草地理论载畜量调查数据空间化方法及应用简

以20世纪80年代全国草地资源调查的理论载畜量数据和同时期的全国1：25 万土地覆被数据为基础,按省区构建理论载畜量与不同草地类型面积之间的关系模型。根据属性数据空间化思路,利用模型计算与残差修正相结合的技术方法,将80年代的全国草地理论载畜量调查数据从市县单元转换到公里网格尺度上,同时计算2005年全国公里网格尺度的草地理论载畜量。在此基础上,从公里网格和省级行政区划两个尺度上分析全国草地理论载畜量在近30年间（20世纪80年代-2005年）的变化。结果表明,近30年来中国草地生态系统正在退化、萎缩,草地总生产力下降。为实现中国社会经济的可持续发展,必须加强对草地生态系统的保护,保持草地生态系统的健康、良性发展和草地资源的合理开发利用。     

草地理论载畜量调查数据空间化方法及应用

以20世纪80年代全国草地资源调查的理论载畜量数据和同时期的全国1：25 万土地覆被数据为基础,按省区构建理论载畜量与不同草地类型面积之间的关系模型。根据属性数据空间化思路,利用模型计算与残差修正相结合的技术方法,将80年代的全国草地理论载畜量调查数据从市县单元转换到公里网格尺度上,同时计算2005年全国公里网格尺度的草地理论载畜量。在此基础上,从公里网格和省级行政区划两个尺度上分析全国草地理论载畜量在近30年间（20世纪80年代-2005年）的变化。结果表明,近30年来中国草地生态系统正在退化、萎缩,草地总生产力下降。为实现中国社会经济的可持续发展,必须加强对草地生态系统的保护,保持草地生态系统的健康、良性发展和草地资源的合理开发利用。     

城镇防沙的理论框架与技术模式

城镇防沙是在国家需求推动下产生的新领域,在没有形成自身理论体系的情况下,只能以风沙物理学、治沙工程学、恢复生态学,以及沙漠化防治和可持续发展等相关理论与技术为基础,通过工程实践和理论研究逐步建立城镇防沙理论体系。初步总结出的城镇防沙理论体系包括风沙灾害成因与区域风沙流场特征、城镇周边土地利用空间格局优化、防沙工程体系优化配置、防沙工程效率评估与预测4个分支领域,14项主要研究内容和9个支撑学科;技术体系包括8个分支技术领域和一个总目标（即:城镇防沙技术优化模式）。除青藏高原外的城镇防沙技术模式具有圈层结构特征,第一圈层都是以市（镇）区为核心的绿化景观带。对于地处半湿润风沙区外缘的城镇,第二圈层为高效农牧业生产区,第三圈层为生态涵养圈,第四圈层为封禁保护圈。对于半湿润风沙区内部的城镇,第二圈层为农牧业生产与沙丘封禁区,第三圈层为封禁保护圈。对于半干旱风沙区城镇,第二圈层为沙丘（地）封禁与农牧业生产区,分为近郊设施农业圈、远郊沙丘（地）封禁与农牧户独立生产圈两个次级圈层,第三圈层为沙丘（地）封禁保护圈。对于干旱风沙区城镇,第二圈层为节水灌溉农业区,第三圈层为外围防护带,第四圈层为封禁保护带。对于地处青藏高原山间盆地的城镇,防沙工程一般采取近郊“防护林带+人工草地+灌溉系统”,外层为“沙障+防护林带+人工草地+灌溉系统”,再外层为“防护林带+草地改良+封禁保护”的布局模式。对于地处青藏高原河流宽谷的城镇,防沙工程技术模式在宏观上根据河道走向布局,局部充分考虑防沙治沙与河道整治、水土流失和地质灾害治理有机结合,细节上依据沙尘源地类型和分布地貌位置选择防沙技术。     

The socio-spatial dimension of behavior analysis: Frontiers and progress in Chinese behavioral geography

The interaction between urban space and individual behavior has led to essential social, economic and environmental consequences. Behavioral geography provides a new effective theoretical and methodological framework to investigate behavior patterns in cities. In recent years, behavior approach has become an influential analytical paradigm in Chinese urban geography. This paper provides an overview of behavioral geography research in China, by introducing the theoretical and empirical progress in behavior analysis. It is argued that behavioral approach offers a new perspective to understanding China’s urban sociospatial reconstruction and addressing social and environmental issues at micro scale. Although theoretical development still lags behind developed countries, Chinese scholars have made much progress in empirical investigations of classical socio-spatial behavior theories. This paper also provides an overview of new trends in Chinese behavioral geography that has started to apply the behavioral approach to urban social, economic and environmental issues. This paper suggests that social dimensions of behavior should be addressed more comprehensively and rigorously by using interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological frameworks, to better understand the complexity of Chinese cities and research the critical social and environmental issues in cities.     

行为分析的社会—空间维度——中国行为地理学前沿进展（英文）

The interaction between urban space and individual behavior has led to essential social, economic and environmental consequences. Behavioral geography provides a new effective theoretical and methodological framework to investigate behavior patterns in cities. In recent years, behavior approach has become an influential analytical paradigm in Chinese urban geography. This paper provides an overview of behavioral geography research in China, by introducing the theoretical and empirical progress in behavior analysis. It is argued that behavioral approach offers a new perspective to understanding China's urban sociospatial reconstruction and addressing social and environmental issues at micro scale. Although theoretical development still lags behind developed countries, Chinese scholars have made much progress in empirical investigations of classical socio-spatial behavior theories. This paper also provides an overview of new trends in Chinese behavioral geography that has started to apply the behavioral approach to urban social, economic and environmental issues. This paper suggests that social dimensions of behavior should be addressed more comprehensively and rigorously by using interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological frameworks, to better understand the complexity of Chinese cities and research the critical social and environmental issues in cities.     

人地系统适应性研究进展：概念、理论框架与方法

适应性研究旨在通过主体对外部环境变化的调整,以削减其负面影响并改善适应能力,是实现人地系统可持续发展的重要途径。鉴于目前对适应性理论体系缺乏统一认识和系统梳理,论文通过对国内外人地系统适应性研究文献总结,从概念内涵、理论框架和方法对适应性研究进展进行了总结,并提出了适应性研究的科学范式。研究发现：① 学术界对适应性概念的理解并未达成科学共识,阻碍了通用的适应性研究理论体系的构建。② 现有适应性分析框架多是基于全球变化领域理论框架基础的延伸和修订。③ 适应性研究缺乏具有代表性的方法,以借用脆弱性、恢复力评估方法和指标体系为主。因此,统一的适应性概念和理论体系的构建亟需加强,而国外既有积累的理论经验并不通用,中国化的适应性分析框架、方法是未来的重要研究方向。同时,应强化人类社会和自然环境“综合”的人地系统适应性研究,注重多尺度结合的适应性动态分析。     

20世纪90年代中期以来中国县域旅游研究进展与展望

采用Pearson Correlation分析法对1995-2010年我国县域旅游研究重要文献进行系统评述,初步构建了我国县域旅游理论体系;研究内容主要包括发展、规划、开发、资源、市场、形象、产品和方法研究8个领域21个视角,研究方法以现象描述和数理统计方法为主,但仍存在着理论研究视角、实证研究对象和研究方法选择较单一等问题;今后应分别从发展、规划、开发、要素和研究方法等方面的28个重要方向拓宽和延伸我国县域旅游的理论与实证研究。     

因特网、网点空间布局和区域因素影响证券公司效率的机理

研究因特网普及环境中的证券营业部空间布局等因素,以及影响证券公司投入产出效率的机理。逻辑分析各类因素综合影响公司效率的机理并提出理论假说,基于模型分析,构造一类新指标将区域因素和竞争因素整合到企业层面,利用2006～2008年横截面数据,运用DEA方法和Tobit模型实证考察各类因素与证券公司效率之间的联系。研究发现：...     

Generation of complete theoretical seismograms for SH—

Summary. We report the initial results of our attempts to obtain theoretical seismograms for direct comparison with the experimental time series obtained with the long-period instruments of the WWSSN. The entire theoretical seismogram, including both body waves and surface waves, can be generated for a spherical, anelastic earth by simple inverse Fourier transformation of the sum of the propagating fundamental and higher-mode surface waves. The key to success in reproducing the WWSSN records involves the number of modes, and the minimum period used in these computations; here we use eight modes and a minimum period of 2 s. Efficient computational algorithms make it possible to handle up to 2000 frequency points for each mode; approximately 200 layers are used to model the radial heterogeneity of the earth; attenuation is treated exactly. Examples are given of the SH theoretical seismograms resulting from dislocation sources buried at various depths in the Earth.     

流域沟壑密度理论极值数学模式商讨

对张丽萍等建立的流域沟壑密度理论极值圆形数学模式进行了更正。鉴于更正的模式又与实际相矛盾,又推导出更符合实际的正六边形数学模式。     

Slowness-backazimuth weighted migration: A new array approach to a high-resolution image

We have developed a new array method combining conventional migration with a slowness-backazimuth deviation weighting scheme. All seismic traces are shifted based on the theoretical traveltime of the scattered wave from specific gridpoints in a 3-D volume. Observed slowness and backazimuth are calculated for each raypath and compared with theoretical values in order to estimate slowness and backazimuth deviations. Subsequently, stacked energy calculated by a conventional migration method is weighted by the slowness and backazimuth deviations to suppress any arrival energy whose slowness and backazimuth are inconsistent with the expected theoretical values. This new method was applied to two P- wave data sets which comprise (1) underside reflections at the 410 and 660 km mantle discontinuities and (2) D" reflections as well as their corresponding synthetic data sets. The results show that the weighting scheme dramatically increases the resolution of the migrated images and enables us to obtain well-constrained, focused images, making upper-mantle discontinuities and D" reflections more distinct by reducing their surrounding energy.     

微观视角下旅游情境人地关系的理论与经验

旅游现象与活动中的人地关系是旅游研究中的跨学科议题,但目前微观心理与行为视角下的旅游情境人地关系研究尚有不足。本文检视了旅游情境人地关系研究的特殊性和多元性,探究了微观视角下旅游情境人地关系研究的经验化路径,以旅游者行为意愿为例对人—地二元环境刺激促成人—地交互及行为反应的可能机制进行了理论推导和实证检验,并分析了上述理论与经验探讨对于旅游情境人地关系研究的启示。研究表明：① 旅游情境人地关系研究具有多元对象、层次、范式及方法论,存在4种主要情形和2种典型范式。② 心理—行为范式是拓展人地关系研究的重要方向,提炼具体问题和聚焦具体变量是微观视角下旅游情境人地关系研究经验化及本体论化的关键环节。③ 认知和情感形象、地方依恋、行为意愿等构成的经验模型是对人—地二元到人—地交互理论逻辑的一种刻画,为旅游者行为提供了一个可能的人地关系解释。④ 微观视角下旅游者行为意愿的形成经历了地的功能与人的情感两个向度环境刺激、地方依恋人地联结有机体、行为反应之间的传导过程。⑤ 微观视角下旅游情境人地关系研究需把握人地关系主题与旅游现象特性、完善多元尺度和范式、推进理论的经验化、注重方法的问题导向和理论意义。     

Generation of complete theoretical seismograms for SH— II.

Summary. We report the results of our continuing efforts to compute theoretical seismograms for direct comparison with the experimental time series obtained with the long-period instruments of the WWSSN. The entire theoretical seismogram — body waves and surface waves — is generated for realistic sources buried in a radially heterogeneous, anelastic, spherical earth. The results described in Paper I (Nakanishi, Schwab & Knopoff) are extended to include the summation of 11 modes; for each, the dispersion, attenuation, and excitation are computed down to a minimum period of 1 s. Examples of the theoretical seismograms, and the comparison with experimental results are presented, The results of this comparison indicate that our first application of combined body- and surface-wave generation will concern the investigation of the intrinsic anelasticity in the upper mantle. The indicated technique for such an investigation is based on body waves simply crossing the region of high attenuation a few times in passing from focus to recording station, while a guided surface wave such as Sa , experiences this anelasticity over the entire propagation path.     

Topographic, geologic and cavity effects on the harmonic content of tidal strain

Summary. The combined effects of topography, geology and cavities upon the measurements of tidal strains are considered. A theoretical model is proposed in which the topography and geology are modelled with finite elements, and the cavity (assumed to be elliptical) modelled using the analytical theory. The three effects are then superimposed to form a total model. Previous experimental results obtained for the solid tidal strain in Eastern Australia (Blair & Sydenham) are compared with the present theoretical model and reasonable agreement is found assuming values of the Love numbers for the Gutenberg—Bullen A earth model in which h = 0.61 and l = 0.08 (Farrell). Further experimental results are presented for two strain meters, only one of which is not significantly influenced by the cavity. The relative difference, in harmonic content between the recordings of both strain meters is compared with that predicted by the theoretical model.     

Twenty-five years of progress in geopolitics research: Efforts from China’s geographers

The world is currently undergoing profound changes, with a shift in global power centers and reordering of international power spaces, assigning new theoretical tasks as well as providing new opportunities for geopolitics research in China. Despite the peripheral nature of geopolitics research within their discipline, geographers have played a fundamental role in its origins and revival, from classical geopolitics (i.e., the German school of geopolitics and the Anglo-American school of geo-strategy), to internal geopolitics (i.e., electoral geography and administrative geography), to the new geopolitics (i.e., formal geopolitics), and to recent critical geopolitics (i.e., popular geopolitics). Although only few of these researchers were from China, great strides have been made in geopolitics and political geography research in China, with useful results being obtained. After demonstrating the importance of geopolitics research for the rising China, this review provides an overview of geopolitics papers led by China’s geographers in the past few decades, describing their achievements, the problems they have faced, and the directions they have taken. Twenty-five years of geopolitics have produced a range of accomplishments, with a growth in the quality and size of research groups and institutions, an expanding literature, and some geo-strategic break-throughs. Obviously, geographers have successfully reclaimed geopolitics, but some crucial topics are still absent or weak in the geopolitical research agenda, and need to be pursued vigorously. Most of the attention, from a positivistic perspective, has been paid to reflecting Western geopolitical thoughts, describing patterns of international power relations, and offering foreign policy advice (in a problem-focused orientation), rather than determining mechanisms and performing theoretical analyses (in a theoretical orientation), resulting in a lack of independent value judgments and of a theoretical basis for the subject. Moreover, in comparison with other disciplines, in terms of its academic community, research output, and status as a discipline, geopolitics research is very different from how it was three or four decades ago, when it was mainly the property of geographers, rather than political scientists and diplomats. For now, whether to support national geo-strategies or to enhance the diversity of the discipline, the involvement of geographers in geopolitics needs to become both more intensive and more extensive. The top priority is to strengthen theoretical, methodological, and problem- oriented research, including studies of geopolitical philosophy and methodology, the theoretical framework of the subject, global geopolitical evolution and shifts in power space, the roles of major powers and their geo-strategies, as well as China’s surrounding geopolitical environment.     

Entrepreneurial urbanism, state restructuring and civilizing 'New' East Manchester

This paper draws on the 'entrepreneurial turn' literatures to examine the current redevelopment of East Manchester. It makes three contributions to our existing empirical and theoretical understanding of what is termed here 'entrepreneurial urbanism'. First, attention is drawn to the spatially selective nature of entrepreneurial urbanism within cities; second, it argues that entrepreneurial urbanism actually demands a qualitative shift in the state's role in urban redevelopment and third, using the example of East Manchester, these two theoretical issues are explored empirically.     

中国地缘政治学25年研究进展（英文）

The world is currently undergoing profound changes, with a shift in global power centers and reordering of international power spaces, assigning new theoretical tasks as well as providing new opportunities for geopolitics research in China. Despite the peripheral nature of geopolitics research within their discipline, geographers have played a fundamental role in its origins and revival, from classical geopolitics(i.e., the German school of geopolitics and the Anglo-American school of geo-strategy), to internal geopolitics(i.e., electoral geography and administrative geography), to the new geopolitics(i.e., formal geopolitics), and to recent critical geopolitics(i.e., popular geopolitics). Although only few of these researchers were from China, great strides have been made in geopolitics and political geography research in China, with useful results being obtained. After demonstrating the importance of geopolitics research for the rising China, this review provides an overview of geopolitics papers led by China's geographers in the past few decades, describing their achievements, the problems they have faced, and the directions they have taken. Twenty-five years of geopolitics have produced a range of accomplishments, with a growth in the quality and size of research groups and institutions, an expanding literature, and some geo-strategic breakthroughs. Obviously, geographers have successfully reclaimed geopolitics, but some crucial topics are still absent or weak in the geopolitical research agenda, and need to be pursued vigorously. Most of the attention, from a positivistic perspective, has been paid to reflecting Western geopolitical thoughts, describing patterns of international power relations, and offering foreign policy advice(in a problem-focused orientation), rather than determining mechanisms and performing theoretical analyses(in a theoretical orientation), resulting in a lack of independent value judgments and of a theoretical basis for the subject. Moreover, in comparison with other disciplines, in terms of its academic community, research output, and status as a discipline, geopolitics research is very different from how it was three or four decades ago, when it was mainly the property of geographers, rather than political scientists and diplomats. For now, whether to support national geo-strategies or to enhance the diversity of the discipline, the involvement of geographers in geopolitics needs to become both more intensive and more extensive. The top priority is to strengthen theoretical, methodological, and problem- oriented research, including studies of geopolitical philosophy and methodology, the theoretical framework of the subject, global geopolitical evolution and shifts in power space, the roles of major powers and their geo-strategies, as well as China's surrounding geopolitical environment.     

Peak Oil: Testing Hubbert’s Curve via Theoretical Modeling

A theoretical model of conventional oil production has been developed. The model does not assume Hubbert’s bell curve, an asymmetric bell curve, or a reserve-to-production ratio method is correct, and does not use oil production data as an input. The theoretical model is in close agreement with actual production data until the 1979 oil crisis, with an R ² value of greater than 0.98. Whilst the theoretical model indicates that an ideal production curve is slightly asymmetric, which differs from Hubbert’s curve, the ideal model compares well with the Hubbert model, with R ² values in excess of 0.95. Amending the theoretical model to take into account the 1979 oil crisis, and assuming the ultimately recoverable resources are in the range of 2–3 trillion barrels, the amended model predicts conventional oil production to peak between 2010 and 2025. The amended model, for the case when the ultimately recoverable resources is 2.2 trillion barrels, indicates that oil production peaks in 2013.     

区域可持续发展的若干理论问题研究

区域可持续发展是一项涉及到自然、经济、社会三个子系统组成的动态、开放复杂系统, 其研究内容涉及到地理学、资源管理、生态学、环境科学、人口学、系统工程、经济学、社会学等许多相关领域。本文以人地关系地域系统理论为基础, 从区域与区域之间不同时空尺度的PRED相互联系、相互影响的制约关系出发, 分析了人地系统的特点、结构和功能,并探讨了人地关系优化的核心、区域可持续发展的理论模式以及可持续发展的系统调控等问题。     

城市化背景下食物系统耦合研究的理论框架及优先方向

受城市化、地域功能分化、生产要素优化配置和交通网络快速扩展等因素影响,区域之间资源要素的流动已成为区域可持续发展的内在需求。在这种背景下,人类与地理环境互动模式的网络化就要求地理学研究采取全程耦合范式,即将区域内部、区域与周边区域、以及非邻接区域之间的人地互动同时纳入考虑。食物系统作为衔接乡村与城市、以及产地与全球消费市场的产业链和价值链,是开展人地系统近远程耦合研究的重要切入点。基于这种认识,本文在论证理论研究内在依据及外在条件的基础上,将食物系统的构成要素与远程耦合框架相结合,建立“城市化驱动下食物系统近远程耦合的理论框架”并论述该理论框架的具体内涵。以拓展理论框架中的前沿领域为基本导向并结合国家重大战略需求,本文进一步明确了食物系统耦合研究的基本问题和4个亟待突破的优先研究方向。其中,基本问题是食物域的格局特征、时空演化及其动力机制。4个优先方向则包括：耦合社会经济文化变迁与生物地球化学循环的供应链网络人地互动研究;食物系统近远程耦合效应及其调控策略研究;基于食物系统的城乡融合与长效脱贫机制研究;以及面向公共卫生安全的食物系统跨区域、多层次治理研究。本文最后设计了食物系统耦合研究的一般技术路径,研究结果可为进一步的案例实证提供理论支撑和研究思路参考。