基于地震子波支撑和Curvelet域稀疏约束的面波衰减方法

面波噪声衰减是地震数据处理流程中的重要一环,传统的面波衰减方法主要依靠面波与有效信号的几何特征差异,在变换域中将两者进行分离.受复杂近地表因素的影响,面波往往呈现非线性特征,并且在变换域中面波与有效信号存在部分重叠,这都导致面波噪声与有效信号难以彻底分离,消除面波的同时也损伤了有效信号.针对这一问题,本文综合利用Curvelet变换对地震数据的稀疏表征特性以及地震子波支撑来构建方程,通过Curvelet域稀疏约束来恢复压制面波时损失掉的有效信号.文中对该方法进行了模型试算和实际资料处理,处理结果表明:本文方法能够在一定程度上恢复损失的有效信号,提高了面波压制方法的保幅性.     

基于地震信号波形形态差异的面波噪声稀疏优化分离方法

实际地震信号通常可表示为具有波形特征差异的多种基本波形信号的线性组合,如叠前道集中的工频干扰噪声与有效波信号、面波噪声与体波信号等.选择单一数学变换方法,往往不易实现地震信号的稀疏表示.近年来发展的形态成分分析理论,通过联合多种数学变换,可实现对复杂信号的稀疏表示.本文根据单道地震记录中面波与体波信号波形结构特征的差异性,提出一种基于形态成分分析的面波噪声衰减方法.针对面波的低频、窄带以及频散特性选择一维平稳小波变换作为其稀疏表示字典,而针对体波波形的局部相关特性选择局部离散余弦变换作为其稀疏表示字典,建立基于双波形字典的形态成分分析模型,通过求解该稀疏优化问题获得最终的信噪分离结果.理论模型和实际地震资料处理证实该方法不仅能够衰减单炮地震记录中的强面波干扰噪声,同时能够更好地保护有效信号的波形特征与频谱带宽,为地震资料的后续处理和分析提供良好的数据基础.     

Ground-roll attenuation using modified common-offset–common-reflection-surface stacking

We modified the common-offset–common-reflection-surface (COCRS) method to attenuate ground roll, the coherent noise typically generated by a low-velocity, low-frequency, and high-amplitude Rayleigh wave. The COCRS operator is based on hyperbolas, thus it fits events with hyperbolic traveltimes such as reflection events in prestack data. Conversely, ground roll is linear in the common-midpoint (CMP) and common-shot gathers and can be distinguished and attenuated by the COCRS operator. Thus, we search for the dip and curvature of the reflections in the common-shot gathers prior to the common-offset section. Because it is desirable to minimize the damage to the reflection amplitudes, we only stack the multicoverage data in the ground-roll areas. Searching the CS gathers before the CO section is another modification of the conventional COCRS stacking. We tested the proposed method using synthetic and real data sets from western Iran. The results of the ground-roll attenuation with the proposed method were compared with results of the f–k filtering and conventional COCRS stacking after f–k filtering. The results show that the proposed method attenuates the aliased and nonaliased ground roll better than the f–k filtering and conventional CRS stacking. However, the computation time was higher than other common methods such as f–k filtering.     

基于连续小波变换的自适应面波压制方法

面波干扰的抑制是陆上地震资料处理的主要问题之一.本文根据炮集记录中面波与反射波主要能量在小波域分布区域的不同,以及面波干扰的影响随炮检距变化等特点,提出了一种具有时变、空变特性的自适应面波衰减方法.文中将该方法用于模型及实际炮集资料的处理,并与常用的高通滤波方法进行对比,结果表明,该方法在衰减面波干扰的同时,能更好地保持反射波的振幅及相位信息.     

Surface wave attenuation based polarization attributes in time-frequency domain for multicomponent seismic data

In the paper, we propose a surface wave suppression method in time-frequency domain based on the wavelet transform, considering the characteristic difference of polarization attributes, amplitude energy and apparent velocity between the effective signals and strong surface waves. First, we use the proposed method to obtain time–frequency spectra of seismic signals by using the wavelet transform and calculate the instantaneous polarizability at each point based on instantaneous polarization analysis. Then, we separate the surface wave area from the signal area based on the surface-wave apparent velocity and the average energy of the signal. Finally, we combine the polarizability, energy, and frequency characteristic to identify and suppress the signal noise. Model and field data are used to test the proposed filtering method.     

Ground roll wave suppression based on wavelet frequency division and radial trace transform

Ground roll waves interfere with seismic data. The suppression of ground roll waves based on the division of wavelet frequencies considers the low-frequency characteristics of ground roll waves. However, this method will not be effective when the ground roll wave and the effective signal have the same frequency bands because of overlapping. The radial trace transform (RTT) considers the apparent velocity difference between the effective signal and the ground roll wave to suppress the latter, but affects the low-frequency components of the former. This study proposes a ground roll wave suppression method by combining the wavelet frequency division and the RTT based on the difference between the ground roll wave velocity and the effective signal and their energy difference in the wavelet domain, thus making full use of the advantages of both methods. First, we decompose the seismic data into different frequency bands through wavelet transform. Second, the RTT and low-cut filtering are applied to the low-frequency band, where the ground roll waves are appearing. Third, we reconstruct the seismic record without ground roll waves by using the inverse RTT and the remaining frequency bands. The proposed method not only improves the ground roll wave suppression, but also protects the signal integrity. The numerical simulation and real seismic data processing results suggest that the proposed method has a strong ability to denoise while preserving the amplitude.     

Using the Wiener–Levinson algorithm to suppress ground-roll

In land seismic surveys, the seismic data are mostly contaminated by ground-roll noise, high amplitude and low frequency. Since the ground-roll is coherent with reflections and depends on the source, the spectral band of seismic signal and ground-roll always overlap, which can be clearly seen in the spectral domain. So, separating them in time or frequency domain commonly causes waveform distortions and information missing due to cut-off effects. Therefore, the combination of these factors leads to search for alternative filtering methods or processes. We applied the conventional Wiener–Levinson algorithm to extract ground-roll from the seismic data. Then, subtracting it from the seismic data arithmetically performs the ground-roll suppression. To set up the algorithm, linear or nonlinear sweep signals are used as reference noise trace. The frequencies needed in creating a reference noise trace using analytical sweep signal can be approximately estimated in spectral domain. The application of the proposed method based on redesigning of Wiener–Levinson algorithm differs from the usual frequency filtering techniques since the ground-roll is suppressed without cutting signal spectrum. The method is firstly tested on synthetics and then is applied to a shot data from the field. The result obtained from both synthetics and field data show that the ground-roll suppression in this way causes no waveform distortion and no reduction of frequency bandwidth of the data.     

Ground roll attenuation using a time-frequency dependent polarization filter based on the S transform

The ground roll and body wave usually show significant differences in arrival time, frequency content, and polarization characteristics, and conventional polarization filters that operate in either the time or frequency domain cannot consider all these elements. Therefore, we have developed a time-frequency dependent polarization filter based on the S transform to attenuate the ground roll in seismic records. Our approach adopts the complex coefficients of the S transform of the multi-component seismic data to estimate the local polarization attributes and utilizes the estimated attributes to construct the filter function. In this study, we select the S transform to design this polarization filter because its scalable window length can ensure the same number of cycles of a Fourier sinusoid, thereby rendering more precise estimation of local polarization attributes. The results of applying our approach in synthetic and real data examples demonstrate that the proposed polarization filter can effectively attenuate the ground roll and successfully preserve the body wave.     

波场延拓深度滤波方法

消除面波是地震数据处理中的一个重要内容．本文提出了基于15°波动方程的深度滤波方法．由于面波与有效反射波具有不同的传播深度,可利用波场向下延拓方法将二者进行波场分离．把向下延拓后的波场中集中在地表附近的面波能量切除后,再将波场重新延拓回原始的观测面,达到去除干扰的目的．实际资料处理显示：方法计算稳定,消除面波能力强,能更好地保持波场的有效成份和幅值,符合波场的实际传播状态,表明该方法正确可行．     

Ground-roll separation of seismic data based on morphological component analysis in two-dimensional domain

Ground roll is an interference wave that severely degrades the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic data and affects its subsequent processing and interpretation. In this study, according to differences in morphological characteristics between ground roll and reflected waves, we use morphological component analysis based on two-dimensional dictionaries to separate ground roll and reflected waves. Because ground roll is characterized by low-frequency, low-velocity, and dispersion, we select two-dimensional undecimated discrete wavelet transform as a sparse representation dictionary of ground roll. Because of a strong local correlation of the reflected wave, we select two-dimensional local discrete cosine transform as the sparse representation dictionary of reflected waves. A sparse representation model of seismic data is constructed based on a two-dimensional joint dictionary then a block coordinate relaxation algorithm is used to solve the model and decompose seismic record into reflected wave part and ground roll part.The good effects for the synthetic seismic data and application of real seismic data indicate that when using the model, strong-energy ground roll is considerably suppressed and the waveform of the reflected wave is effectively protected.     

Ground-roll attenuation using a 2D time-derivative filter

We present a new filtering method for the attenuation of ground-roll. The method is based on the application of a bi-dimensional filter for obtaining the time-derivative of the seismograms. Before convolving the filter with the input data matrix, the normal moveout correction is applied to the seismograms with the purpose of flattening the reflections. The method can locally attenuate the amplitude of data of low frequency (in the ground-roll and stretch normal moveout region) and enhance flat events (reflections). The filtered seismograms can reveal horizontal or sub-horizontal reflections while vertical or sub-vertical events, associated with ground-roll, are attenuated. A regular set of samples around each neighbourhood data sample of the seismogram is used to estimate the time-derivative. A numerical approximation of the derivative is computed by taking the difference between the interpolated values calculated in both the positive and the negative neighbourhood of the desired position. The coefficients of the 2D time-derivative filter are obtained by taking the difference between two filters that interpolate at positive and negative times. Numerical results that use real seismic data show that the proposed method is effective and can reveal reflections masked by the ground-roll. Another benefit of the method is that the stretch mute, normally applied after the normal moveout correction, is unnecessary. The new filtering approach provides results of outstanding quality when compared to results obtained from the conventional FK filtering method.     

台站地震资料的时频域自适应极化分析和滤波

提出一种自适应协方差的时频域极化滤波方法。该方法在广义S变换时频方法的基础上,构造时频域自适应协方差矩阵,通过特征分析计算时频域瞬时极化参数,设计极化滤波器,实现多分量地震极化分析和滤波。其优势在于协方差矩阵的分析时窗的长度由多分量地震数据的瞬时频率确定,可以自适应于有效信号的周期,在每个时频点计算极化参数不需要进行插值处理;结合时间频率信息,解决在时间域或频率域波形或频率重叠的信号具有明显的直观性。模型数据及实际三分量台站地震数据处理结果表明,该极化滤波方法在台站地震资料分析和处理方面具有很好的直观性和较高的分辨率。     

方向导数迹变换面波压制

面波是地震勘探中常见的一种相干干扰,它的存在严重的影响着地震记录的信噪比.由于面波和有效波具有相关性且面波的频带和有效波的频带总有重叠的部分,在时域或频域二者不能明显分开,因此在时域或频域采用切除法压制面波会造成子波畸变和有效信息的损失.本文提出一种利用方向导数迹变换压制面波的新方法.文中推导了方向导数迹变换的反变换公式.地震记录的方向导数迹变换(Directional Derivative Trace Transform,DDTT)由两部分组成,一部分主要体现面波,能量集中;另一部分主要体现反射有效波,能量相对分散.根据这两部分能确定压制面波的阈值,通过这一阈值在正变换中压制面波后,再通过反变换返回时-空域就可达到压制面波的目的.理论和实际数据的处理都取得了令人满意的效果,表明了本文提出方法的可行性和有效性.     

Ground roll attenuation using the S and x-f-k transforms

Ground roll, which is characterized by low frequency and high amplitude, is an old seismic data processing problem in land‐based seismic acquisition. Common techniques for ground roll attenuation are frequency filtering, f‐k or velocity filtering and a type of f‐k filtering based on the time‐offset windowed Fourier transform. These techniques assume that the seismic signal is stationary. In this study we utilized the S, x‐f‐k and t‐f‐k transforms as alternative methods to the Fourier transform. The S transform is a type of time‐frequency transform that provides frequency‐dependent resolution while maintaining a direct relationship with the Fourier spectrum. Application of a filter based on the S transform to land seismic shot records attenuates ground roll in a time‐frequency domain. The t‐f‐k and x‐f‐k transforms are approaches to localize the apparent velocity panel of a seismic record in time and offset domains, respectively. These transforms provide a convenient way to define offset or time‐varying reject zones on the separate f‐k panel at different offsets or times.     

音频大地电磁法强干扰压制试验研究

压制非相关噪声已经有多种比较成熟的技术方法,如多次叠加、远参考、Robust阻抗估计等,但这些方法对压制矿集区存在的强电磁噪声(通常属于相关噪声)基本没有效果.本文在前期提出的针对矿集区大地电磁强噪声压制的数学形态滤波基础上,开展了音频大地电磁法强干扰压制的试验研究.在四川西昌某AMT测点附近,布置了大功率电磁发送站,通过接地导线向地下供20A的方波电流,同时在供电期和间歇期用凤凰公司MTU-5A仪器观测4个水平分量的电磁场.在室内采用数学形态滤波和阈值法相结合的手段在时间域对含有人工源强干扰的电磁场数据进行处理,以视电阻率对比、频谱和极化方向等参数对处理效果进行评价.结果表明:结构元素恰当的数学形态滤波可以对人工源强干扰进行识别、去除,阈值法则可以消除形态滤波后的脉冲干扰,二者结合可以有效地压制AMT中的强干扰噪声,提高数据可靠性.本文结果对AMT实际资料处理具有重要的实用和参考价值.     

L'EGALISATION SPECTRALE: UN MOYEN D'AMELIORER LA QUALITE DES DONNEES SISMIQUES*

In land seismic surveys spectrum equalization can increase the quality of seismic data in a selected frequency band. The power of lower frequencies in the spectrum of input traces is generally greater than that of higher frequencies, particularly in land seismic surveys because of ground roll. In order to improve the quality of seismic data it is necessary to raise the energy of higher frequencies to the same level as that of lower frequencies, without alteration of the phases. The first step of the method is to compute the amplitude spectrum of each input trace to determine a weighting function which is then applied to the amplitude spectrum in order to balance it. The function is the inverse of the short wavelength variation of the amplitude spectrum. The short wavelength variation can be obtained by interpolation between average values of the modulus of the amplitude spectrum computed in narrow bands within a selected band of frequencies. Another way of obtaining the short wavelength variation is to apply a low-pass filter to the amplitude spectrum. The calculations are readily performed in the frequency domain by the Fourier transform. Spectrum equalization is automatically adjusted to each trace and does not modify the average amplitude in the time domain. However, as the frequency band and energy of the ground roll both vary according to the distance from the shot, spectrum equalization tends to make the spectrum of output traces independent of the offset distance. The use of spectrum equalization before any two-dimensional filtering improves ground roll elimination. Continuity and resolution of horizons are also increased by spectrum equalization before CDP stack. Several examples of applications of spectrum equalization to seismic land and marine surveys are shown.     

基于信噪辨识的矿集区大地电磁噪声压制

为了避免形态滤波方法在大地电磁强干扰分离中的"过处理"、进一步保留大地电磁低频段的有用信息,提出基于信噪辨识的矿集区大地电磁噪声压制方法.首先,从信号处理的角度剖析矿集区典型强干扰与天然大地电磁微弱信号之间的定量辨识关系,利用形态分形维数和形态膨胀谱熵对大地电磁信号与强干扰进行信噪辨识.然后,结合形态滤波技术和阈值法,仅对辨识出明显不是天然大地电磁信号的异常波形进行噪声压制.最后,重构大地电磁有用信号,并对算法进行性能评价.仿真结果表明,形态分形维数和形态膨胀谱熵能较好地定量辨识大地电磁信号与强干扰,大地电磁信号中一些缓变化的低频信息得到了更为精细的保留;与形态滤波整体处理相比,本文所提方法获得的卡尼亚电阻率曲线更为光滑、连续,视电阻率值相对稳定,其结果更为真实地反映了测点本身所固有的大地电磁深部构造信息.     

Application of the redundant-lifting scheme for ground-roll attenuation in near-surface characterization using full-waveform inversion on P-wave seismic data

Seismic modelling of the shallow subsurface (within the first few metres) is often challenging when the data are dominated by ground-roll and devoid of reflection. We showed that, even when transmission is the only available phase for analysis, fine-scale and interpretable P-wave velocity (V_P) and attenuation (Q_P⁻¹) models can still be prepared using full-waveform inversion, with data being preconditioned for ground-roll. To prove this idea, we suppressed the ground-roll in two different ways before full-waveform inversion modelling: first, through a bottom mute; second, through a novel wavelet transform-based method known as the redundant-lifting scheme. The applicability of full-waveform inversion is tested through imaging two buried targets. These include a pair of utility water pipes with known diameters of 0.8 m and burial depths of 1.5 m, respectively. The second target is the poorly documented backfill, which was the former location of the pipe(s). The data for full-waveform inversion are acquired along a 2D profile using a static array of 24, 40 Hz vertical component geophones and a buried point source. The results show that (a) the redundant-lifting scheme better suppresses the ground roll, which in turn provides better images of the targets in full-waveform inversion; and (b) the V_P and Q_P⁻¹ models from full-waveform inversion of redundant-lifting scheme data could detect the two targets adequately.     

短时单频脉冲震源的海洋浅地层剖面资料频移处理

采用短时单频脉冲震源的浅地层剖面,记录的波形数据空间假频较严重。因其信号具有频率高、频带窄的特征,通常利用Hiibert变换提取瞬时振幅属性（信号包络）供解释使用。但瞬时振幅均为正值,在进行构造解释时不方便使用。本文提出在对浅层剖面资料提取瞬时振幅的基础上,计算瞬时振幅的微分并配合滤波的方法,实现高频窄带浅地层剖面资料的一种频移处理。该方法把高频窄带的多周期信号变为低频带宽的单周期信号,有效扩展了倍频程并消除假频。应用在南海浅地层剖面资料处理中,资料处理后更利于构造解释。     

多周期全波形激电抗干扰数据处理方法及在大规模探测中的应用分析

激电法是金属矿产勘查中一种十分重要的电法勘探分支方法,但是各种电磁干扰的存在限制了激电法在大规模探测中的应用.近年来,国内外先后实现了三维分布式全波形激电探测仪器系统的研发和推广,全波形数据记录为激电信号的抗干扰处理提供了新的空间.本文针对多周期全波形采样的激电数据提出了一套基于统计分析的时间序列抗干扰数据处理方法,主要包括：经验模态分解用于分离低频趋势项干扰;相关分析用于消除突发性强噪声干扰;稳健统计用于多周期时间序列叠加;分段稳健平均和低频相对相位谱用于时/频域激电参数提取.将上述数据处理方法应用于由国产分布式电法系统实测的三维全波形激电数据,并与线性拟合、均值叠加等常处理方法进行对比,发现新方法可以有效识别和压制激电数据中的强噪声干扰,提高大供电极距和低频点探测时的激电数据质量,从而进一步推动激电法在深部矿产资源勘查中的应用.