山东地区冰雹云的闪电活动特征

利用山东电力部门提供的雷电定位资料,对10次冰雹过程的地闪活动特征进行了分析。通过分析发现,雹暴中正地闪占总地闪的比例平均为57.39％,远高于当地正地闪比例的气候特征值13.48％。地面降雹区基本出现在正地闪密集（活跃）区或邻近区域。在雹云快速发展阶段,地闪频数存在明显的“跃增”;在减弱消散阶段,地闪频数显著减少,但正地闪比例有所提高。负地闪频数峰值的出现通常提前于降雹0～20 min,正地闪频数峰值的出现一般滞后于降雹发生时间。整个降雹阶段对应于正地闪的活跃阶段。另外,结合对卫星观测的总闪电资料分析,发现冰雹云的云闪与地闪的比值远高于一般的雷雨过程,其云闪密度也远高于雷雨过程。以上这些特征对于冰雹的识别和对冰雹的超短时预报具有指示意义。     

北京一次大雹天气过程的闪电活动特征分析

由于受闪电监测系统限制,已有研究多局限于强对流天气的地闪(cloud-to-ground lightning,CG)活动特征。本文利用VLF/LF三维闪电监测定位资料,结合雷达观测等资料对北京地区一次典型大雹天气过程的全闪活动特征进行了分析。结果表明:降雹发生前,闪电活动主要分布在对流系统的后部,闪电数较少,且以负地闪活动为主;降雹期间,闪电频数显著增加,云闪(intracloud lightning,IC)及正地闪活动明显加强,该阶段闪电活动主要集中在对流系统强回波中心及其前部雷达反射率因子梯度较大的区域;降雹结束之后,强回波中心基本移出北京,北京范围内的闪电频数明显减少。正闪比例在降雹发生前逐渐增大,在降雹期间稳定维持在较大值,降雹结束后迅速减小;云闪比(云闪频数/总闪频数)表现为降雹发生前和降雹结束后逐渐增大趋势,在降雹期间基本维持稳定少变。闪电的电流强度主要集中在5—50 kA之间,20 kA以下的低雷电流强度的云闪和地闪多发生在降雹期间及降雹结束后,而20 kA以上的高雷电流强度的云闪和地闪在降雹发生前占有很大比例,小于5 kA的云闪在大雹发生期间所占比例明显高于地闪。降雹发生前及降雹结束后云闪发生高度在2-6 km,降雹期间有所抬升,约为2-8km。闪电频数峰值超前于降水峰值5-20 min。     

The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China

The characteristics of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning for ten hailstorms in Shandong Province of China were analyzed statistically. It is found that the hailstorms in this study present dominant positive CG flashes during periods of falling hail. One specific hailstorm on 16 June 2006 was studied in detail using the data from a CG lightning location network, Doppler radar and cloud images. Comparison between the brightness temperature of cloud-top and CG flash locations indicated that most flashes occurred in the region with temperatures lower than − 40 °C, while dense positive CG flashes occurred in the range between − 40 °C and − 50 °C. Negative CG flashes occurred mostly in the relative weak radar echo region, and positive CG flashes were distributed in the strong echo region especially with a large gradient of echo intensity. CG flashes tended to occur in the cloud region with reflectivity between 25 dBZ and 35 dBZ. Comparison between the wind field retrieved from Doppler radar and the location of CG flashes indicated that the flashes were located in the convergent region at lower to middle levels.     

暴雨和雹暴个例中闪电特征对比

暴雨与雹暴过程中对应的闪电活动特征显著不同,为了对比这两类对流过程中的闪电活动特征差异,该文选取了两种比较有代表性的雷暴个例——暴雨过程和雹暴过程,利用全闪（包括云闪与地闪）定位数据,分析了两者闪电活动特征以及闪电活动与对流降水之间的关系。研究发现:暴雨过程中地闪频次和正地闪比例均低于雹暴过程;相对于暴雨过程,雹暴过程的主正电荷区放电高度更高,主正电荷区所处的温度偏低;暴雨过程中,总闪频次与对流降水量、总闪频次与对流降水强度的相关性均优于雹暴过程。总体而言,雹暴过程中闪电活动特征及其与降水的关系更为复杂,这可能与雹暴过程具有更为复杂的动力和冰相过程有关。     

A Case Study of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms under Cold Eddy Synoptic Situation

There were three hailstorms in Shandong Province,caused by a same northeast cold eddy situation on 1 June 2002.Cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes occurring in the weather event were observed by Shandong Lightning Detection Network (SLDN),which consists of 10 sensors covering all over Shandong Province.The temporal and spatial distributions of CG lightning are investigated for the three hailstorms by using the data from SLDN,Doppler radar and satellite.The results show that different thunderstorms present different lightning features even if under the same synoptic situation.The percentage of positive CG lightning is very high during the period of hail falling.CG flashes mainly occurred in the region with a cloud top brightness temperature lower than -50°C.Negative CG flashes usually clustered in the lower temperature region and tended to occur in the region with maximum temperature gradient,while the positive ones usually spread discretely.Negative CG flashes usually occurred in intense echo regions with reflectivity greater than 50 dBz,while the positive CG flashes often occurred in weak and stable echo regions (10-30 dBz) or cloud anvils,although they can be observed in strong convective regions sometimes.Almost all hail falling took place in the stage with active positive flashes,and the peak positive flash rate is a little prior to the hail events.The thunderstorm could lead to disastrous weather when positive CG lightning activities occur in cluster.Severe thunderstorms sometimes present a low flash rate at its vigorous stage,which is probably caused by the"mechanism of chargeregion lift"through investigating the reflectivity evolution.Combined with the total lightning (intracloud and CG) data obtained by LIS onboard TRMM,the phenomenon of high ratio of intracloud flash to CG flash in severe hailstorm has been discussed.The competition of the same charge sources between different lightning types can also be helpful for explaining the cause of low CG lightning activities in severe storms.     

四川盆地地闪与对流性降水和雷达回波的关系

利用ADTD型闪电观测资料、SWAN拼图资料及成都CINRAD/SC多普勒天气雷达数据,对2009—2011年12次区域性大暴雨过程中的100个地闪、强降水个例和雷达回波的特征及时间关系进行了统计分析。结果表明:负地闪频数和降水强度随时间的变化较一致,有单峰、多峰的特征;负地闪频数越高,出现强降水的可能性越大;持续性强降水开始之前6~30min,83%的事件伴随有负地闪频数突增并持续性增长的现象,56%的事件有负地闪频数峰值出现,地闪频数突增对持续性强降水的开始有较好的指示意义;负地闪频数峰值出现之后的6~30min,67%的事件有出现降水量峰值,负地闪频数峰值的出现可预示雨强峰值的迅速到来;此外,在强回波移动方向的前方常伴有弱的负地闪活动,负地闪活动主要集中在35dBZ以上的强回波区,且移向与强回波的移动方向较一致。     

江西不同类型强对流天气的地闪统计特征及与雷达回波特征对比分析

选取2004—2014年江西省11个ADTD雷电探测定位组网系统所得云地闪探测数据、省内多普勒雷达、探空和自动站资料,并结合重要天气报,将此11年的强对流天气分成短时强降水、有短时强降水伴随的雷雹大风和冰雹(以下简称风雹)和无短时强降水伴随的风雹这三种主要类型,分析它们发生前后的地闪活动特征及其与雷达回波的关系,结果发现,(1)江西省短时强降水、雷暴大风和冰雹分别主要发生在5—8、7—8月和3月;仅发生短时强降水时的站次远多于发生风雹天气时;除早春和盛夏无短时强降水伴随的雷暴大风发生站次较多外,风雹天气常与短时强降水相伴发生。(2)仅有短时强降水天气发生时,其站点地理位置越偏北、小时雨量越大,对应的地闪活动就越剧烈。不同小时雨量对应的地闪数存在较明显的季节性差异,表现为3、4月地闪数以小时雨量为50~55mm时最多;5—7月地闪数随着小时雨量增大总体呈增多趋势,尤以小时雨量为55~60mm时最多;8—9月则以小时雨量为40~45mm时最多。(3)就无短时强降水伴随的风雹天气而言,在3—5月雷暴大风和冰雹发生前30min内的地闪数差异不大,但平均电流强度后者大于前者;在6—9月雷暴大风发生前30min内的地闪数则为冰雹发生前的2~4倍,平均电流强度前者大于后者;该类风雹发生前的地闪数多于仅有短时强降水发生前,正地闪的平均电流强度前者也略强。(4)有短时强降水伴随的风雹发生前的平均正地闪数以8月为最多,而负地闪数则在6月最多;冰雹发生前1h内的地闪数随季节变化不大,而雷暴大风发生前的地闪数存在季节差异,夏季多于春季;另外冰雹的地闪数与冰雹直径存在较好的正相关性。(5)3—8月,有短时强降水伴随的风雹地闪数远多于无短时强降水伴随时;其平均电流强度前者大于后者;该类风雹天气发生前,地闪平均电流强度随季节呈先增大后减小的趋势,而无短时强降水伴随的风雹天气则无此特点。(6)强对流天气发生前,较强回波出现前的负地闪活动远比正地闪活跃,但其电流强度弱于正地闪;45dBz以上回波伸展高度越高,伴随的地闪数也越多,但其平均电流强度变化不明显。     

Evolution of the Total Lightning Activity in a Leading-Line and Trailing Stratiform Mesoscale Convective System over Beijing

Data from the Beijing SAFIR 3000 lightning detection system and Doppler radar provided some insights into the three-dimensional lightning structure and evolution of a leading-line and trailing-stratiform (LLTS) mesoscale convective system (MCS) over Beijing on 31 July 2007. Most of the lightning in the LLTS-MCS was intracloud (IC) lightning, while the mean ratio of positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning to -CG lightning was 1:4, which was higher than the average value from previous studies. The majority of CG lightning occurred in the convective region of the radar echo, particularly at the leading edge of the front. Little IC lightning and little +CG lightning occurred in the stratiform region. The distribution of the CG lightning indicated that the storm had a tilted dipole structure given the wind shear or the tripole charge structure. During the storm’s development, most of the IC lightning occurred at an altitude of ～9.5 km; the lightning rate reached its maximum at 10.5 km, the altitude of IC lightning in the mature stage of the storm. When the thunderstorm began to dissipate, the altitude of the IC lightning decreased gradually. The spatial distribution of lightning was well correlated with the rainfall on the ground, although the peak value of rainfall appeared 75 min later than the peak lightning rate.     

兰州周边地闪分布特征

利用2000年和2002年设在兰州的闪电定位仪资料,分析了兰州周边地区地闪的日频次变化、强度谱分布和累计百分数、日均月变化、闪电密度、极性等特征,并与山东地区的分布做了比较。结果表明,兰州周边地区的云—地闪电中负闪占绝大多数,正闪的平均强度大于负闪,正负闪的比值在午后至次日凌晨大于其均值;总地闪和负闪的日变化呈典型的双峰变化,正闪的双峰特征不明显;兰州西南偏南的渭源和陇西县是闪电频发的中心地带,闪电空间分布中心与冰雹发生源地和影响区对应一致;闪电多发区与地形和气候背景有很大关系。     

Characteristics of the two active stages of lightning activity in two hailstorms

Two hailstorms that occurred in Beijing and Tianjin, respectively, are investigated, based mainly on the total lightning data observed by the System d’Alerte Fondre par Interferometric Radioelecctrique (SAFIR3000), the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data of a CG lightning location system, and the echo data of a Doppler radar. Both hailstorms exhibited two lightning frequency peaks: the first was before the hailfall and the second was after the hailfall, with the second peak greater than the first. The dominant polarity of the CG lightning was positive in the stage around the first frequency peak, but changed to negative in the stage around the second frequency peak. The evolution of radar echoes and the height distribution of lightning radiation sources are explored, revealing that both hailstorms had stronger convection and the main positive charge occurred at mid levels during the stage around the first frequency peak. However, whilst the Beijing hailstorm experienced the enhancement of convection, with the main positive charge at upper levels around the second frequency peak, the Tianjin hailstorm generated its second frequency peak during the period when the convection kept weakening and the main positive charge dropped to mid–lower levels. Through evaluation of the radar parameters, we investigate the mechanisms responsible for the second stage of active lightning discharge. Furthermore, the lightning activity exhibited a close relationship with radar echo parameters and hailfall. Lightning jump signals were found before the hailfall and were associated with the change ratio of the 40-dBZ echo volume above the ?15°C level, which demonstrates the application value of lightning data in severe weather warning.     

一次特大暴雨过程三维和二维系统闪电特征对比分析

利用三维(ADTD-2C)和二维(ADTD)闪电定位系统资料, 对比分析了湖北省一次特大暴雨过程中两套系统闪电活动特征, 得出以下结论: (1)本次过程中地闪多于云闪, 二者均以负极性为主。(2)三维系统正地闪在地闪中的占比低于正云闪在云闪中的占比, 高于二维系统正地闪在地闪中的占比。(3)三维系统雷电流幅值集中分布在0~30 kA, 较二维系统(10~50 kA)更集中, 三维系统的雷电流累积概率较湖北省多年统计结果明显偏小, 二维系统的雷电流累积概率略高于统计值。(4)两套系统总地闪和负地闪活跃时段基本一致。(5)两套闪电定位系统地闪密集区基本一致, 且和云闪密集区基本重合, 闪电分布集中程度高, 主要分布在槽前正涡度平流区。三维系统地闪密度大于二维系统, 最大值分别为5.78 fl/(km2·d)和2.39 fl/(km2·d)。三维系统中正、负闪电交错分布, 二维系统中正、负地闪局部存在空间分离现象。(6)云闪密度大小与二维地闪相当、水平分布特征与三维地闪一致。垂直方向上, 云闪主要发生在10 km以下, 其中2~4 km云闪分布密集, 占总云闪的47.24%。      

Study of the total lightning activity in a hailstorm

A thunderstorm that developed over northeastern Spain on 16 June 2006 is analyzed. This severe thunderstorm produced hailstones as large as 40 mm and had a lifetime of 3 h and 30 min. Radar cross-sections show strong vertical development with cloud echo tops reaching an altitude of 13 km. The specific characteristics of the lightning activity of this storm were: (i) a large amount (81%) of negative cloud-to-ground (−CG) flashes with very low peak currents (< 10 kA in absolute value), (ii) a very large proportion of intra-cloud (IC) flashes with an IC/CG ratio reaching about 400, (iii) a large number of “short” IC flashes (with only 1-VHF source according to SAFIR detection), (iv) a large increase of the −CG flash rate and of the CG proportion near the end of the storm. The rate of −CG flashes with a low peak current were observed to evolve similarly to the rates of IC flashes. Most of them have been assumed to be IC flashes misclassified by the Spanish Lightning Detection Network (SLDN). They have been filtered as it is usually done for misclassified +CG flashes. After this filtering, CG flash rates remained very low (< 1 min^− 1) with +CG flashes sometimes dominant. All the particular lightning activity characteristics similar to those observed in the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) campaigns support the hypothesis that this thunderstorm could have had an inverted-polarity or complex charge structure. The maximum IC flash rate (67 min^− 1) peaked 24 min before the presence of reflectivity higher than 60 dBZ. The IC activity abruptly decreased during the period when reflectivity was dramatically increasing. The time of maximum reflectivity observed by radar was consistent with the times of reported hail at the ground.     

雷暴闪电活动特征研究进展

从一般雷暴、灾害性雷暴和台风的闪电活动特征以及雷暴闪电尺度特征四个方面对相关研究进行梳理。一般雷暴通常具有正常极性电荷结构,云/地闪比例在3左右(中纬度地区),地闪中正地闪占比为10%左右,负地闪位置往往更集中于对流区。灾害性雷暴倾向具有活跃的云闪,低比例的地闪,易出现反极性电荷结构,正地闪比例偏高。闪电活动与灾害性天气现象之间存在关联性,部分雹暴过程具有两次闪电活跃阶段。台风中大部分闪电发生在外雨带,眼壁/外雨带闪电爆发很可能预示气旋强度的增强以及路径的改变。由闪电持续时间、通道空间扩展所表征的闪电尺度与雷暴对流强度相关。弱对流雷暴或雷暴的弱对流区域可能由水平扩展、垂直分层的电荷分布形态主导,闪电频次低,闪电空间尺度大;强对流雷暴或雷暴的强对流区域可能由交错分布的小电荷区主导,闪电频次高,闪电尺度小。      

基于ADTD资料的浙江地区多回击地闪特征分析

利用2007—2018年浙江省ADTD闪电定位资料,分析了该地区多回击地闪分布及相关参数特征。结果表明:浙江省多回击地闪占总地闪的26.74%,其中正闪以单回击地闪为主;正、负闪平均回击数分别为1.04次和1.65次,最大回击数分别为5次和21次。回击数和地闪数存在较为一致的年际变化,正、负多回击地闪日变化分别呈多峰和单峰分布。正、负多回击地闪电流强度算术平均值分别为72.06kA和-36.89kA,回击平均强度随回击数的增加而下降,约40%的地闪过程中至少有1次继后回击强度比首次回击强;首次回击和继后回击的强度分布呈对数正态分布,集中在15～45kA之间。正、负地闪回击间隔时间算术平均值分别为125.47ms和138.14ms,几何平均值分别为56.73ms和98.95ms,回击间隔时间呈对数正态分布,平均回击间隔时间随回击数的增大而减小。多回击地闪继后回击与首次回击之间距离与回击数呈准正态分布,集中在距离为1km范围内。     

浙江省地闪特征及致灾危险性分析

基于2007—2018年浙江省ADTD闪电监测资料,分析该区域地闪时空分布特征,进而选用地闪密度和强度作为致灾要素,进行致灾危险性评估。结果表明:落雷日数和正地闪比例的年际变化均呈增长趋势,全年地闪集中发生于6—9月的12:00—20:00。春季正地闪比例高,地闪多发于傍晚和夜间;夏季日地闪落雷面积广、密度极值高,午后雷暴占主导地位。地闪密度相对高值区随季节演变而自西向东移动,年平均地闪密度总体呈浙中多南北少的特征。雷电流幅值主要分布于15～45kA,地闪强度平均值在舟山最高(44.49kA),台州最低(32.69kA),地闪密度和强度的空间分布特征各异。致灾危险性极高等级在浙东沿海一带和杭州—绍兴交界呈片状分布,另在温州西北部、浙中和浙西地区呈絮状分布,致灾危险性与历史雷灾个数、人员伤亡总数的空间分布总体一致。     

北京及其周边地区夏季地闪活动时空特征分析

利用M-LDARS闪电定位系统对北京及其周边地区1995～1997年6～9月的闪电观测数据, 分析闪电活动的时空分布特征。结果表明:闪电活动在时间分布上存在两个峰值时段, 13 :00～21:00和23:00～次日05 :00。通过对总地闪、分时段及峰值时段的地闪密度分析, 发现北京及周边地区闪电活动有几个明显的集中区域, 地闪高密度区主要出现在下垫面为山脉和水体的地方, 闪电活动与下垫面的水汽条件关系密切, 且正、负地闪的空间分布也呈现较大差异, 表明雷暴云的电荷结构存在一定差异。     

强对流天气雷达回波与闪电特征的个例分析

利用闪电定位资料和多普勒天气雷达强度产品,分析了2006年6月22日发生在南京西南140km处的一次强对流天气过程中闪电的演变特征及其与回波强度的关系。结果表明,地闪多发生于雷暴云中回波强度大于40dBz且回波强度梯度较大的区域;正、负地闪频次在强对流系统发展的不同阶段呈现出不同的特点,负地闪占总闪数的90％以上,正地闪出现在系统进入成熟阶段之后,且占总闪的比例在系统消散阶段明显增大;地闪强度越大,相应的地闪频次越小,除少数弱闪（1/1〈10kA）外,二者基本上呈反相位关系。     

贵州中西部冰雹云中闪电特征观测研究

利用贵州省三维闪电监测网资料、新一代天气雷达资料、地面观测资料,对贵州省中西部地区13次冰雹天气过程中闪电特征进行了分析。结果表明：雹暴整个生命史内主要以负地闪为主,且伴随强降水。冰雹云发展阶段,降雹区域闪电频次增加明显,降雹前闪电频次变化均出现“跃增”,部分降雹点出现闪电频次二次跃增;冰雹云消散阶段,闪电频次显著减少。冰雹云总闪、正闪均高于雷雨云,5 min闪电频数大于16次且闪电频次上升度大于12次/5 min可作为识别冰雹云的参考指标。另外,降雹落区与闪电密度中心区域较为吻合,闪电密度中心位置略偏降雹位置之前,闪电逐时分布标识出冰雹云的发展移动方向。以上这些特征可以为冰雹识别、冰雹短时预警预报及人工防雹作业提供参考。     

江苏苏南地区高速公路闪电时空分布特征研究

利用江苏省闪电监测定位系统探测2007—2013年地闪观测资料和2013年云闪观测资料,研究了苏南地区高速公路沿线地闪和云闪的时空分布特征。研究表明:1)苏南地区高速公路的年、月地闪频次具有西部多于东部的分布特征,其中扬溧高速最多;6—8月是地闪出现的高峰期,且西部地区出现峰值时间(7月)早于东部地区(8月);但日地闪频次的峰值出现时间东部(13～16 h)要略早于西部地区(14～18 h)。2)地闪强度(峰值电流)主要集中在20～50 kA,总体趋势是东部大于西部;高速公路地闪强度高值区主要集中在宁镇丘陵以及太湖、长江沿线附近,其中南京绕城高速、扬溧高速镇江段、宁杭高速南京段、沿江高速无锡段、沪宁高速等都是地闪密度较高路段。3)云闪集中发生在5—9月,西部地区云闪频次波动明显,总体呈双峰型月变化分布特征;东部地区云闪频次相对集中,呈单峰型月变化分布特征;西部地区出现云闪日高频次的时间(13～18 h)要早于东部地区(17～18 h)。     

北京多频段闪电三维定位网及一次雷暴过程的闪电时空演化特征

北京多频段闪电三维定位网（Beijing Broadband Lightning NETwork,简称BLNET）是一个研究和业务相结合的区域性全闪三维定位网。2015年,对BLNET硬件、站网布局及定位算法等方面进行了更新升级,提高了传感器的灵敏度,提升了软件的运算效率和站网的探测性能。升级后的BLNET不仅具备了对云闪、地闪脉冲类型的快速识别和电流峰值估算等功能,也实现了对闪电辐射源脉冲的三维实时定位,以及通道可分辨的闪电放电过程精细定位。对2017年7月7日一次雷暴过程的闪电辐射源脉冲实时三维定位结果分析表明,这次雷暴过程一共观测到11902次闪电,以云闪为主,地闪占总闪的28%,正地闪较少,仅占总地闪的5%,在雷暴成熟期,最大闪电频数高达927 flashes (6 min)?1。通过对比分析闪电辐射源位置和对应时刻的雷达回波,发现辐射源基本集中在强回波范围内。对一次正地闪的精细定位表明,该正地闪初始阶段表现出明显的预击穿过程,闪电辐射源的始发位置位于海拔高度约5.4 km,随后通道向上发展,在约10 km高度,通道开始沿着水平发展。对一次负地闪的精细定位表明,初始阶段放电首先从约7.1 km高度处始发,通道向南水平发展,同时部分负先导分支向下发展,约38 ms后,通道短暂停止发展,17 ms后,通道始发处重新激发。以上结果表明,BLNET不仅具备对整个雷暴生命史闪电活动的三维实时定位和监测,而且可以实现对闪电三维放电通道的精细定位。