q₆₇F₂₄R₉ in the upper Texas coast to Q₅₈F₂₄R₁₉ in the lower Texas coast. Lower Miocene sandstones from the onshore Burgos Basin, northern Mexico, have an average composition of Q₅₄F₂₂R₂₃, whereas sandstones from the Veracruz Basin, southern Mexico, contain the highest proportion of rock fragments, Q₃₃F₁₂R₅₅. Main diagenetic events in quartz-rich lower Miocene sandstones in Louisiana were mechanical compaction and precipitation of quartz cement. Compactional porosity loss increased to the south with increasing rock-fragment content. Calcite is the most abundant cement in the south and is strongly related to reservoir quality loss.At moderate burial depths, the best reservoir quality occurs in quartz-rich sandstones in Louisiana and decreases with increasing lithic content in Texas and Mexico. Porosity is higher in Louisiana and upper Texas than in lower Texas and Mexico at all depths and temperatures, but at depths >5 km and temperatures >175 °C, porosity differences are lessened. The lower Miocene sandstone trend in the western Gulf of Mexico from Louisiana to Mexico is an example of the importance of variation in detrital mineralogy as a control on diagenesis and reservoir quality.     

Optimization of an ocean thermal energy conversion system

The optimum performance of a simple Rankine cycle ocean thermal energy conversion plant is investigated analytically. It is shown that the ratio of maximum net power output to heat exchanger surface area varies as H(Δt − t₀)² where H describes the overall heat transfer properties of the evaporator and condenser, Δt is the temperature difference between the warm and cold sea water supplies, and t₀ is a parameter depending primarily upon the pressure drops across the warm and cold sea water pumping systems. The model is relatively insensitive to the choice of working fluid, although ammonia is used as the illustrative example.     

Effects of rapid changes in temperature on two estuarine crustaceans

Weight specific oxygen consumption (Q_O2) patterns of the amphipod, Gammarus sp. (acclimated to 5°, 15° and 25°C) and of juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus (15° and 25°C) were used to evaluate the potential effect of exposure to rapid temperature changes simulating once-through power plant pumped entrainment. Amphipods at all acclimation temperatures and blue crabs at 15°C responded to the temperature changes by increasing Q_O2 above pre-exposure levels after the thermal increase and then returning to pre-exposure levels. The response was judged to be a normal physiological compensation response, not a thermal stress response, as suggested by some investigators. Significant differences were found among seasonal Q_O2, patterns in both species; Q_O2, increased with increasing acclimation temperature. However, no seasonal stress effects were found as a result of exposure to the temperature changes. This implies that the effects of ΔT's up to 10°C from power plants of this design should have no significant impact on these organisms.     

Effects of mass source/sink at the western boundary on the wind-driven gyres: Implications for the ventilation of the north pacific intermediate layer through convection in the Okhotsk Sea and tidal mixing at the Kuril Straits

A steady quasi-geostrophic 2.5-layer model, forced by both Ekman pumping and a mass source/sink situated at the western boundary has been constructed to investigate the effect of diapycnal transport due to convection in the Okhotsk Sea and tidal mixing at the Kuril Straits on the intermediate layer in the North Pacific. The model illustrates a combined effect of the wind-driven and mass-driven circulations. First, net mass input induces a “barotropic” mode inter-gyre flow along the western boundary through the dynamical influence of Kelvin waves. This flow creates characteristic curves (geostrophic contours) that facilitate inter-gyre communication through the western boundary layer from the location of the mass source to the subtropical gyre. Due to the effect of wind-driven circulation, the offshore part turns eastward into the interior, encircles the outer rim of the region (which would otherwise be the pool region in the absence of mass input), and then encounters the western boundary. Eventually, the water fed into the lower layer flows mostly along this path and later flows away to the equatorial region. Conversely, in the upper layer, water is fed from the equator to the subtropics, and to the subpolar interior region through the western boundary current. The water then circulates along the outer rim and is absorbed into the mass sink. The model is controlled mainly by three nondimensional parameters: (1) the ratio of net mass input rate to the maximum Sverdrup transport (Q/T _Sv ^max ), which affects the inter-gyre communication by altering the paths of geostrophic contours, (2) the ratio of a mass input rate into the lower layer to that in total (Q ₂/Q), which controls the vertical structure of the inter-gyre flow, and (3) the measure of the wind forcing effect relative to the β effect, which determines the horizontal extent of the area influenced by the mass input. The other parameter regimes with respect to Q/T _Sv ^max and Q ₂/Q are also presented.     

2000年夏季南海环流的改进逆方法计算

基于2000年8月航次在南海调查资料,采用改进逆方法,并结合TOPEX/ERS分析的SSH分布,获得以下的主要结果:(1)南海中部和西南部环流系统主要受反气旋环流所支配.主要有越南东南反气旋涡W₁,其水平尺度约为300km,垂向深度可达1000m以深,流速很强,其最大流速为79cm/s左右,还有暖涡W₂以及吕宋岛西南反气旋涡环流系统W₃.其次,在反气旋涡W₁与W₂之间还存在气旋式涡C₁.其水平尺度比暖涡W₁小得多,流速也较强.两涡W₁与C₁之间存在一支南向流,它们组成一个准偶极子.(2)在暖涡W₁的西侧存在西边界流,即北向射流,其流速很强,约在12°N流向转向东北.(3)南海北部环流系统主要受气旋环流所支配.在断面N2附近及以北存在一个气旋式环流系统.其次,在海南岛东南存在一个尺度不大的反气旋环流系统.(4)南海东南部环流系统主要受气旋环流所支配.主要有在巴拉望岛以西存在尺度较大的气旋环流系统,以及暖涡W₁东南存在一个气旋环流系统.其次,在加里曼丹岛西北还存在范围不大的反气旋环流.(5)比较1998年夏季航次与2000年夏季航次时计算结果,虽然它们在定量上有些变化与差别,但在定性上它们的环流结构有十分相似之处.这表明,南海环流具有明显的季节特性.(6)比较2000年夏季南海水文结构,流函数分布以及TOPEX/ERS的SSH分布,它们在定性上十分吻合.     

Surface Waters of the NW Iberian Margin: Upwelling on the Shelf versus Outwelling of Upwelled Waters from the Rías Baixas

A set of hydrographic surveys were carried out in the Ría of Vigo (NW Spain) at 2–4 d intervals during four 2–3 week periods in 1997, covering contrasting seasons. Residual exchange fluxes with the adjacent shelf were estimated with a 2-D, non-steady-state, salinity–temperature weighted box model. Exchange fluxes consist of a steady-state term (dependent on the variability of continental runoff) and a non-steady-state term (dependent on the time changes of density gradients in the embayment). More than 95% of the short-time-scale variability of the exchange fluxes in the middle and outer ría can be explained by the non-steady-state term that, in turns, is correlated (R²>75%) with the offshore Ekman transport. Conversely, 96% of the variability of exchange fluxes in the inner ría rely on the steady-state term. The outer and middle ría are under the direct influence of coastal upwelling, which enhances the positive residual circulation pattern by an order of magnitude: from 10²to 10³ m³s⁻¹. On the contrary, downwelling provokes a reversal of the circulation in the outer ría. The position of the downwelling front along the embayment depends on the relative importance of Ekman transport (Q_x, m³s⁻¹km⁻¹) and continental runoff (R, m³s⁻¹). When Q_x/ R>7±2 the reversal of the circulation affects the middle ría. Our results are representative for the ‘Rías Baixas’, four large coastal indentations in NW Spain. During the upwelling season (spring and summer), 60% of shelf surface waters off the ‘Rías Baixas’ consist of fresh Eastern North Atlantic Central Water (ENACW) upwelled in situ. The remaining 40% consists of upwelled ENACW that previously enters the rías and it is subsequently outwelled after thermohaline modification. During the downwelling season (autumn and winter), 40% of the warm and salty oceanic subtropic surface water, which piled on the shelf by the predominant southerly winds, enters the rías.     

Measurements of carbon dioxide in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan

The carbon dioxide in seawater (pCO₂) was measured in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan using newly developed equilibrator instrument designed to be free from the correction for addition or extraction of the carbon dioxide from carrier gas. The temperature dependence of pCO₂ was about 4.5%pCO₂/°C for a single seawater sample which was processed as free from biological activity and change in total carbon dioxide content during an experiment. The decrease in pCO₂ during daylight hours due to the photosynthetic fixation was about 30% of the daily mean of pCO₂ during warm months and about 15% during cold months. The effect of carbon dioxide exchange between air and seawater on pCO₂ was about 0.6 ppm in August and about 0.1 ppm in March. This is negligible small compared with the daily oscillation of carbon dioxide in seawater.