论内陆干旱区依赖地下水的植被生态需水量研究关键科学问题

地下水资源在内陆干旱区具有重要的植被生态功能, 依赖地下水的植被生态系统的需水量是目前流域水资源综合管理的重要组成部分.在分析地下水资源生态功能研究进展的同时, 系统阐述了内陆干旱区依赖地下水的植被生态需水量研究的几个关键科学问题: ①依赖地下水的植被生态系统的识别方法; ②地下水对植被生态系统作用机制的分析; ③地下水关键属性安全界限的确定; ④地下水系统结构分析; ⑤生态用水配置方案的确定; ⑥区域尺度地下水-天然植被系统关系的概念模型.并逐一提出了这些问题的解决方案, 能够为干旱区植被生态系统保护和恢复提供思路, 也能够为水资源开发利用与以植被生态系统保护为中心的干旱区生态文明建设提供地学支撑.      

西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系构建与应用

西北干旱区降水稀少、蒸发强烈,水资源紧缺,自然湖泊湿地、天然植被绿洲和土壤盐渍化程度对地下水生态水位具有强烈依赖性,因此,西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系构建成为一个重要课题.本文基于对干旱区不同类型生态状况与地下水位埋深之间关系的机制研究,构建了以浅层地下水埋藏状况为核心要素的"西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系",它由地下水对自然湿地景观维持性、天然植被绿洲维持性、农田土地质量维持性及其隶属的6项要素指标构成;在石羊河流域中、下游平原区应用结果表明,该套指标体系可为西北干旱区地下水功能评价提供参考,同时还表征石羊河流域中、下游平原区地下水生态功能脆弱,生态功能较弱和弱的分布范围占示范应用区总面积的87.86％,地下水生态功能强、较强分布范围仅占5.07％.由此可见,进一步提高西北干旱区地下水生态功能保护能力刻不容缓.     

基于 GSFLOW 的青土湖生态输水量-湖水面积关系研究

西北地区水资源匮乏,生态环境脆弱,如何科学处理生产用水与生态用水的关系一直是西北干旱区水资源开发利用中关注和研究的热点难点课题之一。关于流域中上游生态输水与尾闾湖水域面积（或湿地面积）关系的定量化研究较少。以我国西北干旱区河西走廊石羊河流域的尾闾湖—青土湖为例,利用GSFLOW建立了区域地表水-地下水耦合模型,其中采用...     

塔里木河下游生态输水及植被恢复遥感监测评价

在干旱区内陆河流域,由于水资源过度开发利用,生态环境退化已成为普遍现象.向断流的河道和生态退化区域实施生态输水,是河流生态系统恢复的基本行为和必然过程.基于向塔里木河下游7次生态输水过程中地表水、地下水、植被恢复等系统监测,并运用卫星遥感技术,对生态输水后植被恢复响应特征指标NDVI(植被指数),进行了系统研究分析,并提出植被相对恢复度的评价方法.     

包气带岩性结构对地下水生态功能影响特征

西北内陆流域下游区天然植被对地下水生态功能具有强烈依赖性,而包气带岩性结构对地下水生态功能具有明显影响,但是在目前的研究中,缺乏定量分析评判。以甘肃石羊河流域下游天然绿洲区为研究区,基于包气带岩性结构野外调查、室内土柱试验和Hydrus1-D数值模拟,研究包气带岩性结构与地下水耦合作用的生态效应,分析不同岩性结构包气带...     

土地利用变化对流域生态需水的影响分析

人类对流域生态系统的干预,导致季节性淹没区减少,天然湿地丧失,生态环境的恶化和生物多样性锐减,土地利用方式发生了剧烈变化。以流域整体性理论、物种多样性理论、物种耐性理论和景观生态学理论为基础,分析了土地利用方式对生态需水的影响。结果表明,河岸天然植被生态系统通过削减洪峰、增补枯水和截留污染物的作用,来影响流域的水量分配和水质改善,使流域受水分不足威胁的程度降低,即在更大的时间与空间尺度上,保证了流域对生态水的需求。因此,为了流域生态系统的可持续发展,应采取保护湿地、河溪森林植被、水陆交错带等合理的土地利用方式。     

塔里木河下游应急输水的水生态环境响应

塔里木河下游357km河道断流近30年,向塔里木河下游实施应急输水抢救生态环境,是世界范围内流域退化生态系统恢复与重建的稀有案例。以此为背景,在生态环境本底状况调查的基础上,通过大量的监测资料,应用河道水力学、地下水动力学以及植被生态学,以河道水量沿程消耗-地下水位动态变化-植物恢复为主线,摸清了水流在河道纵向、河道横向两侧和垂向剖面中的运移、转化和消耗规律,研究分析了应急输水的水生态环境三维响应特征和植被恢复效应。为创建和完善干旱区受损生态系统输水、修复与重建的评价体系打下基础,也为塔里木河流域综合治理提供技术支撑。     

银川平原植被生长与地下水关系研究

干旱区植被生长与地下水的关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。西北内陆干旱地区降水稀少,植被的生长发育与地下水的关系极为密切,从大尺度上研究地下水变化的生态效应问题对生态环境的保护和恢复具有重要的意义。借助遥感方法,结合地下水观测数据,在区域尺度上定量地研究了中国银川平原地区地下水埋深及矿化度与植被生长的关系。结果表明:适宜植被生长的地下水埋深范围约为1~6m,当地下水位埋深为3.5m左右时,植被长势最好。而在水位埋深为3.5m左右的地区,植被生长的相对好坏又受地下水矿化度的影响。当地下水矿化度为0.9g/L时对该地区植被的生长最为有利。     

新疆且末县车尔臣河流域地下水水文地质条件分析

新疆且末县车尔臣河流域为内陆干旱区,农业以灌溉为主,受河流来水季节性不均匀的制约和整个塔里木河流域生态保护环境下,农业生产缺水更为突出,通过研究该流域地下水的埋藏与分布规律,地下水的补径排条件,对该流域地下水水文地质条件进行分析,并对区域富水性进行了划分,认为该区域地下水埋深较浅,机井出水量大,地下水补给充沛,透水性好,适合大规模开采,为该区域地下水的开发利用提供科学依据。     

旱区湿地周边盐渍化农田生态水位阈值与“水位-水量”双控技术

西北旱区湿地周边农田易盐渍化,合理实时控制和降低地下水水位是实现湿地保护及其周边农田盐渍化防控“双赢”的有效途径。选取西北石羊河流域邓马营湖湿地与农田之间过渡带为示范研究区,通过分析地下水埋深变化特征及其与表层土壤盐分的协同关系,确定生态水位阈值,并基于该阈值研发了由虹吸辐射井群为支撑的地下水“水位-水量”智能双控技术,其关键点是:采用一井虹吸联通多个辐射井,用于增大弱透水层区单井涌水量,实现水位面状控制;利用电系统、信号系统和控制器集成智能控制子系统,实现地下水水位和水量的实时控制。该技术示范应用结果表明:随地下水埋深增大,农田盐渍化风险和湿地植被芦苇覆盖率均降低,农田盐渍化防控和湿地保护的地下水埋深阈值为1.9～3.0 m;每年7—8月的潜水蒸发阶段是表层土壤主要积盐时段,期间智能双控系统可将地下水埋深调控在水位阈限范围;该双控作用不仅能够控降灌溉引起的表层土壤电导率的增大幅度,而且还能有效降低表层土壤的积盐速率;相对微咸水,淡水灌溉条件下智能双控技术的淋盐和控盐效果更明显。因此,这项技术能够实现地下水水位精准调控,对旱区湿地保护及其周边农田盐渍化防控具有重要的现实意义。     

The influence of water conveyances on restoration of vegetation to the lower reaches of Tarim River

Because of long-term stream-flow cut off in the lower reaches of Tarim River, environmental degradation has become the most severe and widespread environmental problem in Tarim River basin. Nine ecological water conveyances to the lower reaches of Tarim River made ecological environment change a lot. 3S technology was used to monitor dynamic change of ecology. However, remote sensing area index cannot analyze ecological restoration degree of Tarim River precisely because the time of each water conveyance is short, the change of vegetation area is not obvious, and there exists visual interpretation error. In this paper, remote monitoring datum of high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution were used to research the relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the groundwater depth, between NDVI and the surface vegetation coverage, and between the groundwater depth and the surface vegetation coverage. The growth and restoration of the vegetation in different periods were evaluated by investigative analysis of the change trend of NDVI. The conception of relative restoration degree was proposed and the response of vegetation restoration to the water conveyance was evaluated. The evaluation result suggests that: first, the response of vegetation to the water conveyance concentrates within 1,000 m of both riversides, and the range of influence becomes smaller along the lower reaches of Tarim River. Second, influenced by the groundwater recharge, the vegetation coverage shows decreasing trend with the increase of off-river distance. Third, the vegetation coverage shows decreasing trend along the watercourse influenced by the water consumption. Finally, in spatial, original scattered meadow of low coverage transforms to high coverage gradually in research region. Vegetation response to the water conveyance expands to both sides with the watercourse being the axis, and expanding scale increases continuously.     

Comprehensive evaluation on the ecological function of groundwater in the Shiyang River watershed

With an arid climate and shortage of water resources, the groundwater dependent ecosystems in the oasis–desert ecotone of the Shiyang River Watershed has been extremely damaged, and the water crisis in the oasis has become a major concern in the social and the scientific community. In this study, the degeneration characteristics of the groundwater ecological function was identified and comprehensive evaluated, based on groundwater depth data, vegetation quadrat and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Landsat program. The results showed that (1) the suitable groundwater depth for sustainable ecology in the Shiyang River Watershed is about 2-4 m; (2) the terms of degenerative, qualitative and disastrous stages of the groundwater ecological function are defined with the groundwater depths of about 5 m, 7 m and 10 m; (3) generally, the groundwater ecological function in the oasis-desert ecotone of the lower reaches of Shiyang River Watershed is weak with an area of 1 397.9 km² identified as the severe deterioration region, which accounted 74.7% of the total area. In the meantime, the percentages of the good, mild and moderate deterioration areas of groundwater ecological function are 3.5%, 5.5% and 16.3%, respectively, which were mainly distributed in the Qingtu lake area and the southeastern area of the Shoucheng town; (4) the degradation and shrinkage of natural oasis could be attributed to the dramatic groundwater decline, which is generally caused by irrational use of water and soil resources. This study could provide theoretical basis and scientific support for the decision-making in environmental management and ecological restoration of the Shiyang River Watershed.     

海流兔河流域植被分布与地形地貌及地下水位关系研究

干旱区植被与地形地貌及地下水的相互依存关系是揭示植被生态水文过程的关键。由于降水稀少,中国西北地区植被的生长发育与地貌和地下水的关系极为密切,从大尺度上研究地形地貌和地下水变化的生态效应问题对生态环境的保护和恢复具有重要的意义。应用遥感方法,基于地形地貌和地下水位观测数据,在流域尺度上定量地研究了中国鄂尔多斯高原海流兔河流域植被发育与地形地貌和地下水埋深的关系。结果表明：河谷、滩地、沙丘、沙地地貌的植被发育状况是依次变差的,植被在高程1 220 m左右处发育最好。地下水位埋深对植被的影响范围为1~5 m,当地下水位埋深超过5 m时,气候与土壤因素是决定植被的主要因素,地下水位的变化对植被的长生状况影响不大。     

Modelling the response of vegetation restoration to changes in groundwater level,based on ecologically suitable groundwater depth

Groundwater-level fluctuations at a large scale have a significant effect on the preservation and restoration of vegetation. This study determined suitable groundwater depth within which natural vegetation grows well, and analysed the effect of groundwater regulation on vegetation restoration in Tianjin City, northern China. Normal and lognormal distributions were used to fit the curve of the relation between vegetation and groundwater depth. The groundwater depth range corresponding to the higher frequency of vegetation distribution was regarded as the ‘suitable water depth’ range for vegetation growth. The suitable groundwater depth for shrub growth was 3–5 m and for grass growth 1–3 m. A groundwater flow model predicted the future changes of groundwater depths in the vegetation distribution area under the condition that the current levels of groundwater extraction are maintained. The results showed that there is potential for the extraction of groundwater in shrubland areas, but for grassland areas the water-table elevation showed a downward trend, meaning that water shortages in some areas may be more severe in the future. Finally, based on the current groundwater extraction regime, two regulation schemes were developed: (1) for shrubland, groundwater extraction was reduced by 10% in the ecological water deficit areas, and extraction was increased by 10% in the ecological water surplus and suitable areas, and (2) for grassland, groundwater recharge was increased by the restoration of the wetland areas. In conclusion, the groundwater depths in most of the area would be more suitable for vegetation growth under the regulation schemes.     

雄安新区白洋淀湿地地表水和地下水转化关系及其对芦苇分布的影响

查明地表水和地下水作用关系对湿地生态保护与修复具有重要意义。采用地表水和地下水位监测、氢氧稳定同位素分析、湖床沉积物温度示踪等方法,研究了白洋淀渗漏对周边浅层地下水的影响范围和深度,评价了地表水垂向渗漏速率,并探讨了芦苇分布面积和地表水位以及地下水位埋深的关系。结果表明：白洋淀渗漏受地质结构和水力梯度等因素影响,对浅层地下水垂向上影响深度为20 m,水平向上影响范围存在较大空间变异。周边浅层地下水的补给来源为大气降雨和地表水,其中地表水渗漏的补给比例为0~90.5%。淀区渗漏速率0.01~0.59 mm/d,和含水层埋深关系密切,埋深越小,越有利于地表水渗漏。1976-2020年,白洋淀芦苇分布面积和地表水位关系密切。当地表水位为6.3~6.8 m时,芦苇分布面积最大,在水位小于6.3 m条件下芦苇面积随着水位增高而增加,大于6.8 m条件下随着水位增高而减少。芦苇台地下水位埋深和地表水位显著相关,在2020年4-9月芦苇生长期,除雨季前期外多数时段台地地下水埋深均适宜芦苇发育,建议在雨季前期实施生态补水,通过降低台地地下水位埋深促进芦苇生长发育。研究结果可为白洋淀生态补水、渗漏防治和生态保护提供参考。     

西北内陆河流域水循环和生态演变与功能保障机制研究

在气候变化、生态保护以及水资源调控影响下,西北内陆河流域水循环和生态环境状态发生了显著改变,迫切需要解答气候变化对植被恢复和产水量的影响,调水和压采等措施下地下水水位动态、管控指标及其对生态环境的维持机制。为此,文章阐述了内陆河流域气候-植被-土壤-水文相互作用机理以及上中下游演变状况。针对上游产水区,提出了山区气候变...     

桂林会仙岩溶湿地水位动态特征及水文生态效应

会仙湿地是我国最大的岩溶湿地,具有重要的生态环境功能。近年来湿地面积萎缩、退化趋势显著,生态环境逐步恶化。从湿地水文过程的角度,基于野外定点监测数据,运用统计学方法研究了会仙湿地年季水位分布特征及其对降水的响应过程,分析了湿地内地下水与地表水的转换关系,并进一步讨论了湿地水位波动对生态环境的影响。结果表明:会仙湿地地表、地下水位存在显著的空间差异性,两者均对降水响应迅速,多峰多谷特征显著。湿地中部地表水位较边缘区稳定,各区地表水域相互贯通;地下水位变化受地势、降水、岩溶发育及第四系厚度等因素影响,表现出与地表水相似的变化特征,但其水位变幅自补给到排泄区逐渐降低。区内地表、地下水转换频繁、水力联系紧密,湿地地下水常年以一稳定强度补给地表水,是会仙湿地重要的补给水源。Pearson相关性分析表明,湿地地表水位与水体电导率呈显著负相关（R=-0.780 8）,水位下降期间水体营养盐浓度增高,可能诱发水体富营养化;而湿地地下水位与浅层土壤含水量的相关性不显著,对湿地生境的扰动较小。      

西辽河平原地下水补给植被的临界埋深

许多地区地下水是生态稳定的重要支撑或补充,确定地下水补给地表植被的临界埋深对地下水管理和生态安全至关重要。以西辽河平原为例,主要研究成果如下:①根据地下水补给植被原理划分包气带水分运动结构,描述地下水补给植被的作用机理和物理过程,定义地下水补给植被的临界埋深及相关物理概念。②根据植被根系吸收潜水蒸发的物理机制,地下水面附近由毛管水上升形成的潜水影响层是临界埋深计算的关键。③推导土壤毛管有效孔径计算推理公式,通过构建土壤微结构模型求解推理公式中的孔隙特征参数,解决毛管水最大上升高度的精确计算难题;④结合不同群落植被根系层厚度,形成地下水补给植被的临界埋深计算模型。⑤通过野外调查和观测试验实证,表明计算结果可靠,研究成果在科尔沁草原得到了及时应用。