格尔木——额济纳旗地学断面走廓域地壳—上地幔岩石学结构与深…

基于岩石学研究与地球物理场的结合。提出了祁连山、柴达木与北山３个地区的壳幔岩石学结构，认为造山带加厚的下地壳与山根带分别由高压麻粒岩相与榴夺相岩石构成，对断面走廊域进行了岩石学填图。探讨了山根的形成与不对称，陆壳物质的分异与新莫霍界面的形成，造山岩石圈增厚机制、岩石圈拆沉与玄武岩岩浆底侵作用等。讨论了青藏高原南、北缘岩石圈增厚机制的差异及其岩石学标志。     

华北地区岩石圈类型: 地质与地球物理证据

根据华北地区的地质和地球物理特征, 区分出华北地区的克拉通型、造山带型和裂谷型3 种岩石圈类型, 依据岩石学方法以及地震波速与成分的关系, 建立了华北地区克拉通型、造山带型和裂谷型岩石圈的壳幔岩石学结构和化学结构. 研究表明, 华北地台具有与全球典型克拉通一致的特征, 鄂尔多斯为经历了中新生代地台“活化”和“改造”后残存的克拉通岩石圈, 陆壳主体成分由TTG构成, 岩石圈地幔主要由强亏损的方辉橄榄岩构成, 它于晚太古宙-早元古宙最终形成以后, 一直保持至今, 其壳幔岩石学结构可以作为华北乃至中朝地台克拉通型岩石圈的一个参照. 中生代时期, 华北地台中东部地区在燕山造山过程中被“活化”, 大量对流地幔物质与热输入使该区原来的TTG陆壳组分被改造成为花岗质陆壳, 岩石圈地幔被燕山期形成的方辉橄榄岩-二辉橄榄岩所代替. 燕山-太行山是华北东部地区新生代发育裂谷作用后残留的造山型岩石圈, 因为经历了新生代的伸展减薄, 现今的厚度不能代表燕山期造山时的地壳和岩石圈地幔厚度, 但岩石圈地幔和陆壳的物质及其结构仍然是燕山运动期间造山时形成的. 新生代时期, 华北东部的大陆裂谷作用形成以华北东部平原为代表的裂谷型岩石圈; 随着裂谷发育, 大量玄武岩喷发, 使燕山期的“酸性化”陆壳又被“基性化”, 燕山期形成的岩石圈地幔被破坏形成以二辉橄榄岩为主体的喜山期岩石圈地幔; 裂谷型地壳和岩石圈地幔经历了岩石圈尺度上伸展减薄和热侵蚀, 现今地球物理探测的岩石圈地幔和陆壳的物质和结构是新生代形成的. 华北地区岩石圈形成和演化表明, 大量对流地幔物质与热输入是不同类型岩石圈形成的关键, 壳幔岩石学结构是岩石圈演化的综合记录, 它们是中新生代中国大陆动力学系统与华北地台东侧的太平洋板块共同作用的结果.     

下地壳流变与造山带同挤压期地壳伸展的动力学关系

应用不可压缩非牛顿粘性流体的本构关系,对造山带同挤压期下地壳流变及其与上地壳构造伸展的动力学关系进行了二维有限元数值模拟. 结果表明,在板块侧向挤压下,当造山带山根下陷和地表隆起达一定程度后,地壳不同层圈岩石将发生复杂的粘性流变. 流变的运动学方式和分布范围不仅与时间有关、同时还受地壳厚度转变带形态的制约. 在构造挤压和山体荷载达到弹性平衡状态后,地壳流变首先发生在造山带下地壳山根,但经一定的Maxwell时间后,流变将不断局限于造山带前缘的厚度转变带. 这一流变方式的变化是导致造山带浅部地壳动力学转变的主要原因. 它造成造山带内上地壳最小主应力从近水平挤压不断转化为近水平拉张,由此使造山带前陆发生挤压冲断的同时,山体的核部发生上地壳的拉张伸展. 最后,应用这一结果讨论了青藏高原南缘南北向地壳伸展的动力学性质.     

陕西西南部秦岭梁花岗岩体的矿物

陕西西南部秦岭梁岩体被报道为Rapakivi岩体, 但其单矿物成分和岩石学研究以及与密云沙厂rapakivi花岗岩的对比表明, 秦岭梁岩体的岩石学特征、矿物组合、长石和镁铁矿物成分、副矿物类型等与典型rapakivi差距较大, 不属于rapakivi, 而是大陆造山带常见的石英二长斑岩. 多方面的讨论表明, 秦岭梁岩体形成于挤压构造环境, 而非拉张环境; 就位于扬子与华北板块全面碰撞造山的初期, 而非碰撞造山作用之后; 秦岭造山带属于印支-燕山期大陆碰撞造山带.     

陕西西南部秦岭梁花岗岩体的矿物成分研究和相关问题讨论

陕西西南部秦岭梁岩体被报道为Rapakivi岩体, 但其单矿物成分和岩石学研究以及与密云沙厂rapakivi花岗岩的对比表明, 秦岭梁岩体的岩石学特征、矿物组合、长石和镁铁矿物成分、副矿物类型等与典型rapakivi差距较大, 不属于rapakivi, 而是大陆造山带常见的石英二长斑岩. 多方面的讨论表明, 秦岭梁岩体形成于挤压构造环境, 而非拉张环境; 就位于扬子与华北板块全面碰撞造山的初期, 而非碰撞造山作用之后; 秦岭造山带属于印支-燕山期大陆碰撞造山带.     

造山带下岩石圈地幔小尺度减薄的动力学成因

地质与地球物理观测数据表明青藏高原、安第斯山、以及帕米尔等典型造山高原之下均有明显的岩石圈地幔小尺度/分段式减薄现象.这些小尺度岩石圈减薄难以用经典的拆沉或对流减薄理论来解释,一方面,拆沉预示大尺度岩石圈地幔的剥离过程,而对流减薄则在黏度相对低的地幔岩石圈中发生,其主要以小尺度的局部增厚触发并仅减薄地幔岩石圈的底部区域.另一方面,拆沉或对流减薄模型都预测造山带尺度的地幔岩石圈拆离,都假设造山带岩石圈横向均一,然而实际的造山带岩石圈往往由多个不同的地块构成,块体之间岩性、物性、流变结构可能大有差别,即横向不均一性.这些造山带岩石圈地幔的横向不均一性,能否有效解释观测到的局部小尺度减薄现象？为此,我们构建了一系列高精度动力学数值模型,系统模拟了碰撞造山过程中岩石圈地幔的形变和不稳定性.结果表明,在塑性屈服强度很低的情况下,横向不均一的造山带岩石圈有发生分段式/小尺度减薄的可能性;其主要机理是由位错蠕变与强塑性作用所导致的应变集中使得地块间及壳幔间耦合弱化,从而使得较弱地块的岩石圈地幔在增厚时由于重力不稳定性而产生局部剥离,进而诱发小尺度软流圈上涌.模拟结果可以良好地解释发生在青藏高原东北缘、安第斯中部高原、以及帕米尔高原之下岩石圈的局部小尺度/分段式减薄现象.     

秭归盆地下侏罗统火山碎屑沉积物源分析及其对东秦岭造山带晚三叠世地壳增厚的启示

秦岭造山带在晚三叠世经历了强烈的碰撞造山作用,伴随岩浆底侵和构造变形,造山带可能发生了显著的地壳增厚和隆升,但对缺少同时期岩浆岩记录的造山带东段,其造山过程的地壳厚度变化还未有明确约束.在东秦岭造山带的南麓发育一系列的早中生代前陆盆地,保存有大量源自造山带隆升剥蚀的碎屑沉积记录,是重建造山带演化的重要信息载体.为进一步厘定秦岭造山带的碰撞造山过程,本文对秭归盆地下侏罗统桐竹园组的砂岩开展了火山岩岩屑地球化学、碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和微量元素组成分析.结果显示,含有大量火山岩岩屑的砂岩具有250～200Ma的特征性碎屑锆石年龄组成,指示了其主要物源为三叠纪的火山岩.下侏罗统碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱的区域对比和古水流分析表明,该火山岩物源区应位于盆地北部的秦岭造山带,可与造山带西部出露的三叠纪花岗质岩体进行对比,同属于秦岭三叠纪碰撞造山的岩浆作用.依据花岗质岩和锆石化学组成与地壳厚度的相关关系,桐竹园组的火山岩岩屑La/Yb比值和三叠纪年龄碎屑锆石Eu/Eu^*比值指示,秦岭造山带在晚三叠世发生了显著的地壳增厚,最大厚度可达60～70km,与秦岭造山带三叠纪花岗质岩石记录...     

大别造山带地壳速度结构与动力学

1994年完成的大别造山带深地震测深剖面（全长420km）穿越了华北地块,大别造山带和扬子地块三个构造单元．获得了垂向成层、横向分块的地壳纵、横波速度结构．结合地质、地球化学研究成果,大别山地壳可分为三层：上地壳是多重叠覆的构造岩石层,中地壳为韧性变形层,下地壳整体成分偏酸性．大别山地表及浅部的超高压变质岩石具有典型的薄皮构造特征．本文提出大别山不同期双向俯冲造山模式和超高压变质岩石的反向加楔退拔折返机制;大别山腹地至今仍保留6-8km厚的山根．     

若尔盖盆地及周缘褶皱造山带地壳结构—深地震测深结果

松潘-甘孜地块位于青藏高原东北部、由近东西向构造向近南北向构造转折的部位,若尔盖盆地位于该地块核心。利用近期在该区域完成的深地震测深结果,建立了若尔盖盆地及周缘褶皱造山带地壳结构模型,对若尔盖盆地基底结构、性质,若尔盖高原盆地与周缘褶皱造山带构造关系,青藏高原东北缘地壳形变增厚、壳内解耦松弛进行了研究。结果表明：若尔盖盆地近地表三叠纪岩层为高致密（2.65-2.75g·cm^-3）和高速度（约5.6km·s^-1）介质岩性,形成了特殊的“中生代基底”构造;松潘。甘孜地块在青藏高原隆升、物质东流以及周缘稳定地块的阻挡过程中被改造为相对稳定的若尔盖高原盆地和盆地周缘更为活动的褶皱造山两类不同地壳结构性质的构造单元;青藏高原东北部的地壳增厚、壳内解耦主要发生中下地壳,这种壳内以低速为主、多反射界面结构特征在若尔盖盆地周缘褶皱带造山带更为明显,突出了褶皱造山构造区域中下地壳内部经历了更为强烈的构造形变;若尔盖盆地及南北两侧褶皱造山带地壳厚度约50km,未发现“山根”构造,推测在褶皱造山后期,青藏高原地壳东流物质在周边刚性地块阻挡下围绕东构造结、沿着相对松弛的南侧方向顺时针转向流出,其结果使若尔盖盆地周缘褶皱造山带经历了强烈的伸展构造作用。     

浙东南碰撞造山带的岩石磁组构及其构造意义

对浙江东南碰撞造山带龙泉等地的岩石磁组构测试，显示了普遍具优势取向的最小磁化率主轴方向，由此所揭示的ＮＷ－ＳＥ方向的主压应力与侏罗纪以后该地区的推覆构造所揭示的主压应力方向一致．结合已发表的邻近地区的古地磁、同位素年龄等资料，认为该地区应属中生代碰撞造山带，龙泉群的变质年龄也与此相当．     

Lithosphere types in North China: Evidence from geology and geophysics

Deep-seated materials from lithosphere are the ba- sic parameters and the foundation for geodynamic and continental dynamic studies. Division of lithosphere types and their deep-seated materials and structure can provide important evidence in interpreting the com- plex phenomena derived from the processes of forma- tion and evolution of continents, in evaluating the mineral resource potential, in predicting geological disasters and in the research of the continental dy- namic process. Huge lit…     

A numerical model of exhumation of the orogenic lower crust in the Bohemian Massif during the Variscan orogeny

We present a numerical model of the main phase (370?C335 Ma) of the Variscan orogeny in the central part of the Bohemian Massif. The crustal deformation in our model is driven by radiogenic heating in the felsic lower crust, the lateral contraction of the Moldanubian domain due to convergence with the Saxothuringian plate (in the early stage of orogeny), and the indentation of the Brunovistulian basement into the weakened orogenic root (in the late stage). Our model explains the main geological events inferred from the geological record in the Moldanubian domain: formation of the orogenic plateau and onset of sedimentation at about 345 Ma, rapid exhumation of the orogenic lower crust at about 340 Ma and subsurface flow of crustal material (?? 335 Ma and later). The results of our modeling suggest that delamination of the lithosphere, often invoked to explain the high temperature metamorphism in the orogenic lower crust of the Bohemian Massif, is not the only physical mechanism which can transfer a sufficient amount of heat to the crust to trigger its overturn.     

天山造山带地区瑞利面波相速度与方位各向异性

天山造山带作为世界上陆内最大的造山带之一,现今地震活动频繁,造山运动强烈,是开展陆内造山和内陆地震活动研究的天然试验场.本文利用整个天山造山带地区国内及国际台网的108个地震台站连续三年的背景噪声资料,提取了8~50 s周期的瑞利面波相速度频散曲线,并构建了整个天山造山带地区的二维瑞利面波相速度与方位各向异性分布图像.结果表明：浅部结构与地表的地质构造单元具有较大的相关性.低波速异常主要分布于沉积层厚度较大的盆地地区,而高波速异常主要分布于构造活动比较活跃的山脉地区.东天山地区中下地壳存在比较弱的低波速异常,而塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地汇聚边缘的上地幔区域则表现为明显的高波速异常,各向异性快波方向呈现近NS向的特征,暗示着塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地的岩石圈已经俯冲至东天山的下方.中天山地区的中下地壳至上地幔区域均呈现为明显的低波速异常,且各向异性快波方向变化比较复杂,表明中天山地区的整个岩石圈结构已经弱化,热物质上涌可能对介质的方位各向异性有一定的影响.西天山及帕米尔高原的上地幔区域存在低波速异常,各向异性表现为NW-SE方向,可能与欧亚板块的大陆岩石圈南向俯冲有关.塔里木盆地内部存在相对弱的低波速异常,推测塔里木盆地可能已经受到上涌的地幔热物质的侵蚀和破坏.     

大陆造山带岩石圈拆沉过程的数值模拟

岩石圈拆沉作用是指部分岩石圈由于重力不稳定性而沉入软流圈中的过程,与造山带的演化密切相关.本文基于非牛顿流体近似的有效黏度模型对岩石圈拆沉的过程进行了数值模拟,着重分析了岩石圈的黏度结构对拆沉作用的影响.数值模拟显示,下地壳控制着地壳与岩石圈地幔的耦合程度,对拆沉作用的过程和形态有很大的影响;在一定的初始重力不稳定性条...     

Convective destabilization of a thickened continental lithosphere

Removal or delamination of the lithospheric mantle in a late stage of mountain building is a process often invoked to explain syn orogenic extension, high temperature metamorphism, magmatism and uplift. One mechanism that could explain the lithospheric root detachment is the development of convective instabilities within the peridotitic lithosphere due to its high density. This mechanism is studied by two-dimensional convective numerical simulations in the simple case of a strongly temperature dependent viscous rheology appropriate for upper mantle rocks. We neglect here the weakening effect of a brittle rheology and of a crustal layer, and therefore we did not model tectonic deformations. Depending on the upper mantle viscosity and activation energy, a 300 km thick root can be inferred to be either indefinitely stable or to thicken with time or to thin with time. When the lithosphere is initially thicker than its equilibrium thickness, the convective flow at the base and on the sides of the lithospheric root is strong enough to cancel downwards heat conduction and to progressively remove the root. This flow is due to the finite density perturbations induced by the topography of the isotherms on the base and at the sides of the root. We derive two general parameterizations of the convective removal duration as a function of the equilibrium thickness, the thickening factor, the root width, and the rheological temperature scale. Using these relationships, and assuming that the lithospheric equilibrium thickness is about 100 km, the removal duration of a 250 km thick root ranges from 55 to 750 Myr depending on the root width. It is too small to explain the long term stability of cratonic lithospheric root, but too long to explain any sudden change in the stress and strain states in mountain belts development.     

论新疆深大断裂特征与地震的关系(2)

新疆独有的地貌形态及展布特征反映了地壳岩石圈深部物质运移变化的结果。由于地理位置和所处的构造部位的不同,中部天山山脉、北部阿尔泰山脉、西南部昆仑—阿尔金山脉在地壳岩石圈深部特征都有很大差异,它们有整体共性的必然联系,也有区域个性的特殊面貌。了解和认识岩石圈结构及其变化特征,对于分析研究该区域构造环境、应力场和地震的发生等有重要意义。     

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of crustal deformation and subcontinental mantle convection

3-D simulations of mantle convection allowing for continental crust are explored to study the effects of crustal thickening on lithosphere stability and of continents on large-scale mantle flow. Simulations begin with a crustal layer within the upper thermal boundary layer of a mantle convection roll in a 1 × 1 × 1 Cartesian domain. Convective stresses cause crust to thicken above a sheet-like mantle downwelling. For mild convective vigor an initial crustal thickness variation is required to induce 3-D lithospheric instability below the zone of crustal convergence. The amplitude of the required variation decreases with increasing convective vigor. Morphologically, instability is manifest in formation of drip-like thermals that exist within the large-scale roll associated with initial crustal thickening. A strong surface signature of the drips is their ability to cause deviations from local Airy compensation of topography. After the initial thickening phase, the crustal accumulation that forms serves as a model analog to a continent. Its presence leads to mantle flow patterns distinctly different from the steady-state roll that results in its absence. Large lateral thermal gradients are generated at its edge allowing this region to be the initiation site for continued small-scale thermal instabilities. Eventually these instabilities induce a restructuring of large-scale mantle flow, with the roll pattern being replaced by a square cell. Although preliminary and idealized, the simulations do show the fluid dynamical plausibility behind the idea that significant mantle variations can be generated along the strike of a largely 2-D mountain chain by the formation of the chain itself. The ability of a model continent to cause a change in fundamental convective planform also suggests that the effects of continental crust on mantle convection may be low-order despite the seemingly trivial volume of crust relative to mantle.     

Origin of andesite and its bearing on the Island arc structure

The hypothesis that andesite magmas originate from basalt magmas through fractionation is supported for the following reasons: 1) A close association of andesite and dacite with basalt in many volcanoes and a complete gradation in chemistry and mineralogy throughout this suite. 2) Formation of andesite magmas from basalt magmas by differentiation in situ of some intrusive and extrusive bodies. 3) Agreement between the calculated compositions of solid materials to be subtracted from basalt magmas to yield andesite magmas and the observed mineralogy of phenocrysts in these rocks. 4) Higher alkali contents in andesite and dacite associated with high-alumina basalt than in those associated with tholeiite. 5) A complete gradation from the high iron concentration trend of basalt magma fractionation (Skaergaard) to the low or noniron concentration trend (the calc-alkali series) which can be ascribed to the difference of the stage of magnetite crystallization. 6) Similarity between the orogenic rock suite and plateau basalts in the preferential eruption of magmas of middle fractionation stage, givin rise to the great volume of andesite in the orogenic belts and iron-rich basalt in the plateau lavas. Petrological and seismic refraction studies suggest that a great volume of gabbroic materials are present in the lower crust underneath the volcanic belts as a complementary material for the andesite lavas. The island arc structure would develop by repeated eruption of andesite on the surface and by thickening of the oceanic crust underneath the arc due to the addition of gabbroic materials. The suitable portion of the lower crust may be subjected to partial melting to produce granitic magma in the later stage of development of the arc, successively changing it to a part of the adjacent continent.     

青藏高原东北部多尺度重力场及其地球动力学意义

由于受到SN和EW双向挤压作用的综合影响,处于年轻高原与古老地块交接区的青藏高原东北部岩石圈强烈变形,构造活动十分活跃.为了整体性地了解青藏高原东北部重力场和深部动力学机制,本文基于EGM2008全球重力场模型数据,利用小波多尺度分析获得不同尺度的重力异常信息;同时反演了研究区的地壳厚度;通过构建穿越龙门山造山带和西秦岭造山带两条剖面的岩石圈密度结构模型,分析了地壳上地幔内不同介质的分布特征.研究结果表明,青藏高原东北部岩石圈显示十分复杂的塑性体的特征,其重力异常走向多以EW或SSE为主,反映了高原岩石圈物质向东运移的趋势;地壳厚度由西向东逐渐减薄,边缘造山带深部并没有发现"山根"痕迹,结合该地区低重力的特征,推测西秦岭—松潘构造结岩石圈发生过大规模地幔流底侵作用;地幔流上涌的动力可能来源于印度板块向欧亚大陆板块俯冲,激发了地幔流体侧向移动,在扬子地台和华北地台附近受到坚硬岩石圈的阻挡而被迫上移,并因此造成龙门山与西秦岭的隆升.     

东秦岭造山带的流变学及动力学分析

通过地质、地球物理和地球化学资料分析,建立了东秦岭地学断面带地壳二维深度-强度剖面,揭示了该造山带的地壳结构和流变学分层性．脆性的上地壳南薄北厚;中、下地壳包括莫霍面呈现水平流变状态,南端蠕变特征更明显;上地幔流变强度较大其地壳类型是栾川以南为H型地壳,构成中、新生代造山带的核部,具有伸展构造和走滑构造的特征,栾川以北为C型地壳,中、新生代的大陆汇聚带．东秦岭地学断面带整体上看为C-H型地壳,反映了后造山期陆内造山的构造特征．地壳物质为长英质-石英闪长质壳内软层具有低速、高热、强网状反射和低强度蠕变的地球物理特征,是后造山期经过调整的水平流变层.