伊朗巴姆6.5级地震同震形变场的获取与解译

介绍了雷达差分干涉测量的原理,利用星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术和ENVISAT ASAR雷达数据,成功获取了2003年12月26日发生在伊朗巴姆的6.5级地震引起的同震形变场,通过生成地表形变的剖面图及等值线图,对形变场进行了深入的解译与分析,同时根据相干图确定了地震造成破坏最严重区域的位置、分布及面积.     

利用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术监测伊朗Bam地震同震形变场

介绍了差分干涉测量的原理、差分干涉数据对的选取方法,以及三轨法差分干涉测量数据处理的流程.利用星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉(D-InSAR)测量技术和ENVISAT ASAR雷达数据对2003年12月26日伊朗Bam 6.5级地震引起的地表形变场进行了测量试验,成功地获取了Bam地震的蝴蝶状的同震形变场生成了地表形变的等值线图,并且根据相干图确定了地震造成破坏最严重的区域的位置、分布及面积.试验证明D-InSAR技术是地表形变测量和地震研究的一个强大和有效的工具.     

巴姆地震地表形变的差分雷达干涉测量

利用星载合成孔径差分雷达干涉技术和ENVISAT卫星雷达数据, 获得了2003年12月26日伊朗巴姆的里氏6.5级地震引起的同震地表形变场,并详细地介绍了信号处理的过程. 利用地震前后的相干图的差异及形变场的突变棱线, 精确确定了地面上断层裂缝的位置、形状和长度. 这对震源理论模型的参数估计提供了依据. 由雷达干涉技术测量得到的形变场与理论模型模拟的结果一致.      

融合升降轨SAR干涉相位和幅度信息揭示地表三维形变场的研究

针对InSAR技术只能监测地表在雷达视线方向上的形变的缺点, 详细介绍了融合升降轨SAR干涉相位和幅度信息监测地表三维形变的具体方法. 该方法主要分为3个步骤: (1) 利用升降轨SAR干涉相位监测地表在2个不同雷达视线方向上的形变; (2) 利用升降轨SAR幅度信息获取地表在2个不同方位向上的形变; (3) 采用最小二乘准则和Helmert方差分量估计融合上述4个不同方向的形变, 从而估计地表三维形变场. 以2003年伊朗Bam地震为例, 应用该方法成功地揭示了该地震引起的地表三维形变场, 结果显示Bam地区北部出现了明显地表下沉和沿近西南方向的水平运动, 而南部则出现地表隆起和沿近东南方向的水平运动. 上下、南北和东西3个方向上的地表形变场都很好地吻合了地震断层所在的位置, 最大形变量分别达22, 40和30 cm. 最后, 将此三维形变场与利用Okada模型模拟的三维形变场进行了比较, 证明了该方法能够得到可靠且精度较高的地表三维形变场.     

基于多视线向D-InSAR技术的三维同震形变场解算方法研究及应用

差分合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar,D-InSAR)是地震形变监测的一种重要方法,但是其存在视线向(line of sight,LOS)模糊的问题,即D-InSAR测量的形变场并不是地表真实的垂直向、东西向、南北向形变场,而是地表     

2003年12月26日伊朗巴姆地震

2003年12月26日伊朗巴姆发生Mw6．5地震，这次地震造成30000余人死亡。依据USGS及相关网站的有关资料，介绍了2003年全球因地震死亡的人数，伊朗巴姆市概况。叙述了伊朗巴姆地震的有关参数，余震及其分布，巴姆地区的历史地震活动，地震灾害、地震烈度与地震构造等。     

激光实时干涉计量技术和雷达差分干涉技术测量形变的对比研究及其意义

分别叙述了激光干涉技术和雷达差分干涉技术的原理及应用. 采用激光实时干涉计量技术实验室观测试样在加压过程中的形变,研究不同破裂孕育区所表现的不同应变异常场特征. 采用雷达差分干涉技术可以测量地形及地表形变,并且有西藏玛尼、张北——尚义等地震前后的形变测量结果. 指出激光实时干涉计量技术与雷达差分干涉技术相似,都是以条纹变化图研究形变异常场特征. 因此, 对雷达差分干涉技术测量的孕震过程中的形变场,特别是临近大震发生前的形变场特征进行观测和以激光干涉技术进行实验及对比研究均将很有意义.      

InSAR相位分解及其在生成DEM和研究地震形变场中的应用

InSAR是极具发展潜力的微波遥感新技术,可应用于数字高程模型的产生、制图和大范围微小地表形变的测量。考虑参考面、地形和地表形变等因素,本文从几何角度分析和讨论了In-SAR的相位分解,并给出了各相位分量的函数表达式,阐述了地表高程和形变信息提取的基本原理。最后以JERS和ENVISAT卫星数据为例,展示了合成孔径雷达干涉测量在生成数字高程模型和提取地震形变场中的应用及其数据处理过程。     

孕震过程中几个典型形变场的实验研究

采用激光实时干涉计量技术,观测刻有不同“构造”的试样在加压过程中的形变,研究不同破裂孕育区所表现的不同应变异常场特征。其实验结果与大同6．1级地震前后的应变场分布和运用雷达差分干涉技术测量的西藏玛尼地震、张北-尚义地震后的形变结果对比发现：（1）在一个大地震前后,孕震区出现特征形变场并可以由实验验证;（2）激光实时干涉计量技术与雷达差分干涉技术相似,激光全息技术可以在各种模拟条件下研究多种形式的形变异常场特征。建议用雷达差分干涉技术测量和研究孕震过程中的形变场特别是临近大震发生前的形变场特征,并进行相应的实验和观测研究。     

InSAR干涉形变场远程模拟系统实现与地震地表形变场模拟算例分析

利用InSAR(Interferometric SAR)干涉测量技术可以获得地表形变场(视线向, LOS), 将其与弹性半空间中一定断层模型模拟计算出的地表形变场进行正演分析, 以便获取发震断层的几何学和运动学参数, 是一种典型的前向模拟模式。 该计算模式由于模拟计算程序调试、 安装过程的复杂性, 使得在每台微机上安装此类程序不仅费时费力, 且浪费大量的计算资源。 文中首先介绍了实现InSAR干涉形变场模拟模型由单机推广到Internet/Intranet上进行远程计算最终建立“InSAR干涉形变场远程模拟系统”的过程, 并基于此系统平台对1997年玛尼M_S7.9地震的InSAR地表形变场进行了模拟试算、分析等。     

基于GIS的当雄同震InSAR形变场分析

InSAR技术对同震形变的量测达到了厘米级的精度,但在数据后处理和结果分析方面仍然存在明显的不足。采用可对空间信息进行存储、管理及分析等功能的GIS,对InSAR数据获取的2008年10月6日16时30分西藏自治区当雄县MW6.3地震的同震形变场进行分析。结果表明:(1)GIS可对多源数据进行有效管理;(2)可以确定当雄地震的震中位置;(3)可获取沉降区的最大形变量;(4)可确定主要的形变区间;(5)可将形变结果进行三维展示。GIS可有效地弥补InSAR数据后处理、数据分析及成果展示方面的不足。     

Bam earthquake: Surface deformation measurement using radar interferometry

1 Basic principle of SAR and SAR-interferometry Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is one kind of microwave side-looking imaging radar (Cur- lander and McDonough, 1991). In order to obtain an image for a large area, the carriers are many for the aerospace vehicle, like airplane, aerospace craft and satellite. As a result of its operational character, all-weather and high resolution, in the recent 20 years, SAR has obtained quicker de- velopment compared with an optical pickoff. Its applicati…     

九寨沟M_s7.0地震的InSAR观测及发震构造分析

2017年8月8日四川省九寨沟县发生M_s7.0地震.本文基于Sentinel-1 SAR影像,利用InSAR技术获取了此次地震的同震形变场,反演获得同震滑动分布,计算了同震位错对余震分布和周边断层的静态库仑应力变化,并对发震构造进行了分析讨论.结果表明:①InSAR同震形变场显示,九寨沟地震造成地表形变最大量级约为20 cm(雷达视线方向),同震形变存在非对称性分布特征.②同震位错以左旋走滑为主,主要发生在4~16 km深度,最大滑动量约为77 cm,位于9 km深处.反演得到的矩震级为Mw6.46.同震错动未破裂到地表.③大部分余震发生在库仑应力增加区.此次地震增加了震中周边地区一些断裂的库仑应力,如东昆仑断裂带东段、龙日坝断裂、虎牙断裂等.④东昆仑断裂东段的未来地震危险性值得关注.⑤九寨沟地震的发震断层为树正断裂,可能是虎牙断裂的北西延伸隐伏部分,此次地震是巴颜喀拉块体南东向运动受到华南块体的强烈阻挡过程中发生的一次典型构造事件.     

THE DEFORMATION OF THE 2008 ZHONGBA EARTHQUAKES AND THE TECTONIC MOVEMENT REVEALED

On August 25, 2008, an M_W6.7 earthquake struck Zhongba County, central Lhasa block. Subsequently, an aftershock of M_W6.0 occurred on September 25. The rupture caused by this earthquake is rather complicated. There are some differences in focal positions and fault parameters given by different institutions. In addition, a deeper understanding of the tectonic significance of this earthquake is also needed. Firstly, we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar data collected by the environmental satellite(ENVISAT)of European Space Agency and the advanced land observing satellite(ALOS)of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency to obtain eight coseismic deformation fields covering the whole epicenter region based on InSAR technology. Because the terrain in the earthquake area fluctuates greatly and there are many objects with low coherence(eg. lake), we choose 30-resolution SRTM DEM data as reference DEM, the more robust Goldstein as filtering method, and Delaunay Minimum Cost Flow as phase unwrapping method. The interferograms show that the surface deformation caused by this earthquake is about 50km long and is divided into two lobes, north and south. The shape of the deformation in the north is similar to that of Palung Co Lake, and the maximum signal is hidden by the lake. The deformation in the south has two centers, located at two ridges respectively. The aftershock also caused two minor deformations at the east and north of Palung Co Lake. Secondly, we use uniform sampling method to downsample 8 interferograms, and set the sampling interval of near-field data to be much smaller than that of far-field region, to ensure the observation data characteristic and sampling density of the main deformation region. In order to better invert the rupture slip distribution of the main shock, we subtract the influence of aftershock deformation. Finally, 6 data sets for the main shock deformation are obtained. Smoothness of sliding distribution is applied to restrict the sliding amount of adjacent fault slices. The best-fit solution shows that at least two ruptures in the south and north are caused by the earthquake, mainly of normal dip-slip and partial sinistral strike-slip by Okada uniform elastic half-space dislocation model and SDM method. The northern rupture is related to the Palung Co Fault with NE strike, with the maximum deformation of -13.0cm and the maximum slip of 0.52m in the depth of~12km, and the southern rupture deformation is obviously strongly related to topography, with the maximum deformation of -38.7cm and the maximum slip of 1.15m in the depth of~14km. The maximum slip is located at(30.81°N, 83.45°E), between the positions determined by GCMT and NEIC. The results also show that normal fault earthquakes may play an important role in the uplift of Tibet Plateau. Thirdly, we use 15 images obtained between 2008 and 2010 from ENVISAT to obtain the post-earthquake time series deformation to further understand the tectonic background of the earthquake using SBAS-InSAR technology. 54 pairs of good interferences are screened out for processing, of which 30 pairs were unwrapped by Delaunay MCF method. The velocity accuracy threshold is set to 2mm/a to ensure reliable estimation of deformation velocity value. After two step SBAS inversions, the time series of deformation after the earthquake is obtained, thereby revealing that the post-earthquake deformation is not obvious on both sides of the fault but in the denudation and deposition area. This shows that no obvious common phenomena such as afterslip or creep are found after the earthquake. From the three cumulative deformation profiles, it can be seen that the regional deformation is mainly denudation and subsidence related to topography and geomorphology, and the deformations of adjacent subsidence and uplift regions are basically the same. The result shows that the graben structure in Lhasa block is mainly vertical deformation caused by terrain difference. In order to explain this result, we processed GPS data from 1991 to 2015 and obtained the principal strain rate in the western region of Lhasa block. The result shows that the east-west extension in Lhasa block is obvious but uneven. The strain is mainly stretching or squeezing perpendicular to deep and large faults, and the strain decreases near the grabens. The tensile strain near the Palung Co fault graben is~2.4×10⁸/a. This also shows that estimates of the tectonic activity based on geomorphology may be underestimated on some normal faults that have not been mapped or have no clear large-scale surface expression in the Tibet Plateau. This study combines multi-orbit InSAR data to constrain the focal mechanism solution of the Zhongba earthquake, proving that abundant interferometric results can complement each other, which is helpful to analyze the deformation distribution caused by the earthquake more clearly and completely, especially in the absence of surface rupture.     

Strong ground motion simulation of the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake using the empirical Green’s function method

The 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake caused catastrophic damage to the city of Bam and neighboring villages. Given its magnitude (M _w ) of 6.5, the damage was remarkably large. Large-amplitude ground motions were recorded at the Bam accelerograph station in the center of Bam city by the Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC) of Iran. We simulated the Bam earthquake acceleration records at three BHRC strong-motion stations—Bam, Abaraq, and Mohammad-Abad—by the empirical Green’s function method. Three aftershocks were used as empirical Green’s functions. The frequency range of the empirical Green’s function simulations was 0.5–10 Hz. The size of the strong motion generation area of the mainshock was estimated to be 11 km in length by 7 km in width. To estimate the parameters of the strong motion generation area, we used 1D and 2D velocity structures across the fault and a combined source model. The empirical Green’s function method using a combination of aftershocks produced a source model that reproduced ground motions with the best fit to the observed waveforms. This may be attributed to the existence of two distinct rupture mechanisms in the strong motion generation area. We found that the rupture starting point for which the simulated waveforms best fit the observed ones was near the center of the strong motion generation area, which reproduced near-source ground motions in a broadband frequency range. The estimated strong motion generation area could explain the observed damaging ground motion at the Bam station. This suggests that estimating the source characteristics of the Bam earthquake is very important in understanding the causes of the earthquake damage.     

联合GNSS和InSAR观测位移反演2008年汶川大地震断层位错模型参数

利用现代空间大地测量技术,尤其是卫星合成孔径雷达干涉测量,能够获取高精度、高空间分辨率的同震和孕震形变,为地震断层形变和破裂机制研究提供了前所未有的机遇。本文介绍了利用大地测量观测数据反演地震断层位错模型参数的贝叶斯反演方法。联合运用2008汶川大地震前后GNSS和InSAR技术观测获得的同震位移,反演了地震断层的几何参数和滑动位错分布。研究结果表明,汶川地震的断层滑动主要集中在倾角较陡的浅部,同时包含逆冲和右旋走滑,其中最大逆冲6.1m,最大右旋6.5m。根据断层滑动分布正演计算得到的上盘同震位移明显小于下盘,预示该断层两侧孕震形变可能存在较大的不对称性。     

On stress-forecasting strategy of earthquakes from stress buildup,stress shadow and stress transfer (SSS) based on numerical approach

Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), used for monitoring crust deformation, are found to be very promising in earthquake prediction subject to stress-forecasting. However, it is recognized that unless we can give reasonable explanations of these curious precursory phenomena that continue to be serendipitously observed from time to time, such high technology of GPS or InSAR is difficult to be efficiently used. Therefore, a proper model revealing the relation between earthquake evolution and stress variation, such as the phenomena of stress buildup, stress shadow and stress transfer (SSS), is crucial to the GPS or InSAR based earthquake prediction. Here we address this question through a numerical approach of earthquake development using an intuitive physical model with a map-like configuration of discontinuous fault system. The simulation provides a physical basis for the principle of stress-forecasting of earthquakes based on SSS and for the application of GPS or InSAR in earthquake prediction. The observed SSS associated phenomena with images of stress distribution during the failure process can be continuously simulated. It is shown that the SSS are better indicators of earthquake precursors than that of seismic foreshocks, suggesting a predictability of earthquakes based on stress-forecasting strategy.     

尼泊尔M_W7.8地震InSAR同震形变场及断层滑动分布

采用DInSAR技术和欧空局2014年新发射的Sentinel-1A/IW数据,获取了2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_W7.8地震的InSAR同震形变场.所用InSAR数据扫描范围东西长约500 km,南北宽约250 km,覆盖了整个变形区域,揭示了形变场的全貌及其空间连续变化形态.此次地震造成的地表形变场总体呈现为中部宽两端窄的纺锤形,从震中向东偏南约20°方向延伸,主要形变区东西长约160 km,南北宽约110 km,由规模较大的南部隆升区和规模较小的北部沉降区组成,南部最大LOS向隆升量达1.1 m,北部最大LOS向沉降量约在0.55 m.在隆升和沉降区之间干涉纹图连续变化,没有出现由于形变梯度过大或地表破裂而导致的失相干现象,表明地震断层未破裂到地表.基于InSAR形变场和部分GPS观测数据,利用弹性半空间低倾角单一断层面模型进行了滑动分布单独反演和联合反演,三种反演结果均显示出一个明显的位于主震震中以东的滑动分布集中区,向外围衰减很快,主要滑动发生于地下7~23 km的深度范围内.InSAR单独反演的破裂范围,特别是东西向破裂长度大于GPS单独反演的破裂长度,而InSAR单独反演的最大滑动量则低于GPS单独反演的滑动量.因此认为联合反演结果更为可靠.联合反演的破裂面长约150 km,沿断层倾向宽约70 km,最大滑移量达到4.39 m,矩震级为M_W7.84,与之前用地震波数据和GPS数据反演的结果一致.     

根据2001年Mw 78可可西里强震InSAR同震测量结果反演东昆仑断裂两侧地壳弹性介质差异

利用2001年 Mw 78 可可西里强震InSAR同震测量结果，反演了青藏高原北部东昆仑断裂两侧地壳弹性介质差异.InSAR测量结果显示断层南侧的同震位移比北侧的大20％～30%.根据人工地震反射剖面建立岩石圈模型，以断层两侧杨氏模量差异和震源破裂深度为反演变量，通过有限元方法模拟实测得到的同震位移剖面.反演得到最佳断层破裂深度为20～22km，断层南侧杨氏模量相对北侧比值为81%～92%.结果表明，断层两侧弹性介质性质存在明显差异，由于构造运动作用，断层南部地壳不及北部地壳坚硬.前人利用地震层析成像和大地电磁测深等手段推断青藏高原内昆仑山断裂以南可可西里－羌塘地块地壳内广泛发育低速高导层，我们通过形变场力学分析得到与此相一致的结果.