武隆隧道瓦斯地段施工技术

结合渝怀铁路武隆隧道进口瓦斯地段安全施工实例，介绍了隧道瓦斯地段的各种施工技术措施，保证了瓦斯隧道的施工和运营安全。     

某公路瓦斯隧道综合勘察技术应用

瓦斯赋存位置的确定和瓦斯动态监测是瓦斯隧道勘察的两大关键问题。针对某公路隧道掘进过程中发现的瓦斯气体,采用地质调绘、施工地质预报（物探、地质超前钻探）、瓦斯监测等手段进行综合勘察,研究瓦斯储气构造,分析瓦斯成因,并对该隧道未开挖洞段的围岩瓦斯特征进行了预测预报,提出瓦斯风险段落。研究表明,虽然该隧道具有充分的瓦斯形成地质背景,但瓦斯赋存特点是分散型、浓度低、储量低;瓦斯通过单斜构造中的岩石裂隙、孔隙富集运移,分析认为,该地区不具备大量瓦斯生成的地质构造条件。综合勘察技术的应用有助于提高预报精度,为保证隧道施工安全提供了可靠的地质依据,对类似隧道工程建设具有一定的指导作用。     

Technologies一 of whole cutting through coal seam and preventing collapse in highway tunnels

华蓥山隧道在施工过程中遇到岩溶、断层、涌突水、煤层段和瓦斯等主要工程地质问题,地质情况非常复杂。总结了华蓥山隧道东口右线揭穿和通过煤层的施工技术,为隧道大断面安全揭煤提供技术参考。     

复杂地质条件单线铁路隧道施工技术措施

以遂宁至重庆单线铁路荆竹岭隧道为背景,详细介绍单线铁路隧道穿越岩溶、突水、突泥、瓦斯、石膏等不良复杂地层的施工技术措施和施工工艺,所述内容可供类似工程参考。     

武隆隧道岩溶地质超前预报综合技术

武隆隧道全长9418m,为渝怀铁路第二长大隧道。该隧道的施工地质条件非常复杂,存在浅埋段、断层破碎带、岩溶暗河、非煤系地层瓦斯和岩爆等不良地质现象。其中,岩溶、暗河以及岩溶涌水是本隧道施工的最主要地质问题。根据岩溶垂直分带结果,武隆隧道处于混流带中,特别是多在季节变动带与水平迳流带之间。自隧道开挖揭露以来,多次发生大型、特大型岩溶涌水灾害。作者根据武隆隧道施工的特点,以地质法为基础,以HSP声波反射法为主要手段,结合TSP203系统和钻探等的超前预报综合技术,进行岩溶地质超前预报。实践证明,武隆隧道综合地质预报技术的应用是基本成功的,值得在同类隧道施工地质预报中借鉴。     

贵州六盘水市何家寨隧道地质灾害整治探讨

水-柏铁路何家寨隧道,地处云贵高原贵州省六盘水市境内。工程地质条件极其复杂,集“高瓦斯(瓦斯含量8.7~13.5m3/t,瓦斯压力2.1~2.3MPa)、强岩溶、大涌水(砂)等地质灾害为一体,堪称西南铁路施工难度较大的“烂洞子”。1999~2000年雨季施工期间,曾发生22次大涌水,并携带大量泥砂,造成施工巷道被淹、洞内坍方、地表塌陷与滑坡、支护衬砌开裂变形或倾倒破坏、施工机械设备受损等严重灾害。多次被迫停工处理,工期延迟半年多,增加投资数千万元。文章重点论述隧道区域地质环境、岩溶发育规律及岩溶涌水、涌砂、地表塌陷与滑坡等地质灾害形成机理与工程对策、揭煤与瓦斯防治等实践经验,并就隧道设计与施工中存在的问题进行技术探讨。     

隧道施工技术与市场展望

隧道施工技术与市场展望地矿部勘查技术司安耀五一年多来，在为坑探市场服务中，接触了大量的隧道市场信息和招标工程。现做些介绍。１隧道工程市场概况隧道工程市场前景广阔，国家基础行业水利、交通、能源中有大量的隧道工程。三峡工程、南水北调、京九铁路、两纵两横４...     

“高海拔隧道”和“瓦斯隧道”两课题鉴定为国际先进水平

2011年5月16日,交通运输部西部交通建设科技项目管理中心在成都主持召开了"高海拔地区复杂地质条件下公路隧道设计与施工技术研究"和"西部地区公路瓦斯隧道设计与施工技术研究"项目成果鉴定验收会,通过专家评议和鉴定,该两研究项目成果分别被鉴定为国际先进水平,共同顺利通过验收。     

华蓥山公路隧道地质病害防治措施

四川华蓥山隧道为全国在建之最长、地质条件最复杂的公路隧道。本文介绍了工程中采用的瓦斯突出、岩溶水突出、油气燃烧及地下水腐蚀的防治技术。      

沉管施工技术在常洪隧道中的应用

文章针对沉管隧道施工特点，介绍了宁波常洪隧道干坞施工和沉管制作中的施工技术，并对后浇带、端钢壳、GINA止水带、钢压载水箱等相关施工工艺与施工技术作了阐述。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.