大洋中脊岩浆房附近的热液作用

研究表明，地球上最大规模的热液体系并不在陆地上，而是在大洋中脊的海底。作者认为大洋中脊发生的沸腾作用。即“相分离”是导致大洋中脊海底热泉化学成分更为复杂的重要原因。实验和理论数据证明，这种“相分离”作用需要用两阶段模式来解释，首先是海水发生相分离，并与未发生相分离的海水重新混合，最后与流体在其内部进行循环的岩石达到再平衡。计算表明相分离一般发生在大洋中脊岩浆房附近，相分离的温度高于４５０℃。     

慢速-超慢速扩张洋中脊热液活动及其机理

海底热液系统是地球热量平衡的重要组成,也是地球化学循环和成矿作用发生的主要场所,与洋中脊系统在空间上具有很强的联系.慢速-超慢速扩张洋中脊中确认的活跃热液喷口数量约占全球总数量的三分之一,查明热液发育位置及发育岩性与岩浆-构造活动的耦合关系,对于研究海底热液活动演化过程和海底找矿具有很好的指示意义.本文将全球慢速-超慢速扩张洋中脊中已确认的活跃热液活动进行统计分类,其中受岩浆活动控制的热液活动有29处,而受构造活动控制的热液活动有15处,相对于快速-中速扩张洋中脊显示出较强的构造相关性.研究发现,岩浆作用控制下的热液活动集中在洋中脊轴部中央裂谷内,而构造主控型热液活动常发育在非转换不连续间断和拆离断层系统内.随着大洋核杂岩成熟,热液活动位置向着离轴方向迁移,并且热液类型由高温"黑烟囱"型向低温弥散流型转变.     

深海热液活动环境场参数及模型分析

深海热液活动是当今科学研究的热点,本文基于近年有关热液活动的各种模型,系统分析比较了热液柱的上升高度与热通量等参数变化规律,并对现有的热液羽状流模型和考虑洋壳特性的经验模型进行了分析。主要研究结果有:(1)热液柱上升高度与底部横向流和热源特性密切相关,单个热液喷口热通量和羽状热液柱中性浮力层模型热液热通量达109W/m2;(2)热液羽状流受多种因素影响,热液柱面积的轮廓,羽状热液柱各处的含盐量、潜在温度、速度可随深度改变发生变化;(3)考虑洋壳特性后,其浮力通量和热液柱最大的上升高度均有变化,上升高度可达1000多m,热通量达108W/m2。上述模型和参数可为进一步深入研究热液羽流运动机制和建立热液活动正演和反演模型提供参考。     

大洋中脊热液硫化物矿床分布及矿物组成

海底热液硫化物是继大洋多金属结核、富钴结壳外的又一种新型海底多金属矿物资源，富含Cu，Zn，Fe，Mn，Pb，Ba，Ag，Au，Co，Mo等金属和稀有金属。多金属硫化物矿床是热液活动的产物，主要分布在大洋中脊、年轻和成熟的弧后盆地、岛弧以及海山等。本文总结了热液硫化物矿床在大洋中脊的分布特征及矿物组成，探讨不同扩张速度条件下的热液硫化物矿床的差异，有助于我们今后在大洋中脊环境中勘查和寻找新的大型热液硫化物矿床。     

从太平洋中部热液矿物的表现探讨热液活动的广泛性

位于太平洋中部的克利帕顿和克拉里昂断裂带之间的研究区处于远离大陆的远洋深水环境，区内断裂构造和火山活动非常发育，热水活动强烈，由此形成一系列与热液活动及蚀变沉积有关的矿物，如磷灰石、碳磷灰石、稀土磷灰石、磷铝锶石、重晶石、碳酸钡矿、泡饿矿及非晶质ＳｉＯ２球。这都说明大洋中热水溶液活动并不仅限于洋脊轴部和裂谷地区，只要有较大规模的断裂存在，就会有热水溶液活动或海底热泉出现，随之后形成一系列与热液活动     

深海热液金属硫化物矿电性结构

深海热液金属硫化物矿位于水深数千米的大洋洋底,其形态、规模及电性参数难为人知,迄今尚未有由实测数据推导其电性结构的研究.依托于“大洋一号”,在大西洋洋中脊、西南印度洋洋中脊实施了多次深海热液金属硫化物矿探测试验,实地采集热液金属硫化物矿瞬变电磁响应数据,并对试验数据进行反演分析.分析表明:大西洋TAG(trans-Atlantic geotraverse)热液区及西南印度洋49°4′E,37°5′S热液区内,深海热液金属硫化物矿形似生长于洋壳内的“蘑菇”,矿体呈透镜状或似层状结构,分布于热液喷口的卤水池内,电阻率约为0.1 Ω·m,规模为50~250 m,厚度范围为20~50 m;热液烟囱直径为10~50 m,周围岩石发生热液蚀变,蚀变岩石电阻率在0.2~0.5 Ω·m,以热液通道为中心呈圈层状变化.依据深海热液金属硫化物矿的形态特征及电性参数,矿体的电性结构模型可简化为T型异常体.      

西南印度洋超慢速扩张脊热液区多金属硫化物Fe-Cu-Zn同位素组成特征初步研究

<正>海底热液硫化物是一种重要的海底矿产资源,并在全球范围内的大洋中脊、海山及弧后盆地有较为广泛的分布,具有重要的经济价值和战略意义,其中西南印度洋中脊(SWIR)热液体系更因其超慢速的扩张速率而在全球大洋中脊系统中独具特色,且研究程度较低(陶春辉等,2011)。而同位素地球化学对于解释海底多金属硫     

慢速—超慢速扩张西南印度洋中脊研究进展

西南印度洋中脊具有慢速—超慢速扩张速率和斜向扩张的特征,是全球洋中脊系统研究的热点之一,也是研究海底构造环境、热液活动、地幔深部过程及其动力学机制的重要区域。在前人工作的基础上较为详细地介绍了西南印度洋中脊的研究历史、地形划分、扩张速率及其构造特征,归纳了西南印度洋中脊热液活动及岩石地球化学特征,探讨了超慢速扩张洋脊和超镁铁质岩系热液系统的特殊性,并认为超慢速扩张洋脊广泛暴露的地幔岩及其蛇纹石化作用、超镁铁质岩系热液系统以及热液硫化物成矿作用是西南印度洋中脊今后研究的重要内容。     

大洋橄榄岩的蛇纹岩石化研究进展评述

橄榄岩的蛇纹石化是大洋中不可忽略的重要地质过程,近年来引起广泛关注。大洋橄榄岩的蛇纹石化主要发生在洋中脊和汇聚板块边缘等环境中,大洋蛇纹岩典型的矿物组合包括:蛇纹石±磁铁矿±滑石±水镁石±角闪石。其中蛇纹石根据其矿物的晶体结构特征可分为利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石3种类型;偏光显微镜下可将蛇纹石结构划分为3类:假晶结构、非假晶结构和过渡结构。橄榄岩的蛇纹石化不仅会改变岩石的物理性质,如导致岩石密度的减小和地震波速的降低、影响橄榄岩的磁性等,而且也会对橄榄岩的流变性产生重要影响。大洋超基性岩系热液系统的发现,进一步激发了研究者们对大洋橄榄岩蛇纹石化研究的兴趣。与橄榄岩蛇纹石化相关的喷口流体含有较高的H2和CH4含量,此外,蛇纹石化是一个放热反应,可以驱动热液循环,导致Lost City等中低温型热液系统的出现。     

现代海底热液活动区的分布与构造环境分析

对全球490多个热液活动区的三维空间分布和构造背景进行了研究,对发育热液活动的构造环境进行了分类,并对各种构造环境发育热液活动的频度进行了统计分析。根据已有的统计数据指出了现代海底热液活动的三维空间分布规律,并对此进行了理论分析。指出现代海底热液活动区主要沿大洋中脊、弧后盆地和板内火山分布,并主要限于40°N和40°S中、低纬度带之间,水深集中在 1300～3700 m之间。出现热液活动概率最高的水深为 2600 m,其次为 1700 m、1900 m、 2200 m、3000 m和 3700 m,平均水深为 2532 m。扩张轴的中轴谷、海底火山口及不发 育中轴谷的扩张脊是发育热液活动的主要构造背景。并提出,现代海底热液活动总是出现在构造活动的部位,但并不是构造活跃的部位就发育热液活动。热液活动的发育和构造并不直接相关但却和岩浆发育密切相关。热液活动的发育在位置上受控于岩浆活动,在时间上,它发生在岩浆活动结束后,是强烈的热膨胀、热冷缩后的释热形式。     

Exploring the ocean for hydrothermal venting: New techniques,new discoveries,new insights

Enumerating active hydrothermal fields on the seafloor has been a challenge since their discovery almost 40 years ago. High-temperature hydrothermal fields are readily discoverable, primarily by detecting mineral-laden plumes, but low-temperature, particle-poor vent fields resist discovery. Decades of exploration for vent fields have covered, though often cursorily, about one-third of the global lengths of both oceanic spreading ridges (OSRs) and volcanic arcs, identifying some 630 active vent fields. About 80% of these fields are on OSRs, and the spatial frequency of those fields is currently estimated as ∼0.5–5/100 km, generally increasing with spreading rate. Over the last decade, however, a few detailed surveys have added sensors capable of detecting ephemeral chemical tracers (oxidation-reduction potential) in addition to standard sensors that detect quasi-conservative optical tracers (such as light backscattering). This approach has revealed a new view of the distribution of venting fields along fast-spreading (>55 mm/yr) OSRs. Studies of four such ridge sections totaling 1470 km length suggest that the present inventory of vent fields may underestimate the true global population of vent fields on fast-spreading OSRs by a factor of 3–6. This increase implies that ridge axes are unexpectedly “leaky” reservoirs, from which hydrothermal fluids escape at far more sites than presently assumed; that the supply of dissolved hydrothermal iron, which may be fertilizing the primary production of the Southern Ocean, is higher than now calculated; and that present estimates of recoverable sulfide tonnage from ridge axes may be too low. Along slow-spreading ridges, which account for 60% of the global OSR length and 86% of known sulfide tonnage, expansive axial valleys present special exploration challenges that will not be easily overcome.     

热液烃的生成与深部油气藏

热液烃不仅分布于洋底,在大陆也有广泛分布,实验表明:热液对碳酸盐岩和沉积有机质的作用均有油气生成;洋底火山岩流体包裹体、原油、有机质Pb、Sr、Nd同位素均表明地幔流体在油气生成中的作用。认识热液烃的存在对开拓深部油气藏的勘探有重要意义。     

湘西地区前寒武纪-寒武纪转折期碳酸盐-硅泥质沉积体系的截然转换:地层-沉积样式,形成机理及意义

前寒武纪一寒武纪转折期是地球历史演化的重要阶段之一,不仅纪录了后生动物的产生、灭绝以及加速分异的过程,同时也伴随着海洋地球化学明显的变化、长期全球性海洋缺氧等.为了更好地认识这一重要时期地球表层环境演变及动力机制,我们对湘西地区台地一盆地转换带不同沉积类型及空间变化进行了重点解剖,发现寒武纪最早期该地区在台一盆转换带上...     

热液喷口系统中Fe-Si氧化物沉淀体的形成及微生物的作用

根据形貌识别以及分子生物学最新研究结果,包括Gallionella ferruginea,Leptothrix ochracea和Mariprofundus ferrooxydans在内的嗜中性Fe氧化菌在现代甚至古代热液喷口系统的Fe氧化物沉积体的形成中起到了重要作用。对于现代热液喷口系统而言,还原性羽流进入氧化性海水时形成的氧化还原过渡带是嗜中性Fe氧化菌最重要的生存环境,它们能在此环境中与Fe的无机氧化机制展开有效竞争,藉此获取生存所必须的能量。此外,通过静电吸引和表面活性基团的键合作用,细胞能在其表面和附属器官形成Fe氧化物壳层,从而形成与细胞自身相态相似的各种丝缕状结构。丝缕状结构生长到一定程度,就会阻滞热液流体和海水混合,进而在丝缕体交织成的网络内发生传导性热冷却,使流体中的Si达到饱和,在Fe氧化物表面沉淀下来,形成现代热液喷口系统的Fe-Si二期次复合生长结构。与现代Fe-Si沉淀类似的古代条带状Fe建造(B IF)沉积体的近期研究成果显示,Fe的来源很可能是前寒武纪时的热液喷口系统。由于B IF形成的海洋环境处于整体缺氧状态,早期营光合作用的微生物以及与现代类似的嗜中性Fe氧化菌很可能都参与...     

Dissolved iron anomaly in the deep tropical-subtropical Pacific: Evidence for long-range transport of hydrothermal iron

Dissolved iron profiles along a north-south transect along 158°W in the tropical Pacific show evidence of two deepwater anomalies. The first extends from Station ALOHA (22.78°N) to the equator at ∼1000-1500 m and lies below the maximum apparent oxygen utilization and nutrient (N, P) concentrations. The feature is not supported by vertical export processes, but instead corresponds with the lateral dilution field of δ³He derived from the Loihi seamount, Hawaii, though a sediment source associated with the Hawaiian Island Chain cannot be entirely ruled out. The second, deeper (2000-3000 m) anomaly occurs in tropical South Pacific waters (7°S) and also does not correlate with the depths of maximum nutrient concentrations or apparent oxygen utilization, but it does coincide closely with δ³He emanating from the East Pacific Rise, more than 5000 km to the east. We hypothesize that these anomalies represent the long-range (>2000 km) transport of hydrothermal iron residuals, stabilized against scavenging by complexation with excess organic ligands in the plume source regions. Such trace leakage of hydrothermal iron to distal plume regions would have been difficult to identify in most hydrothermal vent mapping studies because low analytical detection limits were not needed for the proximal plume regions. These findings suggest that hydrothermal activity may represent a major source of dissolved iron throughout the South Pacific deep basin today, as well as other regions having high mid-ocean spreading rates in the geologic past. In particular, we hypothesize that high spreading rates along the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean mid-oceanic ridges, combined with the upwelling ventilation of these distal hydrothermal plumes, may have increased ocean productivity and carbon export in the Southern Ocean. Assessing the magnitude and persistence of dissolved hydrothermal iron in basin scale deep waters will be important for understanding the marine biogeochemistry of iron and, potentially, on ocean productivity and climate change during the geologic past.     

Iron isotope fractionation in a buoyant hydrothermal plume, 5°S Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Fe isotopes are a potential tool for tracing the biogeochemical redox cycle of Fe in the ocean. Specifically, it is hypothesized that Fe isotopes could enable estimation of the contributions from multiple Fe sources to the dissolved Fe budget, an issue that has received much attention in recent years. The first priority however, is to understand any Fe isotope fractionation processes that may occur as Fe enters the ocean, resulting in modification of original source compositions. In this study, we have investigated the Fe inputs from a basalt-hosted, deep-sea hydrothermal system and the fractionation processes that occur as the hot, chemically reduced and acidic vent fluids mix with cold, oxygen-rich seawater.The samples collected were both end-member vent fluids taken from hydrothermal chimneys, and rising buoyant plume samples collected directly above the same vents at 5°S, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Our analyzes of these samples reveal that, for the particulate Fe species within the buoyant plume, 25% of the Fe is precipitated as Fe-sulfides. The isotope fractionation caused by the formation of these Fe-sulfides is δ_Fe(II)–FeS = +0.60 ± 0.12‰.The source isotope composition for the buoyant plume samples collected above the Red Lion vents is calculated to be −0.29 ± 0.05‰. This is identical to the value measured in end-member vent fluids collected from the underlying “Tannenbaum” chimney. The resulting isotope compositions of the Fe-sulfide and Fe-oxyhydroxide species in this buoyant plume are −0.89 ± 0.11‰ and −0.19 ± 0.09‰, respectively. From mass balance calculations, we have been able to calculate the isotope composition of the dissolved Fe fraction, and hypothesize that the isotope composition of any stabilised dissolved Fe species exported to the surrounding ocean may be heavier than the original vent fluid. Such species would be expected to travel some distance from areas of hydrothermal venting and, hence, contribute to not only the dissolved Fe budget of the deep-ocean but also it’s dissolved Fe isotope signature.     

Permo–Triassic intraplate magmatism and rifting in Eurasia: implications for mantle plumes and mantle dynamics

At the transition from the Permian to the Triassic, Eurasia was the site of voluminous flood-basalt extrusion and rifting. Major flood-basalt provinces occur in the Tunguska, Taymyr, Kuznetsk, Verkhoyansk–Vilyuy and Pechora areas, as well as in the South Chinese Emeishen area. Contemporaneous rift systems developed in the West Siberian, South Kara Sea and Pyasina–Khatanga areas, on the Scythian platform and in the West European and Arctic–North Atlantic domain. At the Permo–Triassic transition, major extensional stresses affected apparently Eurasia, and possibly also Pangea, as evidenced by the development of new rift systems. Contemporaneous flood-basalt activity, inducing a global environmental crisis, is interpreted as related to the impingement of major mantle plumes on the base of the Eurasian lithosphere. Moreover, the Permo–Triassic transition coincided with a period of regional uplift and erosion and a low-stand in sea level. Permo–Triassic rifting and mantle plume activity occurred together with a major reorganization of plate boundaries and plate kinematics that marked the transition from the assembly of Pangea to its break-up. This plate reorganization was possibly associated with a reorganization of the global mantle convection system. On the base of the geological record, we recognize short-lived and long-lived plumes with a duration of magmatic activity of some 10–20 million years and 100–150 million years, respectively. The Permo–Triassic Siberian and Emeishan flood-basalt provinces are good examples of “short-lived” plumes, which contrast with such “long lived” plumes as those of Iceland and Hawaii. The global record indicates that mantle plume activity occurred episodically. Purely empirical considerations indicate that times of major mantle plume activity are associated with periods of global mantle convection reorganization during which thermally driven mantle convection is not fully able to facilitate the necessary heat transfer from the core of the Earth to its surface. In this respect, we distinguish between two geodynamically different scenarios for major plume activity. The major Permo–Triassic plume event followed the assembly Pangea and the detachment of deep-seated subduction slabs from the lithosphere. The Early–Middle Cretaceous major plume event, as well as the terminal–Cretaceous–Paleocene plume event, followed a sharp acceleration of global sea-floor spreading rates and the insertion of new subduction zone slabs deep into the mantle. We conclude that global plate kinematics, driven by mantle convection, have a bearing on the development of major mantle plumes and, to a degree, also on the pattern of related flood-basalt magmatism.     

现代海底热液过程及成矿

原始的海水成分、基岩的组分及结构、热源性质等因素决定着现代海底热液喷口系统的流体成分, 同时, 各种地质构造背景下的岩浆脱气作用也在不同程度上影响热液流体的组成.热液流体一旦喷出海底, 就能形成不同类型的热液沉积体, 包括高温流体形成的金属硫化物或硫酸盐烟囱体、热液丘以及由低温弥散流及非浮力羽流形成的含金属沉积物堆积体.高温烟囱体的形成受控于海水和热液的混合比例, 常常表现为典型的两阶段模式, 即先形成环状硬石膏表层, 然后在其内部发生富Cu硫化物的沉淀.这一模式在更大尺度上也可以观察到, 如TAG热液丘.含金属沉积物遍布海底, 除热液羽流外, 金属硫化物烟囱体在氧化环境中氧化蚀变的产物也是其重要来源.生物的活动贯穿于现代热液过程的始终, 并在烟囱体的形成、分解以及羽流的扩散沉淀过程中起到了重要作用.当前, 热液生物矿化机理、Lost City型热液场以及超慢速扩张洋脊的有关研究是海底这一系统研究的热点, 前两者研究能使人们更好地理解地球早期的演化和生命的起源, 而后者的考察和研究能进一步丰富海底热液成矿理论, 并有助于寻找更大规模的热液矿体.      

现代海底热液微生物群落及其地质意义

现代海底黑烟囱周围生活着密集的生物群落,它们一般以黑烟囱喷口为中心向四周呈带状分布。热液生态系统的初级生产者嗜热细菌和古细菌,其初级能量来源于地球深部上升喷出流体提供的化学能,它们氧化热液中硫化物（如H2S、FeS）和甲烷获得能量,还原CO2制造有机物,而不依赖光合作用。作为食物链源头的细菌类和古细菌类与其他动物有2种生存关系:①直接作为其他动物的食物;②与其他动物之间的共生关系。这些嗜热微生物不仅依存于海底热液活动,同时在热液成矿作用中起着重要的作用。它们可能来源于地下深部生物圈,海底黑烟囱是研究深部生物圈的窗口,对其周围嗜热微生物的研究,对于理解生命起源和生物成矿都有重要的理论意义。     

Hydrothermal Dolomite: A Review and PerspectiveEI北大核心CSCD

Hydrothermal dolomite commonly closely associates with oil-gas reservoirs and sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits in particular. Host rocks of MVT deposits usually experienced extensive dolomitization, and indeed, hydrothermal dolomite is considered as a useful prospective indicator for MVT mineralization. However, genetic link between the hydrothermal dolomitization and MVT Pb-Zn mineralization is a matter of debate. This paper briefly reviewed the nomenclature and research history of hydrothermal dolomite, introduced the major geological, geochemical characteristics, and distribution of hydrothermal dolomite, spatial and possibly genetic relationship between hdyrothermal dolomite and hdyrothermal ore deposits and oil-gas reservoirs based on case studies including the occurrence of hydrothermal dolomites in MVT deposits in Southwest China. The temporal and genetic relationships between dolomitizaiton and thermal sulfate reduction, sulfide precipitation and thus the location of ore mineralization well worthy more attention, and comprehensive geological and isotope geochemical and state of art in situ techniques will contribute to understanding of the genesis of hydrotherml dolomite and the spatially related ore deposits and oil-gas reservoirs. © 2018, Science Press. All right reserved.