附加黏弹性阻尼与金属阻尼耗能的自复位墙结构抗震性能对比分析

相对传统结构,自复位墙结构在地震作用下具有更大的变形能力且几乎无残余位移,但其耗能能力较弱,需采用附加阻尼来增加整体耗能.目前,金属阻尼器已广泛用于自复位墙结构,其可显著减小结构大震下的地震响应,但小震下的位移和加速度减震效果不佳.因此,将小变形下即可耗能的黏弹性阻尼器应用于自复位墙结构中.设计一幢10层自复位墙结构,分别采用黏弹性阻尼器和 U 型金属阻尼器作为附加耗能构件,通过弹塑性时程分析对比采用两种耗能机制的结构地震响应.结果表明,黏弹性阻尼器可显著减小自复位墙结构在小震下的位移和加速度响应;U 型金属阻尼器在中震下开始耗能,在大震和巨震下,其减震效果会超越黏弹性阻尼器.因此,为进一步优化自复位墙结构在不同水准地震作用下的抗震性能,建议结合阻尼器的特点进行合理设计.     

SMA复合摩擦阻尼器性能的试验研究

利用形状记忆合金(SMA)的超弹性效应及高阻尼性能,结合传统Pall摩擦型阻尼器的特点,提出了一种SMA复合摩擦阻尼器。在建立阻尼器力学分析模型的基础上,对SMA复合摩擦阻尼器的性能进行了试验研究,分析了位移幅值、加载频率等对阻尼器的等效刚度、单位循环耗能和等效阻尼比的影响,并与理论分析结果进行了对比。研究表明,SMA复合摩擦阻尼器在加卸载循环下会形成比较稳定的滞回曲线,表明这种阻尼器具有良好的耗能能力。     

新型低损伤自复位混凝土框架节点试验及性能优化研究

提出一种带可更换软钢阻尼器的低损伤自复预制混凝土(LDSCPC)框架节点,并针对该节点在地震作用下的抗震性能、更换阻尼器后的性能恢复等开展足尺试件的拟静力试验。在节点试验基础上,基于ABAQUS精细化有限元模型进行该节点关于螺栓预紧力、水平和竖向耗能条尺寸的参数化分析及优化设计。研究表明,软钢阻尼器LT12的滞回特性和承载能力是最优异的,而LT14是耗能最好的;增加阻尼器耗能条的尺寸和厚度能分别提高LDSCPC框架节点在加载早期和变形较大时的耗能性能。较大的螺栓预紧力能明显提升LDSCPC框架节点的耗能能力,当预紧力为155 kN时,软钢阻尼器几乎达到理想的耗能性能。     

Development of steel dampers for bridges to allow large displacement through a vertical free mechanism

Isolation bearings and dampers are often installed between piers and superstructures to reduce the seismic responses of bridges under large earthquakes. This paper presents a novel steel damper for bridges. The damper employs steel plates as energy dissipation components, and adopts a vertical free mechanism to achieve a large deformation capacity. Quasi-static tests using displacement-controlled cyclic loading and numerical analyses using a finite element program called ABAQUS are conducted to investigate the behavior of the damper, and a design methodology is proposed based on the tests and numerical analyses. Major conclusions obtained from this study are as follows:(1) the new dampers have stable hysteresis behavior under large displacements;(2) finite element analyses are able to simulate the behavior of the damper with satisfactory accuracy; and(3) simplified design methodology of the damper is effective.     

两类铅阻尼器的滞回性能研究

在研制一套具有竖向耗能能力的抗倾覆装置过程中,针对该装置对阻尼器的要求,设计了两种铅阻尼器,铅剪切阻尼器和钢铅组合耗能器。根据实验得出的两种铅阻尼器的滞回曲线的基础上,简化滞回规则,并通过算例分析,给出控制效果分析。分析表明,两种阻尼器对结构的竖向震动起到了一定的控制效果,适合工程应用。     

两类铅阻尼器试验研究

在研制一套具有竖向耗能能力的抗倾覆装置过程中,针对该装置对阻尼器的要求,设计了两种铅阻尼器,铅剪切阻尼器和钢铅组合耗能器。为了了解两种阻尼器的力学性能,对这两种铅阻尼器分别进行了静力加载、静力反复荷载、动力性能实验以及MTS实验。实验分析结果表明,这两类阻尼器工艺简单,滞回环较为丰满,均能达到位移小阻尼力大、耗能稳定的目的,符合装置要求,适合于在工程中广泛应用。     

考虑阻尼器极限状态的耗能减震体系 斜拉桥抗震性能分析

在大震或特大震下,黏滞阻尼器可能因某个极限状态的出现而发生破坏。现有在斜拉桥上设置黏滞阻尼器的研究多集中在阻尼器的参数优化上,很少考虑到阻尼器失效对斜拉桥抗震性能的影响。针对这一问题,以某三塔斜拉桥为背景,利用OpenSees平台建立斜拉桥有限元模型和可以考虑承载力及行程极限的黏滞阻尼器模型;分析黏滞阻尼器的阻尼系数和阻尼指数对斜拉桥地震响应的影响,确定阻尼器参数的取值;对不安装阻尼器、安装不考虑极限状态及考虑极限状态阻尼器等多种工况的斜拉桥进行非线性时程分析,对比各工况斜拉桥的地震响应。分析结果表明,在大震下,考虑极限状态阻尼器的耗能能力及减震效果将显著降低;不考虑阻尼器达到极限状态后失效的情况将高估耗能减震设计斜拉桥的抗震能力。     

铅橡胶复合阻尼器的性能试验研究

介绍作者提出的铅橡胶复合阻尼器的构造与耗能原理，通过不同形状，不同大小铅心的8个铅橡胶复合阻尼器的循环荷载试验，研究了频率、应变幅值、循环次数、铅芯直径、竖向压力等对铅橡胶复合阻尼器的影响规律。研究结果表明，铅橡胶复合阻尼器工作性能稳定，耗能性能和抗疲劳性能好。     

新型开孔H型钢阻尼器有限元分析

设计了分别开椭圆形孔和菱形孔的2种新型H型钢耗能器,阐述了它们的构造与耗能原理。采用有限元软件ABAQUS对开椭圆形孔、菱形孔和条形孔这3种新型耗能器的耗能性能进行数值分析,研究了开孔形状、肢宽与肢高等参数对新型耗能器耗能性能的影响。分析结果表明：新型H型钢耗能器具有饱满的滞回曲线,屈服位移较小、耗能性能稳定,耗能器的屈服位移、初始刚度和等效阻尼比随各肢钢板宽度增大（或高度减小）而增大;在开孔率相近或者肢宽相同的情况下,菱形孔H型钢耗能器的等效阻尼比要比条形孔和椭圆形孔的大,且应力分布更加均匀。     

采用软钢阻尼器连接的L形装配式剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

基于"强水平缝弱竖向缝"的设计理念,对采用软钢阻尼器直接连接腹板墙和翼缘墙的L形装配式剪力墙试件进行低周反复荷载试验。试验结果表明试件的整体工作性能良好,其位移延性系数均大于2.6,具有良好的变形性能;阻尼器平面内工作性能良好,能够实现屈服耗能。设计中应考虑阻尼器的屈服力对单片墙肢轴压比的影响,以满足规范对试件轴压比的要求,同时避免试件在两个加载方向的承载力产生较大差异。     

内藏X形软钢板铅复合耗能器的力学性能及减震分析

在内藏X形软钢板铅复合耗能器和软钢耗能器低周反复荷载试验研究基础上,进行了理论分析,理论计算滞回曲线与实测滞回曲线吻合较好。建议了恢复力模型。将内藏X形软钢板铅复合耗能器应用到了悬挂减震结构中,进行了地震反应时程计算分析,计算结果表明,装有内藏X形软钢板铅复合耗能器的结构具有良好的减震性能。     

新型形状记忆合金阻尼器的试验研究

本文在对形状记忆合金(SMA)的力学性能研究的基础上，设计和制造出一种性能良好的SMA阻尼器，介绍了其工作原理及有关试验结果，将该阻尼器安装在斜拉桥模型上，进行了斜拉桥模型振动试验。试验结果表明该阻尼器的耗能效果明显，在工程结构振动控制方面具有比较好的应用前景。     

一种新型金属变摩擦耗能器的研发与应用

基于被动控制理论,提出一种新型的金属变摩擦耗能阻尼器。通过改变金属摩擦面的摩擦面积,使摩擦系数具有随位移改变而变化的特性。在金属摩擦学理论的基础上,建立了金属变摩擦耗能器的阻尼力计算模型与产品的开发。理论计算与实验数据表明：新型金属变摩擦耗能器的减震性能显著优于常规阻尼器,避免了传统阻尼装置（如油阻尼器）存在的造价高、维护复杂、易漏油的问题;克服了常规摩擦耗能器不能在不同大小荷载作用下保持同样控制效果的缺点,能做到抗震耗能器在不同荷载下保持很好的抗震效果,真正做到＂小震小位移少耗能,大震大位移多耗能＂的智能控制。     

Predictive control of seismic structures with semi‐active friction dampers

In this paper a predictive control method especially suitable for the control of semi‐active friction dampers is proposed. By keeping the adjustable slip force of a semi‐active friction damper slightly lower than the critical friction force, the method allows the damper to remain in its slip state throughout an earthquake of arbitrary intensity, so the energy dissipation capacity of the damper can be improved. The proposed method is formulated in a discrete‐time domain and cast in the form of direct output feedback for easy control implementation. The control algorithm is able to produce a continuous and smooth slip force for a friction damper and thus avoid exerting the high‐frequency structural response that usually exists in structures with conventional friction dampers. Using a numerical study, the control performance of a multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) structural system equipped with passive friction dampers and semi‐active dampers controlled by the proposed method are compared. The numerical case shows that by merely using a single semi‐active friction damper and a few sensors, the proposed method is able to achieve better acceleration reduction than the case using multiple passive dampers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铅挤压消能支撑框架模型结构试验研究

通过铅挤压消能器的低周反复加载试验,以及安装有铅挤压消能器的钢筋混凝土消能支撑框架模型结构的伪静力试验,主要研究了铅挤压消能器单独受反复荷载时的消能性能以及其在模型结构中所起的消能作用,模型结构的破坏机理和整体消能能力。研究结果表明,铅挤压消能器具有很好的消能能力,在模型结构总耗能中占据了很大的比例,模型结构具有较好的耗散地震能量的能力。     

Dynamic analysis method of a combined energy dissipation system and its experimental verification

A combined energy dissipation system is developed in this paper. In this system lead rubber dampers and their parallel connection with oil dampers are used in the braces of a structural frame. A dynamic analysis method of the system, including the modelling of the lead rubber damper and the oil damper, is proposed. In the analysis method, the restoring force characterestics of the lead rubber damper is simulated by the Bouc–Wen hysteretic model, and the behaviour of the oil damper is simulated by a velocity and displacement‐related model in which the contributions of the oil damper to the damping force and stiffness of the system are considered. A series of shaking table tests of a three‐storey steel frame with the combined energy dissipation system are carried out to evaluate the performance of the system and to verify the analysis method. The test and analysis show that the performance of the combined energy dissipation system is quite satisfactory and there is a good agreement between the analysis and test results, which indicates that the analysis method proposed in this paper is valid and suitable for the dynamic analysis of the combined energy dissipation system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型SMA耗能器及结构地震反应控制试验研究

利用NiTi合金丝的超弹性性能，本文提出了两种新型SMA被动耗能器，分别称之为拉伸型SMA耗能器和剪刀型SMA耗能器。通过对耗能器的构造设计，安装在耗能器中的NiTi丝始终处于受拉状态，避免了合金丝在结构振动过程中受压屈曲。文中阐述了拉伸型SMA耗能器和剪刀型SMA耗能器的构造及工作原理，并将其安装在模型结构上进行了地震模拟振动台试验，验证了新型SMA耗能器的减振效果。     

新型自复位变摩擦阻尼器试验研究

目前阻尼器运用广泛,但传统摩擦阻尼器无法适应不同的振动强度,且在地震作用后损坏严重,没有自复位功能。文章利用形状记忆合金的超弹性,提出一种新型的自复位变摩擦阻尼器,介绍了阻尼器的构造、基本工作原理并推导了其力学模型,之后对阻尼器进行了力学试验。得到如下结论：该阻尼器不仅能在不同等级地震作用下满足耗能要求,还具有良好的自复位能力;力学试验得到的滞回曲线与理论推导的力学模型吻合较好,印证了力学模型的正确性;该阻尼器耗能能力随着合金丝直径、螺栓预紧力和坡面坡度的增大而增强;残余位移随着合金丝直径和坡面坡度增大而减小、随着预紧力增大而增大。     

粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的超高层结构减震性能研究

连梁作为剪力墙结构中的抗震第一道防线,其承载力和耗能能力对整体结构的抗震性能有重要影响。本文提出在连梁中附设粘滞阻尼器,利用阻尼器发生竖向剪切变形而耗能。结合实际工程研究粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的性能,采用ETABS和PERFORM-3D软件对粘滞阻尼耗能连梁结构与传统连梁结构进行有限元模拟对比分析,并对粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的各项最优参数进行研究。结果表明:粘滞阻尼耗能连梁充分发挥耗能作用,整体结构具有良好的抗震性能,与传统连梁结构相比,主体结构的弹性耗能得到明显降低。平面布置方式、竖向布置方式、阻尼器参数的选取对附设粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的框架-核心筒结构减震效果影响较大,合理选择这些参数可以使耗能结构减震效果最优。     

Asymmetric one‐storey elastic systems with non‐linear viscous and viscoelastic dampers: Earthquake response

Investigated are earthquake responses of one‐way symmetric‐plan, one‐storey systems with non‐linear fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) attached in series to a linear brace (i.e. Chevron or inverted V‐shape braces).Thus, the non‐linear damper is viscous when the brace is considered rigid or viscoelastic (VE) when the brace is flexible. The energy dissipation capacity of a non‐linear FVD is characterized by an amplitude‐dependent damping ratio for an energy‐equivalent linear FVD, which is determined assuming the damper undergoes harmonic motion. Although this formulation is shown to be advantageous for single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDF) systems, it is difficult to extend its application to multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDF) systems for two reasons: (1) the assumption that dampers undergo harmonic motion in parameterizing the non‐linear damper is not valid for its earthquake‐induced motion of an MDF system; and (2) ensuring simultaneous convergence of all unknown amplitudes of dampers is difficult in an iterative solution of the non‐linear system. To date, these limitations have precluded the parametric study of the dynamics of MDF systems with non‐linear viscous or VE dampers. However, they are overcome in this investigation using concepts of modal analysis because the system is weakly non‐linear due to supplemental damping. It is found that structural response is only weakly affected by damper non‐linearity and is increased by a small amount due to bracing flexibility. Thus, the effectiveness of supplemental damping in reducing structural responses and its dependence on the planwise distribution of non‐linear VE dampers were found to be similar to that of linear FVDs documented elsewhere. As expected, non‐linear viscous and VE dampers achieve essentially the same reduction in response but with much smaller damper force compared to linear dampers. Finally, the findings in this investigation indicate that the earthquake response of the asymmetric systems with non‐linear viscous or VE dampers can be estimated with sufficient accuracy for design applications by analysing the same asymmetric systems with all non‐linear dampers replaced by energy‐equivalent linear viscous dampers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.