内蒙古东胜铀矿区后生蚀变的稳定同位素特征及其地质意义

近十几年来,在鄂尔多斯盆地北部伊盟隆起东胜及其以西杭锦旗一带,相继发现了东胜等系列大型-特大型砂岩铀矿,目前已成为中国砂岩铀矿发现潜力最大的地区。矿床的主要特征是矿体受直罗组砂岩绿色蚀变带控制;同时,在容矿层及其附近伴生有砂岩白色化、后生碳酸盐化及方解石脉、黄铁矿化等蚀变现象。通过后生蚀变的C、H、O、S等稳定同位素方面研究、示踪和探讨了蚀变的形成过程和成因及其与铀矿化的关系。镜下特征显示,铀矿石中存在的大颗粒结核状黄铁矿与铀矿物共生,两者为同时期的产物;该类样品S同位素表现为较大的负值,表明硫质来源的微生物作用特征明显;与盆地内可能提供硫源的直罗组煤屑、延安组煤层、延长组和延安组原油、上古生界煤系地层等有机S同位素对比,发现铀矿与上古生界煤系烃源岩的有机硫源关系密切。延安组顶部大规模白色化砂岩的高岭石H、O同位素表明,其成因与低温热液作用有关;容矿层后生方解石C、O同位素表明,其形成主要是有机质作用提供了碳源,且其碳质来源主要为上古生界气源岩,而与奥陶系及延长组油气的碳源无关。后生作用流体包裹体的测温及其H、O同位素组成表明,成矿流体以低温的大气降水为主,且与上古生界天然气一起形成低温热液的气-水混合流体;正是这一特点的流体作用形成了本区与铀矿化关系密切的上述各类后生蚀变现象。各类后生蚀变的稳定同位素特征表明,东胜铀矿床形成过程中存在后生低温热液和油气还原改造作用两大特点。本次研究结果为东胜铀矿区的成因认识提供了证据。     

东胜砂岩型铀矿后生蚀变地球化学性质及其成矿意义

东胜砂岩型铀矿具有大规模控矿绿色蚀变和漂白蚀变带、其氧化蚀变仅为蚀变残留等特征而与国内吐哈、伊犁盆地南缘等铀矿明显不同,从而引起人们的关注。本文通过对研究区该主要后生蚀变相关的地球化学研究,探讨了东胜矿床形成的特殊性:早期形成铀矿化的古层间氧化带在强还原性环境下,经二次还原作用改造形成了控矿的绿色蚀变带,二者皆具有低有机碳,低ΣS,高Th/U值的特征。铀矿化蚀变有机碳、δD、δ18O含量在各蚀变阶段中最高,Th/U值最低。分布于延安组顶部的漂白蚀变是表生氧化岩石在还原性环境下经还原改造形成,其Th/U值高,TFe含量低。总之,东胜矿床各种蚀变地球化学指标指示的矿床成因信息是,绿色蚀变和漂白蚀变及铀矿化的形成处于一种相对较强的还原性环境。在成岩作用,古氧化蚀变、漂白蚀变、绿色蚀变以及铀矿化的序列演化中,流体作用的物理化学性质或环境的过渡性转变出现在铀矿化阶段。对黄铁矿硫同位素以及砂岩碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧及其包裹体氢、氧同位素的分析,认为流体主要由大气降水、来自下部的煤成气以及与含矿目的层有机质脱羧基作用有关的有机酸混合组成。因而,东胜矿床的形成是无机—有机流体相互作用的结果。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜砂岩型高岭土矿特征及成因机制

东胜砂岩型高岭土矿床位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北部,含矿层为延安组。经薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、X-衍射、全岩主要元素分析（XRF）以及稀土元素地球化学分析,对矿层白色砂岩与红色原岩的岩石地球化学特征进行了对比。结果表明,原岩为基质被铁质浸染的以碎屑片状高岭石和伊利石为主的红色砂岩,而矿层则为褪色的以粒度粗细不一的高岭石胶结为主的白色砂岩。矿层砂岩的分布与盆地北部油苗位置具有很好的对应关系。综合区域地质特征、岩石学、岩石化学以及天然气运散的信息,认为砂岩型高岭土矿层的形成是由于研究区以南气田中的上古生界天然气向北运移散失过程中,将红色原岩中的氧化铁胶结物还原成易于运移的Fe²⁺,从而使其褪色变白;同时酸性流体使长石溶蚀形成高岭石,后期的风化淋滤作用使砂岩中的高岭石含量进一步提高,进而形成目前较大规模的高岭土矿床。     

杭锦旗砂岩型铀矿床地质特征及成因探讨

杭锦旗铀矿产于直罗组下段辫状河三角洲平原砂体中,矿体展布受(古)层间氧化带前锋线绿色砂岩的控制。铀矿物以独立铀矿物(铀石等)和吸附态铀的形式产出;成矿物质可能来源于盆地北部含铀花岗岩与碎屑岩,甚有深部铀源参与成矿。与西部伊犁、吐哈盆地典型的层间氧化成矿模式不同,矿床成矿流体作用为含氧地下水、热液流体和烃类等多种类型的流体,矿床的形成是区内多种构造活动和地质作用相耦合的结果。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部近地表流-岩蚀变特征及成矿响应

<正>鄂尔多斯盆地分布着油、气、煤、铀等多种能源矿产,是进行有机-无机多种能源矿产相互作用研究的天然实验室。盆地北部分布着侏罗系直罗组下段大营—东胜大型砂岩型铀矿,铀矿富集区以南,分布着上古生界大气田;以北紧邻矿区分布着延安组顶部规模宏大的漂白砂岩以及乌兰格尔凸起上的白垩系油苗;目前找到的灰色砂岩型铀矿层受绿色蚀变砂岩控制;同时,在直罗组上段姜黄色砂岩中大规模遍布着碳酸盐蚀变产物"钙化木",在延安组漂白蚀变砂岩及直罗组含矿砂岩和绿色蚀变砂岩中还发育有碳酸盐胶结物。     

东胜砂岩型铀矿床低温热液流体的证据及意义

东胜地区砂岩型铀矿床是近年来发现的大型砂岩型铀矿床。笔者首次发现了低温热液流体成矿作用的证据：矿体中有后生的钛铀矿和锐钛矿组合。矿石流体包裹体均一温度为58～176℃，平均114．9℃。研究表明，鄂尔多斯盆地在中晚侏罗世-白垩纪发生过显著的构造热事件，造成砂岩型铀矿含矿层之下产生大量的微裂隙与裂隙带的出现，导致下部热液流体向上运移。低温热液流体的成矿作用是形成东胜铀矿床的重要因素。     

鄂尔多斯盆地砂岩型铀矿碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素及其天然气-水混合流体作用特征

【研究目的】 本文以杭锦旗—大营铀矿为研究区,研究了矿床的碳酸盐化类型、期次和原位微区碳氧同位素特征,为该区砂岩型铀矿的形成及成因认识提供了新的信息和依据。【研究方法】 采用野外调研、工业孔含矿层位岩芯采集、高倍显微镜观察、电子探针图像分析等方法,区分不同期次的碳酸盐化(主要是方解石),在此基础上运用SHRIMP稳定同位素示踪技术进行C-O同位素测试,为更加精确示踪砂岩铀矿形成过程提供了合理的途径。【研究结果】 利用原位微区碳氧同位素示踪技术分析了铀成矿期及成矿期后流体特征,显示具有有机质来源的特点,其中方解石的氧同位素显示流体具有大气水作用的特点,认为天然气向北部运移耗散与地下水形成的低温混合热液流体为它们提供了碳质来源。本区“钙化木”状碳酸盐化的方解石多显示沿晶洞分布或沿裂隙贯穿,明显为成矿期后天然气沿裂隙充填的结果;因此,天然气-水混合流体作用从成矿期可一直延至成矿期后,具有叠加富集及保矿作用。【结论】 采用电子探针和镜下观察相结合的方法,在区分不同期次方解石的基础上,原位微区稳定同位素示踪技术为精细研究砂岩型铀矿成矿流体特征提供了有效的技术支撑。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜区直罗组砂岩中烃类流体特征与铀成矿关系

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地东胜地区纳岭沟、大营铀矿床直罗组下段砂岩中139个样品的酸解烃分析,探讨了酸解烃中烃类气体组成特征、成因及来源,并结合该区铀矿地质特征初步分析了烃类流体与砂岩型铀成矿关系。研究结果表明,直罗组下段砂体中CH_4及C_2+含量具有从含矿砂体、灰色砂体、灰绿-绿色砂体逐渐变小的分布特征,表明该区铀成矿与烃类气体关系密切。酸解烃中气体组成特征参数C_1/ΣC、C_1/C_2~+、C_2/iC_4、C_2/C_3、iC_4/nC_4、iC_5/nC_5、ln(C_1/C_2)、ln(C_2/C_3)及δ~(13) C_(CO_2)特征表明,中侏罗统直罗组下段砂岩层中烃类气体为有机成因的油型气,烃类气主要处于成熟—高成熟阶段,是原油裂解气与原油伴生气的混合气。通过气源对比分析认为,直罗组下段砂体中的烃类气主要来源于上三叠统延长组深湖—半深湖相腐泥型烃源岩。这些原油裂解气和原油伴生气的混合气主要沿深大断裂、微裂缝等其他运移通道向上运移到直罗组砂岩中,直罗组下段砂体褪色蚀变(漂白)和绿色蚀变均是深部逸散到该层位中的烃类气体对岩石发生蚀变作用的结果,靠近断裂的直罗组下段褪色蚀变砂岩与绿色蚀变砂岩之间的氧化-还原过渡带是该区砂岩型铀矿找矿的重点方向。     

内蒙古东胜地区砂岩型铀矿赋矿地层方解石胶结物C、O同位素特征和成因模型

砂岩型铀矿赋矿地层方解石胶结物C、O同位素组成对研究成矿机制具有重要的理论和实践意义。前人在成矿流体来源定性判断方面做了大量的研究工作,但缺乏对成矿混合流体的组分特征及相关参数的定量认识。根据内蒙古东胜地区东南部皂火壕和西北部纳岭沟铀矿床赋矿地层直罗组方解石胶结物C、O同位素组成特征,建立了渗出热卤水和渗入地层水两种不同流体混合生成方解石胶结物C、O同位素组成定量成因模型,并研究了两种流体来源、溶解碳的浓度比、流体比例以及热液温度等综合因素。除少数样品方解石胶结物为地层沉积时形成外,大部分方解石胶结物是热卤水与地层水两种流体混合作用的结果,古生界有机酸脱羧作用导致热卤水中富含CO_2。东胜地区砂岩型铀矿成矿流体地层水与热卤水比例为0.5～0.9,地层水所占的比例较大;热卤水与地层水溶解碳浓度比主要范围为1.5～5.0,部分大于10.0,热卤水中溶解碳浓度较高,是富含CO_2的流体。混合流体温度分为两个主要范围55～80℃、90～140℃,结合古盐度和盐度指数反演,表明成矿流体为有机与无机混合成因的低温热液流体。用砂岩型铀矿赋矿地层方解石胶结物C、O同位素组成,可定量模拟两种流体溶解碳浓度比、流体比例和方解石形成时温度等流体成矿条件,解释碳酸盐胶结物成因,以便从成矿流体角度更好地理解成矿作用过程。     

内蒙古东胜地区砂岩型铀矿赋矿地层方解石胶结物C、O同位素特征和成因模型

砂岩型铀矿赋矿地层方解石胶结物C、O同位素组成对研究成矿机制具有重要的理论和实践意义。前人在成矿流体来源定性判断方面做了大量的研究工作,但缺乏对成矿混合流体的组分特征及相关参数的定量认识。根据内蒙古东胜地区东南部皂火壕和西北部纳岭沟铀矿床赋矿地层直罗组方解石胶结物C、O同位素组成特征,建立了渗出热卤水和渗入地层水两种不同流体混合生成方解石胶结物C、O同位素组成定量成因模型,并研究了两种流体来源、溶解碳的浓度比、流体比例以及热液温度等综合因素。除少数样品方解石胶结物为地层沉积时形成外,大部分方解石胶结物是热卤水与地层水两种流体混合作用的结果,古生界有机酸脱羧作用导致热卤水中富含CO2。东胜地区砂岩型铀矿成矿流体地层水与热卤水比例为0.5~0.9,地层水所占的比例较大;热卤水与地层水溶解碳浓度比主要范围为1.5~5.0,部分大于10.0,热卤水中溶解碳浓度较高,是富含CO2的流体。混合流体温度分为两个主要范围55~80℃、90~140℃,结合古盐度和盐度指数反演,表明成矿流体为有机与无机混合成因的低温热液流体。用砂岩型铀矿赋矿地层方解石胶结物C、O同位素组成,可定量模拟两种流体溶解碳浓度比、流体比例和方解石形成时温度等流体成矿条件,解释碳酸盐胶结物成因,以便从成矿流体角度更好地理解成矿作用过程。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.