云南抚仙湖沉积物有机质来源与时空变化特征

为揭示抚仙湖沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)的时空分布特征及其主要来源,对抚仙湖表层沉积物和沉积物柱芯的TOC、TN和有机碳同位素组成(δ13Corg)进行了分析。结果表明,表层沉积物的TOC和TN含量分别为2.02%~3.40%和0.16%~0.36%;沉积物柱芯的TOC和TN含量分别为0.41%~6.63%和0.08%~0.77%,呈现出北湖高南湖低、表层高底部低的分布特征。内源有机质是抚仙湖沉积物中有机质的主要来源,不同湖区外源有机质的输入差异明显,其中南湖沉积物有机质中陆源比例较高。沉积物柱芯C/N值从底部到表层逐步增大,表明抚仙湖沉积物有机质中陆源有机质所占比例持续增加。与内源有机质相比,外源有机质输入增加更快,指示流域内人为活动增强导致流域侵蚀和水土流失加剧。     

太湖东部湖湾水生植物生长区底泥氮磷污染特征

为了解太湖东部湖湾(贡湖湾、光福湾、渔洋湾)表层底泥中氮、磷的污染特征及其与水生植物生长的关系,采集了各湖湾滨岸带水生植物生长区的表层底泥,探讨了水生植物的生长与分布对表层底泥中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及总有机碳(TOC)等含量的影响,并对表层底泥进行营养评价.结果表明,水生植物生长密集区底泥中TN、TP、TOC的含量均显著低于水生植物零星生长区,说明水生植物的生长对太湖东部湖湾表层底泥中营养盐与有机碳含量具有较为明显的影响;相关性分析显示,表层底泥中TOC与TN含量呈显著相关性(R2=0.832 8),而与TP的相关性则较弱(R2=0.166 5),反映了TOC在湖泊底泥中的沉积可能成为湖泊氮的重要来源,而对磷的影响较小.利用有机指数与有机氮指数两种方法分别对东部各湖湾底泥进行污染评价,贡湖湾、光福湾、渔洋湾底泥有机指数平均值分别为0.142 7、0.228 6与0.208 6,均属较清洁与尚清洁水平,而各湖湾有机氮指数平均值均为Ⅲ与Ⅳ级,说明底泥已遭受了一定程度的氮污染.因此,对水生植物零星生长区表层底泥中氮含量的控制与削减有利于湖泊富营养化的预防与治理.     

武汉东湖沉积物碳氮磷垂向分布研究

建立了东湖Ⅰ站90 cm和Ⅱ站150 cm沉积物剖面年代序列框架,研究了碳氮磷的垂向分布,并对碳-氮和碳-磷耦合进行了讨论.东湖Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站沉积物总有机碳(TOC)分别为3.00%和2.44%,总氮(TN)分别为0.45%和0.34%,总磷(TP)分别为1.11mg/g和0.69 mg/g.东湖Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站沉积物TOC与TN之间呈极显著的正相关关系,TOC/TN质量比的变化是受到气候变化、人类活动、氮比有机碳分解速度快等因素综合作用的结果.TP与TOC之间也呈正相关关系,但相关性差,由于污水大量排入Ⅰ站,导致东湖Ⅰ站TOC/P质量比明显低于Ⅱ站,表层沉积物中磷比碳降解速度快导致TOC/P质量比升高.     

太湖沉积物中微生物多样性垂向分布特征

运用化学分析方法和PCR-DGGE技术,从沉积物化学及分子生物学角度对太湖沉积物理化性质(pH、Eh)、营养盐及微生物多样性的垂向分布及相关性进行研究。结果表明:沉积物-上覆水接触界面处于轻度还原状态,在表层8.0cm左右以下,Eh随沉积深度的增加迅速下降,还原性逐渐增强,到15.0～22.5cm深度区间内,Eh值基本稳定,还原性最强,之后随深度的进一步增加,Eh呈"之"型缓慢升高。沉积物pH随深度的增加先降低后缓慢升高,pH在整个剖面上变化幅度不大,在7.2～7.6变动。沉积物中含有丰富的营养盐,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)最高含量分数和有机质(OM)的最高百分比分别为2.436mg/g、0.731mg/g和3.817%,其剖面特征表明,沉积物表层TN和OM远高于底层,其含量随深度增加而降低。TP随着沉积深度的增加呈"之"型缓慢减少。不同深度沉积物的微生物群落呈现出明显的空间分布多样性差异,不同深度沉积物的微生物群落结构之间的相似性和动态性存在差异。多元相关分析结果显示,TN与OM显著相关,理化指标、营养盐中任一指标含量与微生物群落多样性指标之间存在相关性,但不显著,微生物多样性是营养盐及环境物理、化学和生物等多方面共同作用的结果。     

长江口水下三角洲表层沉积物有机质分布特征

根据对长江口水下三角洲31个表层样沉积物粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)的测定,得出了粒度及有机质的分布特征,利用C/N比分析有机质来源及不同来源的贡献率.研究结果表明:1)长江口水下三角洲表层沉积物平均粒径介于3 ～8Φ之间,存在由陆向海变细的趋势;2)TOC含量在0.1％ ～1.2％之间,平均值为0.52％;TN含量介于0.02％ ～0.08％之间,平均值为0.057％.TOC和TN含量的分布特征相似,具有自陆向海、由低至高的变化趋势,这主要是受到沉积物粒径的影响,但是TOC在崇明岛东侧和九段沙东侧有两个高值点,可能与人类活动或局地因素有关;粒度校正之后,TOC含量在0.40％～1.67％之间,平均值为0.68％;TN的含量介于0.05％～0.10％之间,平均值为0.07％.TOC含量在近岸地区略高,TN含量是北部地区略高于南部地区,并且TOC和TN都在崇明岛东侧和九段沙东侧有两个高值点;3)C/N比值在6～16之间,平均值为9.6;利用C/N比值估算得到的陆源有机碳含量在35％ ～ 90％之间,平均值为60％.C/N比和陆源有机碳含量在长江口南支外围邻近海域表层沉积物中较高,表明南支带来了大量的陆源有机质入海,并呈舌状向东北方向凸出;而在长江北支附近其值相对较低,表明北支径流影响相对减弱,潮流作用相对增强.研究表明,长江南支是主要的陆源有机质入海通道,而进入水下三角洲之后陆源有机碳分布受到了河口混合过程的显著影响.     

渤海沿岸环境沉积调查:As、重金属、氮和磷污染

对天津,河北和辽宁地区沿渤海海岸沉积物进行了粒度,重金属、As、P和N的分析表明,在表层沉积物(<62.5μm粒级)中重金属和As的含量变化很大。在天津地区Hg、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn和As的平均含量(μg/g)分别为0.15、0.19、31.6、46.5、29、112、82、1008和16.2,辽宁地区它们分别为0.08、0.44、24.2、34.1、29、96、64.4、976和13.1,在河北地区它们分别为0.03、0.13、20.3、28.7、22.7、58、63、888和8.5。天津地区Hg、Cr和As的高值(μg/g)为0.26～0.35,83.4～94.9和23.3。河北省个别地区Hg、Cd和Zn含量(μg/g)高达3.12,2.01和602。上述结果反映渤海沿岸沉积物遭受了不同程度的重金属和As的污染。天津环渤海地区表层沉积物中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的含量(mg/g)分别为0.7～1.5和0.7～1.0,它们在辽宁地区分别为0.5～1.0和0.5～0.7,在河北地区一般为0.6～1.2和0.5～0.8。但是,在河北个别明显遭受Hg、Cd和Zn污染地区的沉积物中TN和TP含量(mg/g)分别高达6.6和1.5,需要研究它对底栖生物的危害。     

沱江流域沉积物中氮赋存状态及其垂向分布特征

2004年2月发生在沱江的特大水污染事故给沱江流域的生态环境造成了严重的危害,近年来受工农业和沿岸居民生活的影响,沱江的生态环境依然遭受着一定程度的污染,但对沱江流域氮的地球化学研究甚少。沉积物是水环境中污染元素的重要蓄积库或释放源,为揭示沉积物中氮赋存状态迁移转化特征,并评估该地区生态环境修复状况,本文参照Mackin应用的沉积物中吸附态氨氮提取方法和Smart建立的沉积物中总氮提取方法,采用分光光度法针对沱江流域金堂地区冬季沉积物,开展了河流沉积物中总氮(TN)、可交换态氨氮(AN)、有机氮(ON)赋存状态分析,并对比了十年前后该地沉积物中氮赋存状态的变化情况。实验结果表明:TN含量为518.913~4386.899 mg/kg,ON含量为101.531~3793.683 mg/kg。在-3 cm以上,TN和ON含量较高,且ON是TN的主要组成部分;随着深度增加,两者含量迅速减少,AN含量略有降低。与十年前该地区沉积物中氮的相关数据对比,TN含量增加,其中AN含量增加明显;在-3 cm以上,ON、TN在表层沉积物中增加明显。研究认为:沱江流域沉积物中的氮已经作为内源氮释放至间隙水甚至上覆水中,同时存在外源污染,致使沉积物表层有机氮以及总氮含量升高明显。     

云蒙湖表层沉积物重金属分布特征及风险评价

为了解云蒙湖表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,选取云蒙湖沉积物中6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As)作为研究对象,测定并分析其在云蒙湖表层沉积物中的分布、来源及生态风险,以期为云蒙湖沉积物中重金属污染治理及饮用水安全保障提供依据。采用富集系数法、相关性分析及聚类分析对重金属来源进行分析,并选用富集系数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明:云蒙湖表层沉积物中6种重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As平均含量分别为20.9、73.1、23.1、62.0、0.4和4.5 mg/kg;与临沂市土壤背景比较,Cd、Zn和Cr的含量超过临沂市土壤背景值,Cd污染最严重。重金属来源分析结果显示:Cd受人类活动影响较大,可能与区域农业和林业施肥有关;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和 As这几种重金属以自然来源为主。综合富集系数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法3种评价方法的结果得出,云蒙湖表层沉积物中Cd 为最主要的污染元素,且具有较强的生态危害。     

长江口沉积物碳氮元素地球化学特征及有机质来源分析

根据对长江口水下三角洲上部(CJ16)和口门浅滩(CJ19)柱状样的粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和有机碳同位素(δ13C)以及长江口表层样TOC的测定,得出其粒度及碳氮元素特征,利用C/N和δ13C分析有机质来源及不同来源的贡献率。研究结果表明:(1)沉积物中有机碳含量在0.19%～1.17%之间,CJ16柱中有机碳含量比CJ19柱略高;总氮含量均比较少,且变化幅度小;C/N比值在5～17间变化;CJ16柱的δ13C值在24.70‰～22.86‰间变化,CJ19柱为24.88‰～22.37‰,且CJ19柱δ13C值在36 cm以上段较下段明显增大,推测可能与南汇边滩互花米草(C4植物)的引种有关;(2)长江口表层沉积物TOC的含量范围为0.17%～1.16%,平均值为0.52%;(3)粒度特征显示长江口主要以粉砂和粘土为主,砂含量较少,粒度与长江口TN、TOC含量有较好的相关性;(4)C/N和δ13C值的特征均显示该区有机质为陆源和海洋混合,利用C/N比值估算出来自陆源的有机碳比例在CJ16柱约为40%,而在CJ19柱中约为60%;根据δ13C值估算出CJ16柱陆源和海源两种有机质来源几乎是各占一半的比例,CJ19柱来自陆源的有机碳占总有机碳的60%,与用C/N比值法测得的结果较一致。上述结果显示长江口的不同空间位置碳氮元素分布特征不同,沉积记录受到粒度、河口区物源的影响,还受到陆源和海源不同有机质来源输入的影响。     

刘家峡水库西南部水域表层沉积物重金属污染评价

为了研究刘家峡水库西南部水域表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,对采集的55个表层沉积物样品中的6种重金属元素Cr、Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量进行测试,其平均含量分别为77.03μg/g、0.16μg/g、33.53μg/g、32.09μg/g、291.77μg/g、22.44μg/g。在研究表层沉积物重金属含量空间分布的基础上,运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法,综合判断水库的受污染程度并对其潜在生态风险进行评估。6种元素的地累积指数排序依次为：Zn > Cu > Cd > Ni > Pb > Cr;潜在生态风险系数排序依次为：Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cr;各区域重金属污染程度或潜在生态风险水平依次为黄河主河道 > 大夏河河口 > 黄河横剖面。综合4种方法的评价结果,认为对刘家峡水库西南部表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价贡献率较高的重金属污染因子是Zn、Cu和Cd;综合相关性分析与主成分分析,认为研究区沉积物重金属污染主要来源于两个方面：（1） Zn、Cu主要来源于生活污染或工业污染;（2） Cd主要来源于工农业活动产生的污染。     

Ammonium release characteristics of the sediments from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region,China

Ammonium release from sediments has significant effects on the water quality in eutrophic lakes. In this study, the ammonium release kinetics and adsorption–desorption processes were investigated in 13 sediments of 6 shallow lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region, China. The results show that First Order Model best described the ammonium release process, the maximal release capacity had a strong correlation with organic matter (OM), cationic exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). But it only had a weak correlation with Fe, Ca and Al. The ammonium release capacity in more polluted sediments was higher than that in less polluted sediments. The average release rate within 0–5 min was the highest among the experimental period, the amount released within 0–5 min accounted for approximately 50–70% of the total release capacity. The ammonium release rate had a significant and positive correlation with OM. But it did not have a strong correlation with TN, TP, Fe, Ca and Al. The ammonium potential release capacity (obtained when the water/sediment ratio was about 2,500) had strong and positive relation with OM and maximal release capacity, and it may provide useful information for the sediment release risk assessment. Henry Model best described the ammonium sorption isotherms, and ammonium adsorption–desorption equilibrium concentration can be considered as the ammonium release threshold to assess the release risk in the sediments.     

Spatial variations and distributions of phosphorus and nitrogen in bottom sediments from a typical north-temperate lake,China

Concentrations and vertical distributions of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and their different forms in sediments obtained from nine locations of Lake Dalinouer in September 2008 were analyzed. The results demonstrated that TP in surface sediments ranged from 0.493 to 0.904 g/kg, and inorganic phosphorus was the main fraction of total phosphorus, ranging from 335 to 738 mg/kg. Simultaneously, the autogenetic calcium phosphorus (ACa-P) was the main fraction of inorganic phosphorus, ranging from 145.4 to 543.2 mg/kg. Vertical distribution of different phosphorus forms in different sediment cores was distinguishing, and most of them tended to increase toward the surface sediment, indicated that the phosphorus concentration was related to the humanity with a certain extent. The relationships between TP and occluded phosphorus and ACa-P were significant. Nitrogen in the sediment was composed mainly of organic nitrogen, accounting for grater than 80 % of TN. NO₃ ^?-N was the dominate fraction of inorganic nitrogen in the surface sediment, ranging between 51 and 346 mg/kg (151.1 ± 104.4 mg/kg), and accounting for between 2.2 and 17.7 % of total sediment nitrogen (6.2 ± 5.6 %). The ratio of organic carbon and TN in sediment was in range of 6.0–25.8 and presented a tendency of lake centre >lake sides, indicating that nitrogen accumulated in the sediments from lake sides came mainly from terrestrial source and nitrogen was mainly autogenetic in lake centre. Ratio of N:P in all sampling sites was below 14, indicated that N was the limiting nutrient for algal growth in this lake.     

Inputs,transformations, and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chesapeake Bay and selected tributaries

In this paper we assemble and analyze quantitative annual input-export budgets for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for Chesapeake Bay and three of its tributary estuaries (Potomac, Patuxent, and Choptank rivers). The budgets include estimates of TN and TP sources (point, diffuse, and atmospheric), internal losses (burial in sediments, fisheries yields, and denitrification), storages in the water column and sediments, internal cycling rates (zooplankton excretion and net sediment-water flux), and net downstream exchange. Annual terrestrial and atmospheric inputs (average of 1985 and 1986 data) of TN and TP ranged from 4.3 g TN m^?2 yr^?1 to 29.3 g TN m^?2 yr^?1 and 0.32 g TP m^?2 yr^?1 to 2.42 g TP m^?2 yr^?1, respectively. These rates of TN and TP input represent 6-fold to 8-fold and 13-fold to 24-fold increases in loads to these systems since the precolonial period. A recent 11-yr record for the Susquehanna River indicates that annual loads of TN and TP have varied by about 2-fold and 4-fold, respectively. TN inputs increased and TP inputs decreased during the 11-yr period. The relative importance of nutrient sources varied among these estuaries: point sources of nutrients delivered about half the annual TN and TP load to the Patuxent and nearly 60% of TP inputs to the Choptank; diffuse sources contributed 60–70% of the TN and TP inputs to the mainstream Chesapeake and Potomac River. The direct deposition of atmospheric wet-fall to the surface waters of these estuaries represented 12% or less of annual TN and TP loads except in the Choptank River (37% of TN and 20% of TP). We found direct, although damped, relationships between annual rates of nutrient input, water-column and sediment nutrient stocks, and nutrient losses via burial in sediments and denitrification. Our budgets indicate that the annual mass balance of TN and TP is maintained by a net landward exchange of TP and, with one exception (Choptank River), a net seaward transport of TN. The budgets for all systems revealed that inorganic nutrients entering these estuaries from terrestrial and atmospheric sources are rapidly converted to particulate and organic forms. Discrepancies between our budgets and others in the literature were resolved by the inclusion of sediments derived from shoreline erosion. The greatest potential for errors in our budgets can be attributed to the absence of or uncertainties in estimates of atmospheric dry-fall, contributions of nutrients via groundwater, and the sedimentation rates used to calculate nutrient burial rates.     

Distribution and sources of carbon,nitrogen, phosphorus and biogenic silica in the sediments of Chilika lagoon

The present study investigated the spatial and vertical distribution of organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and biogenic silica (BSi) in the sedimentary environments of Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon. Surface and core sediments were collected from various locations of the Chilika lagoon and were analysed for grain-size distribution and major elements in order to understand their distribution and sources. Sand is the dominant fraction followed by silt + clay. Primary production within the lagoon, terrestrial input from river discharge and anthropogenic activities in the vicinity of the lagoon control the distribution of OC, TN, TP and BSi in the surface as well as in the core sediments. Low C/N ratios in the surface sediments (3.49–3.41) and cores (4–11.86) suggest that phytoplankton and macroalgae may be major contributors of organic matter (OM) in the lagoon. BSi is mainly associated with the mud fraction. Core C5 from Balugaon region shows the highest concentration of OC ranging from 0.58–2.34%, especially in the upper 30 cm, due to direct discharge of large amounts of untreated sewage into the lagoon. The study highlights that Chilika is a dynamic ecosystem with a large contribution of OM by autochthonous sources with some input from anthropogenic sources as well.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Amino Acids in Sediments of Lake Taihu, A Large, Shallow, Eutrophic Freshwater Lake of China

To examine the biogeochemistry of amino acids (AAs) in the sediment of Lake Taihu, surface sediments (0–3 cm) and deeper sediments (18–21 cm) were collected at 21 sites from different ecotype zones of the lake. AAs were extracted from the sediments, and the total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography instrument. The THAA contents in Taihu sediment were much lower than that in marine sediments, ranging from 6.84 to 38.24 μmol g⁻¹ in surface sediments and from 2.91 to 18.75 μmol g⁻¹ in deeper sediments in Taihu, respectively. AAs were a major fraction of the organic matter (OM) and organic nitrogen in Taihu sediments. The AAs on average contributed 8.2% of organic carbon (OC) and 25.0% of total nitrogen (TN) from surface sediments, and 5.9% of OC and 20.5% of TN in deeper sediments, respectively. AA composition provided very useful information about the degradation of OM. Glycine (Gly) and lysine (Lys) were the predominant forms of AAs in the sediments, irrespective of lake regions, followed by alanine, glutamic acid, serine (Ser), and aspartic acid (Asp). The high concentrations of Gly, Lys, and Ser suggested that these forms of AAs were relatively refractory during OM degradation in sediments. The relationship between the Asp/Gly ratio and Ser + Thr [mol%] indicated that OM in surface sediment was relatively fresher than that in deeper sediments. The AAs-based degradation index (DI) gave a similar conclusion. The composition and DI of AAs in surface sediments are markedly different across different zones in Taihu. The percentages of AAs to organic carbon (AA-C%) and total nitrogen (AA-N%) were higher in phytoplankton-dominated zones than those in macrophyte-dominated zones. These results suggest that DI could provide useful information about the degradation of OM in shallow lakes such as Taihu.     

哈素海沉积物中氮和有机质的分布特征

针对哈素海富营养化日趋严重的现实,系统开展了湖泊沉积物中不同形态氮及有机质的空间分布和污染特征研究。结果表明,表层沉积物中TN、Org N、NH+4 N及有机质的水平分布均表现经向分异特征,Org N的分布特征主导了TN的水平分布格局,有机质与TN具有强相关性。沉积柱芯中TN随深度增加而递减,有机质和Org N与TN的垂向分布相似,尽管 NH+4 N的垂直变化分异较大,但仍表现于表层富集的特点。Org N为表层沉积物和沉积柱芯中氮的主导形态,NH+4 N为无机氮的主导形态,成岩过程中,沉积物中TN只有极少部分在发生矿化。沉积物中有机质主要来源于湖中芦苇等大型挺水植物及陆源输入。哈素海表层沉积物的氮污染对底栖生物已经产生了严重的生态毒性效应,对底栖生物群落及整个水生生态系统构成了严重威胁。     

基于数学模型的陕西黑河水源区植被过滤带效果评估

为探讨运用数学模型进行植被过滤带效果评估的方法,以陕西黑河水源区为例,通过植被过滤带水文及泥沙输移模型,分析了植被过滤带的带宽及坡度对入流泥沙净化效果的影响,确定适宜的植被过滤带设置方法,并采用污染负荷~泥沙关系法对植被过滤带的流域非点源污染负荷削减效果进行估算。结果表明:草地植被过滤带带宽以3~5 m为宜,且应设置于坡度小于60°的河岸岸坡;在黑河水源区内的可设带区域全部设置植被过滤带后,将削减泥沙负荷的21.7%,TP负荷的12.4%和TN负荷的14.3%,植被过滤带能够在黑河水源区的水质保护中起到重要作用。