非线性函数相关信号的滤波与推估

滤波与推估是把参数作为正态随机量,观测方程常常是非线性的.从极大验后非线性滤波与推估的基本公式[1]出发,推导函数非线性相关信号的滤波与推估信号的计算公式.证明函数相关信号的滤波与推估公式是具有非线性函数关系的滤波与推估信号公式的一个特例.     

半参数模型与拟合推估模型的比较

在分析半参数模型与拟合推估模型的基础上,指出半参数模型可以包括拟合推估模型.在信号是随机量且其协方差矩阵已知时,通过选择合适的正则化参数,利用半参数模型可以改进拟合推估的结果.通过一个坐标变换的算例,比较这种情况下半参数模型和拟合推估模型的效果.     

非线性静态滤波与推估

滤波与推估是把参数作为正态随机量,观测方程常常是非线性的.线性静态滤波与推估方法通常是将非线性方程按泰勒级数展开,取至一次项,将非线性方程转换为线性方程,然后按极大验后估计等统计方法求出参数的验后估值及其方差.从极大验后滤波与推估的基本公式出发,推导非线性观测方程按泰勒级数展开时取至二次项和交叉项的非线性静态滤波与推估公式,并证明线性静态滤波与推估公式是非线性滤波公式的一个特例.     

抗差自适应拟合推估技术在似大地水准面拟合中的应用

拟合推估法用于似大地水准面拟合时会遇到观测噪声和信号之间权比的不协调,导致观测权阵和信号向量的权矩阵比例不合理,将直接影响固定效应参数和随机信号参数的估值。当观测值含有粗差时,会使结果严重扭曲。基于此,文中将抗差Helmert方差分量估计用于似大地水准面拟合中,可自适应调整观测噪声与信号之间的权比,同时又可抵御粗差的影响。采用某山区的实测数据进行试算,外符合检验结果表明:采用自适应拟合推估法构建的似大地水准面外符合精度较正常拟合推估方法提高1cm多,且解较稳定。同时,抗差自适应拟合推估不仅有效抵御粗差的影响,而且可以调整二者权比,结果更加合理。     

论多面函数推估与协方差推估

简述多面函数推估法与协方差推估法的原理，列举了2个应用例子，对2种推估方法作了分析比较，推估结果相近，可认为多面核函数也是一种协方差函数，2种方法推估结果应该相近。建议在已测点和未测点信号的协方差阵未知情况下，为了计算简便，可使用多面函数推估。多面函数推估法应有更多使用范围。     

P20 一般性问题

CH20022751 拟合推估新解之一——两步解法/周江文(中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所)∥测绘学报.—2002,31(3).—189～191 拟合推估的一般模式,通常用双拟合法则(2)求解,它有一定的缺陷。提出一种解法,分为2步:(1)将Y项并入△,在单拟合下求X的优估值X;(2)把X项纳入L,Y作确定未知量,也在单拟合下求其估值Y。参4 CH20022752 拟合推估两步极小解法/杨元喜,刘念∥测绘学报.—2002,31(3).—192～195 在回顾了最小二乘拟合推估的“综合极小”解法(正常拟合推估)后,分析了正常拟合推估存在的问题。考虑到随机场信号不一定完全表现为随机性,其中可能含有趋势     

一、P20 一般性问题

CH20081939基于方差分量估计的拟合推估及其在GIS误差纠正的应用=Variance Component Estimation Based Collocation and Its Application in GIS Error Fitting/杨元喜,张菊清,张亮(西安测绘研究所)//测绘学报.-2008,37(2).-152～157拟合推估解算必须首先求得信号向量的方差协方差矩阵,该协方差矩阵一般通过选定的协方差函数,并通过已测点数据进行拟合得到。显然观测噪声的先验方差协方差阵与拟合得到的随机信号的方差协方差矩阵必须相互协调,即观测噪声向量和信号向量的权矩阵所对应的方差因子应该一致,否则将对固定效应和随机效应参数的估计带来系统性的影响。应用方差分量估计来协调拟合推估模型中观测噪声和信号向量的随机模型,并分别从极大似然估计、MINQUE估计、赫尔默特方差分量估计三方面构建了拟合推估模型的方差分量解,最后利用新提出的理论与方法,对一幅实际的扫描地形图进行误差纠正,结果表明基于方差分量估计的拟合推估法能够提高扫描地形图的精度。图2表1参22     

XAS80到CGCS2000坐标转换的自适应拟合推估算法

借鉴自适应滤波思想,将相似变换作为坐标变换函数模型的趋势项,把模型变换后的残差看成随机场,通过自适应因子调整信号向量与观测向量的先验权比,尝试通过自适应拟合推估法进行坐标变换,并将其应用于1980西安坐标系(XAS80)到2000国家大地坐标系(CGCS2000)的坐标变换。计算结果表明,自适应拟合推估法的坐标变换结果精度明显优于相似变换结果和拟合推估变换结果。     

拟合推估两步极小解法

在回顾了最小二乘拟合推估的“综合极小”解法（正常拟合推估）后，分析了正常拟合推估存在的问题。考虑到随机场信号不一定完全表现为随机性，其中可能含有趋势性，顾而提出了拟合推估的“两步极小”解法，即将随机场分成趋势性部分和随机性部分，对趋势性部分采用函数拟合，对随机性部分采用协方差函数拟合。给出了“分两步极小”拟合推估的2种解法。计算表明，两步极小解法能部分地改善拟合推估的精度。     

基于方差分量估计的拟合推估及其在GIS误差纠正的应用

拟合推估解算必须首先求得信号向量的方差协方差矩阵,该协方差矩阵一般通过选定的协方差函数,并通过已测点数据进行拟合得到。显然观测噪声的先验方差协方差阵与拟合得到的随机信号的方差协方差矩阵必须相互协调,即观测噪声向量和信号向量的权矩阵所对应的方差因子应该一致,否则将对固定效应和随机效应参数的估计带来系统性的影响。应用方差分量估计来协调拟合推估模型中观测噪声和信号向量的随机模型,并分别从极大似然估计、MINQUE估计、赫尔默特方差分量估计三方面构建了拟合推估模型的方差分量解,最后利用新提出的理论与方法,对一幅实际的扫描地形图进行误差纠正,结果表明基于方差分量估计的拟合推估法能够提高扫描地形图的精度。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。