平湖地区ZST构造X井平湖组储层特征研究

以平湖地区ZST构造X井区有限的钻井资料为基础,利用岩石铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X-衍射等测试技术手段,对该井区平湖组的岩石学特征、粒度、储层物性等方面开展了系统研究。研究揭示：该储层的岩石类型主要为长石岩屑砂岩,属中孔中渗砂岩储层。平湖组储层物性受沉积环境和成岩作用的双重影响。沉积环境控制储层物性,潮间带和潮下带发育的潮道砂、砂坪是较好的储层;成岩作用对储层物性优劣起主导作用,胶结作用导致储层物性变差,溶蚀作用（长石溶蚀作用）改善了本井平湖组的储层物性。     

深水褶皱冲断带的构造变形和油气地质特征

深水褶皱冲断带是目前全球油气勘探的重要领域,其构造变形和油气地质特征是勘探研究的主要内容。通过对不同地区深水褶皱冲断带的地震剖面解释和综合分析,结合沉积特征对其构造样式、变形特征和石油地质特征进行了研究。研究表明,在主动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘存在4种不同构造样式的深水褶皱冲断带,即:主动大陆边缘型深水褶皱冲断带;被动大陆边缘背景下的泥岩滑脱型、盐岩滑脱型和重力垮塌滑动型深水褶皱冲断带。由于他们具有不同的驱动机制、构造特征和演化特征,导致了其含油气性差别较大。主动大陆边缘背景下发育的深水褶皱冲断带主要发育倾向陆地的逆冲断层、叠瓦构造以及相关的褶皱构造,缺乏有效的烃源岩和储层。被动大陆边缘背景下发育的深水褶皱冲断带可以划分为伸展区、过渡区和挤压区3部分,并发育相关构造,其中泥岩滑脱型和盐岩滑脱型深水褶皱冲断带已经有大量的油气发现。     

西非被动大陆边缘重力滑脱构造体系下的塑性构造

论述了西非被动大陆边缘深水环境下的重力滑脱构造体系中的塑性构造。研究发现塑性地层在整个西非被动大陆边缘都有分布,且盐岩塑性层主要分布在西非被动大陆边缘的西南部和西北部,发育层位为过渡期(J-K)构造层之内;中部尼日尔三角洲等塑性层主要为泥岩塑性层,发育层位为古近系和新近系。根据重力滑脱构造体系发育特征可划分为:以正断裂和塑性焊接构造为主的上部重力滑脱伸展构造、以底辟构造为主的中部重力滑脱底辟构造、以冲断裂、塑性褶皱和塑性冲断构造为主的下部重力滑脱冲断构造。根据塑性构造上覆地层的变形过程,塑性构造演化主要经历了后生变形期和同生变形期。塑性构造变形机制主要受基底掀斜作用和上覆地层的沉积速率控制。塑性构造中的底辟、褶皱、冲断及塑性焊接构造对油气成藏的控制作用依次减弱。     

基底流压上升对构造的控制作用

我们使用临界楔形体力学理论揭示了深水尼日尔三角洲中位于脆弱的基底滑脱面之上的趾状逆冲断裂系统由高孔隙压力所引起的变形。尼日尔三角洲中的沉积岩具有相似的岩石性质，但其锥度（海底斜坡和基底滑脱面的倾角之和）却比大多数造山褶皱带的要小得多。这种低锥度表明，尼日尔三角洲具有一个非常脆弱的基底滑脱面——一套含有基底滑脱面的前三角洲海相页岩，我们解释认为，这种脆弱的基底滑脱面反映了Akata组内上升的孔隙流体压力（λ≈0．90）。该脆弱基底滑脱带对深水尼日尔三角洲中的褶皱带具有很大的影响作用。超压的脆弱Akata组页岩在背斜核部和趾状褶皱与逆冲断裂构造的上盘中发生塑性变形，并导致切变断弯褶皱和滑脱背斜的形成，这些切变断弯褶皱和滑脱背斜正是深水尼日尔三角洲褶皱带中的主要圈闭类型。此外，低锥度还导致了背冲断裂带的广泛发育，以及位于深水褶皱和断裂带之间的大型的、变形相对轻微的地区的形成。在证明上升的基底流体压力对深水尼日尔三角洲的结构和构造的影响的同时，本项研究还将临界锥形楔力学概念的应用领域扩展到被动边缘背景中。     

南海北部湾盆地迈陈凹陷中南部古近系储层特征与控制因素——以区域探井Y井为例

北部湾盆地迈陈凹陷中南部Y井井壁取心分析、岩屑样品的薄片鉴定结果及地球物理测井综合评价表明,其钻遇的不同层位层段的储层类型主要以含泥质较高的砂岩、粉砂岩及泥质粉砂岩为主,少量砾岩,多属于近—中物源快速沉积充填、储集物性偏差的储集层类型,且成岩程度偏低(处在早成岩A或B期或中成岩A期),总体上属于岩性较细、泥质含量偏高、孔渗参数偏低的中孔中渗和低孔低渗及低孔特低渗型砂岩储层类型。其中,钻遇的渐新统涠洲组砂岩储层总体上偏细且泥质含量较高,砂岩有效孔隙度和渗透率偏低,属于储集物性较差储层;始新统流沙港组二段砂岩属于差—较好储层,储层孔隙类型以粒间孔为主,其次为粒间溶孔,还发育有少量或微量长石溶孔和粒内溶孔,具有一定的孔渗性;古新统长流组砂岩孔隙类型以粒间孔、粒间溶孔为主,发育少量长石溶孔及粒内溶孔,储层致密储集物性偏差。总之,本区储层发育主要受控于碎屑物物源供给远近与沉积相及成岩作用,但总体上储层成岩程度较低,加之溶蚀作用及胶结作用普遍,故严重影响了储层储集物性。     

西湖凹陷西部斜坡带储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

以大量岩心观察为基础,结合室内电镜扫描和物性特征分析,对西部斜坡带储层成岩序列与孔隙演化进行了研究,认为储层岩石类型主要为长石岩屑砂岩及岩屑长石砂岩,储集空间以粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔为主,属中孔中渗一低孔低渗型储层。成岩作用及孔隙演化对储层物性有重要影响,该区主要经历了压实、胶结、溶解以及交代等多种成岩作用,其中压实作用和交代作用对储层起破坏作用,溶解作用对储层改善起建设性作用。成岩阶段可划分为早成岩A期、B期和晚成岩A1期、A2期及B期,目前储层处于晚成岩A2期,原生孔隙大部分被破坏,次生孔隙发育,并在2900～3200m和3600。4000m处形成两个次生孔隙发育带。     

西湖凹陷KX构造平湖组储层特征及主控因素研究

西湖凹陷KX构造始新统平湖组是重要产气层系.利用大量薄片、岩心和分析化验资料,对该平湖组储集层进行了详细的岩石学特征、储层物性分析以及影响储层发育的主控因素的研究.结果表明,该套储层的岩石类型以长石岩屑质石英砂岩主,填隙物丰富、分选中等—好、成分成熟度低、磨圆程度高;孔隙类型以次生孔隙为主;喉道类型以片状、弯曲片状喉道为主;孔喉组合类型为中孔小喉、小孔小喉组合;储层物性较差,为低孔低渗储层;平湖组储层主要受潮汐改造的分流河道微相控制,压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用等成岩作用是研究区储集层物性的主要控制因素.     

南海西北部莺歌海盆地WHJM36-9气田的储集性和流体特征

WHJM36-9构造位于莺歌海盆地中央泥底辟构造带的东南端,该构造是在红河断裂右旋走滑运动所派生的东西拉张应力下形成的近南北向泥底辟伴生构造,WHJM36-9气田即位于该构造上,属于一个由背斜和断层控制为主的构造型浅层气藏。气田各层构造高点基本重合,但深部构造幅度明显大于浅层;气田储层主要为第四系乐东组(QpL)和新近系上新统莺歌海组一段(N2Y1),其岩性主要为中细砂岩—泥质粉砂岩。通过对气田岩心物性分析及地质综合评价,第四系乐东组一段储层属高孔高渗—中低渗类型,乐东组二、三段及上新统莺歌海组一段属高孔中渗的储层类型,该区的低阻气层则主要属高孔中低渗储层类型;气田天然气中烃类以CH4为主,C2以上组分含量较少(0.49%～2.71%),属高熟干气藏;乐东组和莺一段地层水分别为CaCl2和NaHCO3水型;气田各气组具有不同的压力和气水系统,为正常压力系统。     

西湖凹陷西斜坡平湖组储层特征及致密化过程分析

综合应用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、恒速压汞、流体包裹体和X衍射等分析技术，对储层岩石学、孔喉结构和成岩作用类型及特征进行深入研究，探讨储层致密化过程和物性演化。结果表明：平湖组储层砂岩类型主要为长石岩屑质石英砂岩，以细-中粒结构为主，分选性中到好；孔隙类型以溶蚀粒间孔为主，孔隙半径主要集中于130～190μm，喉道半径主要集中于0.2～10μm；埋藏压实是导致平湖组储层低渗-特低渗的主因，埋深、粒度及泥质决定了压实作用的强弱，而后期次生溶蚀及胶结作用的差异加剧了储层的非均值性。中成岩A期平湖组储层次生溶蚀规模受限于流体环境，细粒沉积不利于后期溶蚀是造成储层致密化的主因；进入中成岩B期，成岩环境呈碱性且逐渐封闭，大量含铁碳酸盐、呈丝状或弯曲片状伊利石等富集堵塞喉道，致使储层大规模致密。     

巴西桑托斯盆地盐下湖相碳酸盐岩储层特征

巴西盐下湖相碳酸盐岩是现今海外油气勘探的热点领域,但中国关于该类储层特征的研究相对薄弱。通过综合应用岩心、薄片、物性测试等资料,系统研究了储层岩石类型、储集空间类型、储层物性特征、成岩作用类型及其对物性的影响情况。研究表明微生物灰岩和生物碎屑灰岩是盆地的主要储层类型,其中微生物灰岩由叠层石和鲕粒灰岩互层组成,生物碎屑灰岩由贝壳灰岩组成。盐下微生物灰岩储层的孔隙类型以溶孔、晶间孔、粒间孔等次生孔隙和受过改造的原生孔隙为主;生物碎屑灰岩储层的孔隙类型以铸模孔、溶孔、溶洞及晶间孔为主。盐下湖相碳酸盐岩储层整体物性较好,具有中-高孔渗特征;白云岩化和溶蚀作用是改善盐下湖相碳酸盐岩储层的主要成岩作用类型,储层主要处于中成岩阶段,少量处于早成岩阶段。     

塔里木盆地的构造演化

从地震大剖面显示，塔里木盆地发育为手风琴式的演化史。大体上形成有3层“断-坳”结构：①震旦系的“断”，古生界-三叠系的“坳”；②侏罗系的“断”，上白垩系的“坳”；③古近系的“断”，新近系的“坳”。断陷与坳陷分别由拉张与挤压应力场所致，这种应力场的变化是由相邻洋壳板块俯冲倾角由小到大的变化所引起的。由于地壳的多旋回运动，多次发生构造沉积演变，构成了多套生储盖组合，多领域、多种圈闭类型的油气藏，从震旦系-古生界-中生界-新生界，各断陷-坳陷结构的盆地都有可能形成油气藏的地质条件。     

Tectonic role of oceanic fracture zones

A critical analysis of the geometric properties of oceanic fracture zones leads to the conclusion that their identification with ridge—ridge transform faults is an oversimplification. Models are presented, and examples are given, of processes (asymmetric spreading and differential spreading) which can alter the ridge-fracture zone pattern and extend active shear within lithospheric plates. These processes have a number of interesting tectonic consequences and could offer an explanation for, among other things, belts of intra-plate seismic activity and reversal of slip directions along a strike-slip fault.     

Tectonic development of the Mid-Norway continental margin

The area reviewed covers the Mid-Norway continental margin between latitudes 62°N and 68°N. Main structural elements, as defined at the base Cretaceous level, are the Tröndelag Platform, underlying the inner shelf, the Möre and Vöring Basins, located beneath the outer shelf and slope, and the Möre Platform and the Outer Vöring Plateau, forming a base of slope trend of highs. Sediments contained in the Mid-Norway Basin range in age from Late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic. The basement was consolidated during the Caledonian orogenic cycle. Devonian and Early Carboniferous wrench movements along the axis of the Arctic-North Atlantic Caledonides are thought to have preceded the Namurian onset of crustal extension. Rifting processes were intermittently active for some 270 My until crustal separation between Greenland and Fennoscandia was achieved during the Early Eocene. During the evolution of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea rift system a stepwise concentration of tectonic activities to its axial zone (the area of subsequent continental separation) is observed. During the Late Palaeozoic to Mid-Jurassic a broad zone was affected by tensional faulting. During the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous the Tröndelag Platform was little affected by faulting whilst major rift systems in the Möre and Vöring Basins subsided rapidly and their shoulders became concomitantly upwarped. During the latest Cretaceous and Early Palaeogene terminal rifting phase only the western Möre and Vöring Basins were affected by intrusive and extrusive igneous activity. Following the Early Eocene crustal separation and the onset of sea floor spreading in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, the Vöring segment of the Mid-Norway marginal basin subsided less rapidly than the Möre segment. During the Early and Mid Tertiary, minor compressional deformations affected the Vöring Basin and to a lesser degree the Möre Basin. Tensional forces dominated the Late Palaeozoic to Early Cenozoic evolution of the Mid-Norway Basin and effected strain mainly in the area where the crust was weakened by the previous lateral displacements. The lithosphere thinned progressively and the effects of the passively upwelling hot asthenospheric material became more pronounced. Massive dyke invasion of the thinned crust preceded its rupture.     

琼东南盆地新生代沉降特征

利用回剥技术对琼东南盆地进行了沉降史计算和分析,主要包括北部坳陷带的崖北凹陷、崖南凹陷,中央坳陷带的乐东凹陷,和南部坳陷带的华光凹陷.按照地震测线的分布和凹陷特征,我们共选取了30口模拟井进行一维沉降史计算,并展示了具有代表性的8口井,分析他们在小同时期的构造沉降速率与总沉降速率.分析结果表明,新生代以来,琼东南盆地主要经历厂三个主要的沉降幕:(1)始新世至渐新世,盆地处于裂陷期,构造沉降速率较大,平均为81m·Ma-1,沉降中心位于中央坳陷带.(2)早中新至中中新世,盆地由裂陷期向坳陷期转化,平均构造沉降速率减小至68m·Ma-1;(3)晚中新世以后,瓮地进入新一期的沉降阶段,平均构造沉降速率增加至84m·Ma-1;上新世以后,中央坳陷带发生快速沉降,达到了110m·Ma1.     

中国南部海区及其邻域区域构造图的编制方法及地质构造单元划分

中国南部海区及邻域1∶1 000 000地质地球物理系列图已编制完成并将出版,区域构造图是其中的主要图件之一。本文主要介绍该专业图件的编图思路、方法、地质构造单元的划分原则和主要地质构造单元的特征。该图主要以板块构造理论为指导,采取了剥皮法(剥去第四系)编图方法,主要表达区域地质构造特征,包括构造单元划分、断裂构造、岩浆活动、盆地分布等特征,在海底和沉积盆地中,还用等值线表示出了新生界的厚度。基于现今大地构造格局将本区划分出六级地质构造单元:一级构造单元为板块(欧亚板块、菲律宾海板块),二级构造单元为构造域(东亚大陆构造域、东亚大陆边缘构造域),三级构造单元为地块或岛弧,四级构造单元为盆地、隆起区、隆褶带或海盆区,五级构造单元为隆起或坳陷,六级构造单元为凸起或凹陷。     

Tectonic elements and crust of the eastern Mediterranean Sea

Seismic reflection and gravity data show the eastern Mediterranean Sea to be evolving into several basins as a result of differential vertical movements. The Levantine Basin and deeper Herodotus Basin are separated by a buried ridge (horst? or faulted geanticline?) lying west of Eratosthenes Seamount, which in turn is the more elevated part of a northeast-trending geanticline truncated along its eastern flank by a graben. To the east, gravity trends in the Levantine Basin are parallel to the graben. These features and trends are similar to those seen on land in Egypt and the Levant and imply continuity of structure offshore. Combined with other geological and geophysical information the observations suggest that the eastern Mediterranean crust is the marginal extension of the African continental crust. Although the character of the Florence Rise and Anaximander Mountains, the northward tilting and subsidence of the Antalya and Finike Basins, and the apparent continuation of the Strabo Trench south of the Florence Rise suggest underthrusting of the Turkish plate by Africa, there may be insufficient seismicity. There is no active volcanic arc, and the trench is too poorly developed to confirm active subduction as the sole manifestation of plate convergence. Normal subduction probably ended within the past 5 m.y. with the disappearance of all oceanic crust between Turkey and Africa. Plate convergence continues with only limited underthrusting of Africa along the Cypriot Arc, but with regional deformation along zones of weakness within a wide (300 km?) band stretching from the Herodotus Basin to the east along the northern edge of the African and Arabian plates.     

Tectonic evolution of Gorda Ridge inferred from sidescan sonar images

Gorda Ridge is the southern segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge complex, in the north-east Pacific. Along-strike spreading-rate variation on Gorda Ridge and deformation of Gorda Plate are evidence for compression between the Pacific and Gorda Plates. GLORIA sidescan sonographs allow the spreading fabric associated with Gorda Ridge to be mapped in detail. Between 5 and 2 Ma, a pair of propagating rifts re-orientated the northern segment of Gorda Ridge by about 10° clockwise, accommodating a clockwise shift in Pacific-Juan de Fuca plate motion that occurred around 5 Ma. Deformation of Gorda Plate, associated with southward decreasing spreading rates along southern Gorda Ridge, is accommodated by a combination of clockwise rotation of Gorda Plate crust, coupled with left-lateral motion on the original normal faults of the ocean crust. Segments of Gorda Plate which have rotated by different amounts are separated by narrow deformation zones across which sharp changes in ocean fabric trend are seen. Although minor lateral movement may occur on these NW to WNW structures, no major right-lateral movement, as predicted by previous models, is observed.     

河流阶地的形成及其对构造与气候的意义

河流系统演化是一个堆积与切割相互作用的过程。通过对河流阶地成因的研究,指出气候成因阶地的堆积主要发生在冰期,其他时期虽有堆积,但保存下来的较少;切割作用发生在冰期一间冰期的过渡期。构造成因阶地切割作用发生的时段就是构造运动的时期,也是古河床开始废弃的时期,提出了判定不同成因河流阶地的地质学特征。气候成因阶地每一级都说明有一个或多个冰期一间冰期的旋回,构造成因阶地的每一级都表示有一期较强烈的构造事件,有些阶地是构造与气候共同作用的结果。     

Tectonic subsidence history and thermal evolution of the Orange Basin

The Orange Basin offshore southwest Africa appears to represent a classical example of continental rifting and break up associated with large-scale, transient volcanism. The presence of lower crustal bodies of high seismic velocities indicates that large volumes of igneous crust formed as a consequence of lithospheric extension.     

构造生烃理论及其在页岩气上的应用

生烃是地层有机质生成油气的化学平衡。由于油气的密度低于干酪根,它是典型的体积增大化学反应。与实验室开放系统不同,地层有机质生烃反应能等于活化能加排烃能。成熟阶段的地层比较致密,排烃能较大,与开放系统相比,形成了欠生烃。构造运动形成裂隙网,大大降低地层排烃能,使欠生烃的有机质短时间集中生烃,笔者称之为构造生烃。成熟地层通常较致密,排烃能较高,较多欠生烃有机质成为页岩气的物质基础。致密地层在过成熟条件下还有大量欠生烃有机质。经典生烃理论认为Ro大于2.0就基本不生烃,而许多Ro达到3.0,个别甚至4.0的页岩气发现,证明欠生烃的存在。分子越小,排烃能越低,相对致密地层生气的反应能通常最低,更多的有机质形成了页岩气,页岩气资源潜力巨大。页岩气的开采速度比地层自然排烃速度高出多个数量级,天然气排出最快的,最有利于生成天然气的化学平衡。勘探开发实践表明页岩含气量与其TOC成正比,笔者认为这正好预示着页岩中存在游离气、吸附气和有机质的化学平衡。游离气压降低,吸附气就会解吸附;吸附气解吸附,有机质就会生烃。有些过成熟岩石存在未—低成熟度Tmax值。这样低的Tmax值预示着,有机质能够在地层被压裂后随着排烃能的降低而满足反应条件,而成为潜在资源。页岩气的开采与普通气层相比更复杂、更漫长、更巨大。