MODIS亮温与气温及地温的相关性分析

对MODIS卫星遥感亮温与气温、地温进行了不同时间尺度的大量的计算比对和相关性分析,以期得到直接采用实时MODIS亮温相对变化,结合地面实测地温来研究地震活动热异常的短临变化信息的具有统计意义的依据。结果表明:1)亮温与气温、地温从较长周期的时间尺度(月均值)上看,其相关性很好。而短周期(日均值)尽管明显低于较长周期,但仍然有着较好的相关性。2)通过大量计算比对发现,亮温均值与地温和气温的相关性随着像元面积的增大而逐渐升高。这表明,大气和环境的影响对单一像元而言较为明显。而这种影响可以由一定区域像元的亮温均值得到一些削弱,即一定区域的亮温均值与地温(0cm)的相关性优于单个探测像元的亮温。基于此,在研究亮温相对变化时,应尽量避免采用单一像元的亮温值,利用一定区域的像元均值可能会达到一些排除干扰的效果;3)鉴于热红外亮温数据与地表实际测到的地表温度(0cm)有着显著的相关性,将实时探测到的大面积均匀分布的亮温相对变化与地表实际测到的地表温度结合起来进行热异常变化信息研究,可望提升其可信度和有效性     

基于地表亮温的山东省地震活动性分析

利用MODIS数据研究山东省地表亮温时空变化及与地震震例和断裂带活动的相关关系,结果表明,山东省2015年存在4个明显的地表亮温增温带,可能预示着未来地震活动性的增强区域;长岛震群与乳山震群在陆地上均有亮温增温带与之对应;风仪店、乳山—海阳断裂带在2015年地表亮温明显升高,沂沭、聊城—兰考断裂带则无明显变化。总之,120°E以东的胶东半岛地区地表亮温升高明显,预示着未来胶东半岛地区地震活动性可能强于鲁中、鲁西地区。     

地震活动热红外异常的影响因素分析

对地表热红外辐射的基础理论和各类地物的热红外辐射特性进行了简略介绍;对地形地貌、地物类型和气象等非震因素对地表热红外辐射的影响及地表热红外亮温的时空变化特征进行了详细的分析;对各类非震因素的去除方法进行了探讨。初步认为,充分研究活动构造区带在各类非震因素影响下的热红外影像特征,掌握无震条件下的红外亮温时空演化过程,建立红外亮温变化的基准模型及各类非震因素的扣除模型,将有可能较好地排除非震因素的影响,检测出与地震活动有关的热异常。     

卫星热红外亮温、气温及地温观测的年变变化对比研究

过对NOAA卫星热红外亮温与野外安装气象观测站接收的气温、地下不同深度地温(0.2, 0.5, 1.5,2 m)进行不同方式的对比研究,分析了卫星热红外亮温、气温、地下不同深度地温的变化特征,探讨了亮温与气温及不同深度地温之间的关系．结果表明:① 卫星热红外亮温观测,由于受天气、云层短周期因素变化影响,曲线呈现高频突跳特征,但按最大值拟合出的亮温曲线有较好的年变变化规律;② 浅层地温受气温及太阳辐射的影响较大,能够体现出日变化,表现出很好的季节变化规律;③ 深层地温年变平稳, 年变变化与季节相关．但与气温相比,表现出滞后效应,且深度越深,滞后时间越长;④ 亮温、气温及深度0.2 m地温三者之间呈现很好的相关性．亮温、气温、0.2 m地温的极值几乎同时段出现,都符合季节变化．分析表明,亮温能够真实地反映地表温度的变化情况,能够为利用卫星热红外亮温提取地震异常信息提供可靠准确证据．本研究结果为理解不同观测属性及其相互关系,以及更好地为地震监测应用提供了基础．      

基于FY-3C微波成像仪的沙漠地表发射率反演

地表发射率是地表的固有属性,也是反演地表信息和大气温湿度廓线的重要参数.为了获取准确且具有具体物理含义的沙漠地区微波地表发射率,首先选取塔克拉玛干沙漠部分地区为反演区域,根据二元函数泰勒定理,推导了该地区的微波地表发射率与地表温度、地表湿度的线性、非线性函数关系.其次,利用最优控制原理,结合FY-3C微波成像仪的观测亮温资料与辐射传输模式(CRTM)模拟亮温数据,构建了沙漠地区微波地表发射率的线性与非线性反演模型.通过对比发现,利用线性和非线性反演模型得到的地表发射率不仅提高了反演区域亮温的模拟精度,而且模拟亮温的变化趋势也与观测更吻合.最后,对地表发射率的线性和非线性反演模型进行了不同时间与空间上的独立性检验,结果表明:除了反演区域外,在整个塔克拉玛干沙漠地区,两种模型反演的地表发射率仍比原地表发射率模拟亮温更接近观测.总的来说,线性和非线性反演模型对沙漠地区的微波地表发射率反演均具有一定的有效性和普适性,且非线性反演模型优于线性反演模型.     

中国地表亮度温度年变基准场

欲从热红外辐射中找到构造活动与地震活动的信息 ,需要考虑 2个基本问题 ,即大气的影响和地表热红外辐射的稳定场。通过以下方面的工作尝试对上述问题进行了研究 :1 )提出了地表亮度温度及年变基准场的概念。 2 )利用NOAA卫星 2 0年的观测资料 ,文中在获得地表亮温 (LSBT)的基础上 ,借用分离窗方法和小波分析方法 ,提取了中国地表亮温的年变基准场 ,为进一步分析异常场打下了基础。计算表明 ,大气的影响一般在± 1 0K范围内     

福建地区MODIS卫星热红外资料异常分析

根据MODIS卫星热红外数据,利用透热指数法和亮温增温异常点比值法,分析福建地区地震震前的热红外时空异常变化,发现透热指数与福建地区中等地震有较好的对应关系,而地表的亮温增温异常区与未来发生的地震震中较为接近。     

典型季风温冰川区大气-冰川-融水径流系统内环境信息的现代变化过程

1999年和2000年夏季分别在玉龙雪山白水1号冰川不同区段表面融水、新近积雪和冰川补给河水内进行了采样, 得到了相似的氧同位素分析结果: δ¹⁸O值与温度以及降水量之间表现为明显的负相关关系, 指示出这个典型季风温冰川区域存在着很强的“降水量效应”. 在气候条件变化的情况下, 稳定同位素和其他化学信息也在时间上空间上呈现相应的变化. 各类冰川水体内δ¹⁸O值存在显著差异, 反映出雪-冰、冰-融水的相变以及地表径流过程中同位素分馏和化学离子渐变的特征. 冰川水化学的空间分布还反映出温冰川水化学溶解作用和物理活动性都比较强.     

基于相关性的热红外温度与发射率分离算法

在分析地面测量大气下行辐射和地表发射率之间关系的基础上,给出了针对热红外高光谱数据温度与发射率分离过程中地表温度优化的相关性判据,提出了基于相关性的温度与发射率分离算法（the Correlation Based Temperature Emissivity Separation Algorithm,CBTES）。该算法利用大气下行辐射和地表发射率之间的相关性优化地表温度,进而获得地表发射率。基于模拟的热红外高光谱数据,对CBTES算法的精度进行分析,结果表明CBTES算法具有较高的温度与发射率反演精度;并与光谱迭代平滑温度发射率分离算法（ISSTES）进行比较,发现CBTES算法具有和ISSTES算法相当的精度。此外,CBTES算法具有一定的抗噪性,对测量过程中大气下行辐射的变化不敏感;对于非同温像元,当其发射率定义为r-emissivity时,其辐射温度是对波数缓慢变化的,假设在比较窄的光谱区间内辐射温度近似不变,可以用CBTES算法反演非同温像元在窄光谱区间内的等效温度,在714-1250cm^-1。光谱区间内多个窄光谱区间反演的等效温度可以较好的刻画非同温像元辐射温度的变化趋势。     

月表温度剖面对于“嫦娥一号”卫星微波探测仪探测亮温影响的模拟研究

月球表层的温度剖面是月球表面微波遥感的一个重要参数.利用从Apollo,Luna等登月试验带回的样品得到的有关月表物质物理特性的知识,通过求解热传导方程,分析了月面表层温度的时间和空间的变化规律,模拟产生了全月的600cm温度分布结果.结果表明：月球表层温度剖面的变化绝大部分集中在表层20cm的范围,除了在两极地区,温度的昼夜变化波及到约1m深度,大于这个深度温度基本上稳定不变.温度的波动很大程度上导致了“嫦娥一号”微波探测仪（CELMS）的不同通道亮温的变化.本文的研究结果证明了温度剖面对于CELMS亮温的影响,从另外一个角度证明了CELMS测量数据的正确性,为遥感数据的解译和科学目标的反演提供了依据.     

Prediction of river temperature surges is dependent on precipitation method

Urban river systems are particularly sensitive to precipitation‐driven water temperature surges and fluctuations. These result from rapid heat transfer from low‐specific heat capacity surfaces to precipitation, which can cause thermally polluted surface run‐off to enter urban streams. This can lead to additional ecological stress on these already precarious ecosystems. Although precipitation is a first‐order driver of hydrological response, water temperature studies rarely characterize rain event dynamics and typically rely on single gauge data that yield only partial estimates of catchment precipitation. This paper examines three precipitation measuring methods (a statutory automatic weather station, citizen science gauges, and radar estimates) and investigates relationships between estimated rainfall inputs and subhourly surges and diurnal fluctuations in urban river water temperature. Water temperatures were monitored at 12 sites in summer 2016 in the River Rea, in Birmingham, UK. Generalized additive models were used to model the relationship between subhourly water temperature surges and precipitation intensity and subsequently the relationship between daily precipitation totals and standardized mean water temperature. The different precipitation measurement sources give highly variable precipitation estimates that relate differently to water temperature fluctuations. The radar catchment‐averaged method produced the best model fit (generalized cross‐validation score [GCV] = 0.30) and was the only model to show a significant relationship between water temperature surges and precipitation intensity (P < 0.001, R² = 0.69). With respect to daily metrics, catchment‐averaged precipitation estimates from citizen science data yielded the best model fit (GCV score = 0.20). All precipitation measurement and calculation methods successfully modelled the relationship between standardized mean water temperature and daily precipitation (P < 0.001). This research highlights the potential for the use of alternative precipitation datasets to enhance understanding of event‐based variability in water quality studies. We conclude by recommending the use of spatially distributed precipitation data operating at high spatial (<1 km²) and temporal (<15 min) resolutions to improve the analysis of event‐based water temperature and water quality studies.     

基于水化学和物理方法的井水位异常分析

针对2008年汶川M_S 8.0地震后江苏地区的地震观测井水位上升现象,选取了苏18井和井周边地表水进行了水化学和物理分析,研究了井水位异常与地表水和大气降水的补给关系,讨论了井水补给来源及其与高邮-宝应M_S 4.9地震的关系。离子含量和氢氧同位素结果表明,苏18井水主要为大气降水成因,存在一定的水岩作用。应用氯离子分析降水对地下水的补给,其结果显示大气降水在井水补给源中占了重要份额,井水位的突然上升与同期降水量增加有一定关系。水库水与苏18井水之间存在水力联系,大气降水增多致使水库水位升高,对该井水位变化有一定的影响。综合分析认为,大气降水的增多致使水库蓄水增加,水库水通过侧向渗透补给造成了2011年苏18井的水位显著升高。苏18井异常不是由构造活动引起的,作为高邮-宝应M_S 4.9地震的前兆依据不充分。水化学和物理结合的方法为今后判别地下水位异常干扰提供了依据。     

Oscillating peat surface levels in a restiad peatland,New Zealand—magnitude and spatiotemporal variability

Hydrology, particularly the water table position below the surface (relative water level, RWL), is an important control on biogeochemical and ecological processes in peatlands. The surface elevation (SE) in a peatland oscillates in response to changes in effective stress on the peat matrix mainly caused by water level fluctuations. This phenomenon is called peatland surface oscillation (PSO). To investigate the spatiotemporal variability of PSO, surface elevation and the water level above sea level (AWL) were measured monthly (23 sites) over one year in a warm‐temperate restiad peatland, New Zealand. At one site peat surface elevation was measured indirectly by monitoring AWL and RWL continuously with pressure transducers. Annual PSO (the difference between maximum and minimum surface elevation) ranged from 3·2 to 28 cm (mean = 14·9 cm). Surface elevation changes were caused by AWL fluctuations. Spatially homogenous AWL fluctuations (mean 40 cm among sites) translated into RWL fluctuations reduced 27–56% by PSO except for three sites with shallow and dense peat at the peatland margin (7–17%). The SE‐AWL relationship was linear for 15 sites. However, eight sites showed significantly higher rates of surface elevation changes during the wet season and thus a non‐linear behaviour. We suggest flotation of upper peat layers during the wet season causing this non‐linear behaviour. Surprisingly, PSO was subjected to hysteresis: the positive SE‐AWL relationship reversed after rainfall when the surface slowly rose despite rapidly receding AWL. Hysteresis was more prominent during the dry season than during the wet season. Total peat thickness and bulk density together could only explain 50% of the spatial variability of PSO based on manual measurements. However, we found three broad types of SE‐AWL relationships differing in shape and slope of SE‐AWL curves. These oscillation types reflected patterns in vegetation and flooding. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

围栏养蟹利用与女山湖沉水植物资源保护

本文对亚洲中部地区内陆湖泊近百年来的变化及其变化的原因,特别是气候因素进行了考察与分析,位于我国内蒙古东部及蒙古高原北部的湖泊,近百年来其变化以及水位上涨与面积扩张为主,产生这种湖泊水位上升的原因与该地区降水增加有关。     

The hydrological response of surface water to recent climate variability: A remote sensing case study from the central tropical Pacific

For small tropical islands with limited freshwater resources, understanding how island hydrology is influenced by regional climate is important, considering projected hydroclimate and sea level changes as well as growing populations dependent on limited groundwater resources. However, the relationship between climate variability and hydrologic variability for many tropical islands remains uncertain due to local hydroclimatic data scarcity. Here, we present a case study from Kiritimati, Republic of Kiribati (2°N, 157°W), utilizing the normalized difference vegetation index to investigate variability in island surface water area, an important link between climate variability and groundwater storage. Kiritimati surface water area varies seasonally, following wet and dry seasons, and interannually, due to hydroclimate variability associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. The NIÑO3.4 sea surface temperature index, satellite‐derived precipitation, precipitation minus evaporation, and local sea level all had significant positive correlations with surface water area. Lagged correlations show sea level changes and precipitation influence surface water area up to 6 months later. Differences in the timing of surface water area changes and variable climate‐surface water area correlations in island subregions indicate that surface hydrology on Kiritimati is not uniform in response to climate variations. Rather, the magnitude of the ocean–atmosphere anomalies and island–ocean connectivity determine the extent to which sea level and precipitation control surface water area. The very strong 2015–2016 El Niño event led to the largest surface water area measured in the 18‐year data set. Surface water area decreased to pre‐event values in a similarly rapid manner (<6 months) after both the very strong 2015–2016 event and the 2009–2010 moderate El Niño event. Future changes in the frequency and amplitude of interannual hydroclimate variability as well as seasonal duration will thus alter surface water coverage on Kiritimati, with implications for freshwater resources, flooding, and drought.     

滇南地区降雨量与水位变化的关系——以澄江井、建水井为例

2015年1月9日,云南地区出现大幅度水位同步转折上升现象,而地下流体群体异常的聚集区可能是未来强震的孕育区,及时排除环境等干扰因素,对确定地震危险区很有帮助。本文选取澄江井和建水井的水位观测数据,分析降雨量与水位变化的关系,认为滇南地区的水位年变化与雨季降雨量之间有较好的线性关系。本文对澄江井和建水井2012-2014年的水位异常信息进行提取,对其映震情况进行了总结,研究表明滇南地区降雨量对水位引起的异常,主要表现在变化幅度和变化时间等方面。此次出现的水位同步转折上升现象多为降雨干扰影响。     

Net groundwater inflow in an enclosed lake: from synoptic variations to climatic projections

Using lake Stechlin in northeastern Germany as an example of a small groundwater‐feed lake without surface inflows and outflows, we estimated the temporal scales and the variability ranges of the net groundwater contribution to the lake water budget. High‐resolution water level measurements by a bottom‐mounted pressure logger provided the background for the estimation of the total lake water budget. This method has demonstrated reliability for estimation of lake level variations during periods ranging from subdiurnal to perennial. The typical amplitudes of the synoptic‐to‐perennial variability characterizing the groundwater climate of lake Stechlin are estimated by comparing the two subsequent years 2006 and 2007; one of these years shows an extremely high, and the other an extremely low, annual precipitation–evaporation balance. The net groundwater flow, estimated as the difference between the total water budget and the precipitation–evaporation balance at the surface, revealed synoptic effects of lake water exfiltration into the groundwater aquifer following strong precipitation events. Perennial variations between wet and dry years superimposed seasonal oscillations. The probable origin of the latter is seasonality in the groundwater level on the watershed, although the exact amplitudes are subject to further quantification on account of seasonality in the evaporation estimation error. The results emphasize the non‐stationary behaviour of groundwater flow on timescales shorter than climatic ones. The analysis yielded a net quantitative relationship between groundwater flow and water balance at the lake surface: The water level changes in the lake due to evaporation and precipitation are damped to 60% because of the lake–groundwater exchange by means of intermittent infiltration and exfiltration events. Assuming the remaining 40% of the surface water budget may potentially result in perennial water level variability, we estimated an effect of the precipitation decrease on the lake water budget as predicted by the regional climate scenarios for the next century. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钟祥马岭井水温观测数据"V"型异常分析

以钟祥马岭井历年水温观测资料为研究对象,发现2套SZW-1A型数字水温仪记录的数据曲线自2016年7月以来均具有“V”型异常特征,从观测系统、地震、降雨等因素进行分析,排查干扰因素,并分析水温变化的可能机理,认为现该异常应为降雨干扰所致。干扰机理如下：降雨量累积值达40 mm以上,降雨迅速补充地下水,浅层冷水经井段223—246 m处存在的岩石裂隙、断层、溶洞等渗入井孔,造成静水位迅速上升,井水温度随之下降,上下层冷—热水之间的热传导使得位于井孔深部的水温下降;降雨结束,地表水渗入量减少,水温逐渐恢复正常。     

Rainfall–runoff responses on Arctic hillslopes underlain by continuous permafrost,North Slope,Alaska, USA

The Arctic hydrologic cycle is intensifying, as evidenced by increased rates of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and riverine discharge. However, the controls on water fluxes from terrestrial to aquatic systems in upland Arctic landscapes are poorly understood. Upland landscapes account for one third of the Arctic land surface and are often drained by zero‐order geomorphic flowpath features called water tracks. Previous work in the region attributed rapid runoff response at larger stream orders to water tracks, but models suggest water tracks are hydrologically disconnected from the surrounding hillslope. To better understand the role of water tracks in upland landscapes, we investigated the surface and subsurface hydrologic responses of 6 water tracks and their hillslope watersheds to natural patterns of rainfall, soil thaw, and drainage. Between storms, both water track discharge and the water table in the hillslope watersheds exhibited diel fluctuations that, when lagged by 5 hr, were temporally correlated with peak evapotranspiration rate. Water track soils remained saturated for more of the summer season than soils in their surrounding hillslope watersheds. When rainfall occurred, the subsurface response was nearly instantaneous, but the water tracks took significantly longer than the hillslopes to respond to rainfall, and longer than the responses previously observed in nearby larger order Arctic streams. There was also evidence for antecedent soil water storage conditions controlling the magnitude of runoff response. Based on these observations, we used a broken stick model to test the hypothesis that runoff production in response to individual storms was primarily controlled by rainfall amount and antecedent water storage conditions near the water track outlet. We found that the relative importance of the two factors varied by site, and that water tracks with similar watershed geometries and at similar landscape positions had similar rainfall–runoff model relationships. Thus, the response of terrestrial water fluxes in the upland Arctic to climate change depends on the non‐linear interactions between rainfall patterns and subsurface water storage capacity on hillslopes. Predicting these interactions across the landscape remains an important challenge.     

Groundwater recharge estimation using improved soil moisture balance methodology for a tropical climate with distinct dry seasons

Abstract

Groundwater recharge is estimated using an improved daily soil moisture balance based on a single soil water store for a climate classified as tropical with distinct dry seasons; an upland area in northwest Sri Lanka is used as an example. When the water availability is limited and the soil is under stress, the actual evapotranspiration is less than the potential value; the stress factor is estimated in terms of the readily and total available water, soil properties and effective root depth. Runoff is estimated using coefficients which depend on rainfall intensity and soil moisture deficits. A new component, near surface storage, is used to represent continuing evapotranspiration on days following heavy rainfall even though the soil moisture deficit is high. Recharge is estimated for permanent grass and a commonly cultivated vegetable crop. The plausibility of the model outputs is examined using independent information and data, including well water level fluctuations. Uncertainties and variations in parameter values are explored using sensitivity analyses.