重庆甑子岩崩塌落石动力学特征及危险性分区

针对重庆市南川区甑子岩危岩体面临的崩塌地质灾害问题,分析不同高度、不同规模的危岩体对东侧居民区的落石风险及危害性。以甑子岩处岩质边坡为研究对象,根据其结构面发育情况及崩塌落石特征确定模型尺寸,运用RocFall软件对崩塌落石的能量、速度、运动轨迹、落点位置及冲击力等进行模拟计算。以此对崩塌落石区进行落石风险评估,根据崩塌落石的动量和动能,按最危险原则法将崩塌落石的危险性分区,分为Ⅰ危险性极大、Ⅱ危险性大、Ⅲ危险性一般、Ⅳ危险性较小、Ⅴ无危险五个分区,并将此分区应用于甑子岩危岩体,评价崩子岩危岩体居民区的落石风险及危险性,确保居民安全。通过对崩塌落石区的危险性分区,可以用来指导居民区的安置和防护措施。     

危岩崩塌启动机制离心模型试验研究

大型高陡危岩崩塌初始失稳过程短暂,难以在现场进行及时观测并获取有效数据,为此引入离心模型试验。以重庆甑子岩陡崖高陡危岩崩塌为原型,对危岩崩塌启动机制展开研究,获取关键数据,定量化验证甑子岩危岩失稳的关键影响因素,探索危岩崩塌的离心模型试验方法。试验较好地完成了对岩质崩塌初始失稳过程的模拟,当危岩模型底部区域抗压强度为60 kPa时,失稳时刻离心加速度为73g;当抗压强度降至40 kPa时,失稳时刻离心加速度仅为18g;对照组试验证明高陡危岩底部区域强度对其整体稳定性起控制性作用。试验模型中上部岩体的失稳方式与原型具有一定差异,分析认为其原因除试验因素引入外力作用之外,主要是由于模型材料没有考虑原型的节理裂隙与抗拉强度所致,这表明高陡危岩崩塌模式除受底部岩体强度控制外,还与中上部岩体性状密切相关。研究结果可为高陡危岩压裂溃屈失稳机制提供试验依据与数据支撑,对崩塌灾害机理研究具有重要参考。     

塔柱状岩体崩塌运动特征分析

塔状岩体是中国西南灰岩山区常见的地质灾害隐患.这类岩体点多面广,破坏频率极高,诱发因素甚多.以甑子岩危岩体为例,基于影像资料,详细剖析了塔状岩体的崩塌失稳过程,重点对其失稳过程中的运动特征开展了研究.认为甑子岩危岩失稳可分为启动、加速、碰撞3个运动阶段,塔状岩体的破坏从底部开始,在上覆岩体下坠过程中,呈现出由下至上、裂缝扩展、破坏传递、空中崩解的特点.研究发现甑子岩塔状岩体的加速度曲线在下降阶段表现出类似缓冲现象的连续负向波动,且不同位置测点的运动特征曲线具有显著的时效差异性,表明塔状岩体在失稳下坠过程中同步发生着破裂、碰撞、解体等变化.     

强震条件下碎裂岩体崩塌机理及崩塌后壁对堆积体稳定性影响研究

5 12 汶川地震的强震作用诱发产生了大量崩塌地质灾害,且多发生于碎裂结构岩体中。崩塌后斜坡后缘岩体及前缘堆积体的稳定性和后缘岩体对前缘堆积体稳定性的影响研究同样是震后灾害所面临的问题。以干河沟沟口斜坡为例,在分析该斜坡结构特征及崩塌机理的基础上,采用二维离散元软件UDEC模拟了斜坡在天然或强震条件下的稳定状态和可能失稳过程; 运用极限平衡法对陡壁岩体再次崩塌,产生新物质堆载在现有崩塌堆积体后缘前、后分别建立模型进行了稳定性分析。研究结果表明:碎裂岩体崩塌过程可分为应力重分布、潜在崩塌体形成和地震诱发崩塌3个阶段。崩塌堆积体在考虑后缘堆载作用之前,在天然或地震环境下均处于相对稳定状态,考虑堆载作用之后,其可能会在地震条件下失稳。离散元法和极限平衡法的组合使用,对于解决同类斜坡的同类问题切实可行。     

重庆南川甑子岩山体崩塌机制研究

本文以重庆南川甑子岩崩塌为例,对近水平厚层状高陡灰岩山体座落滑移式崩塌机制进行研究,通过工程地质分析揭示了甑子岩危岩崩塌的成因机制,利用数值模拟开展了初始变形破坏的研究。研究认为,甑子岩崩塌是自然条件下形成发育、受岩溶风化与人类工程活动影响所产生的大型危岩体崩塌。岩体中多组大型陡倾节理发育,卸荷作用下在陡崖边缘形成张拉裂隙,地下水长期溶蚀使裂隙连通率不断增大,地下采空加速软弱基座破坏、危岩体变形。随着裂隙的贯通,软弱基座内部应力累积,应变逐渐增大,当超过岩体强度时发生圆弧形剪切滑移破坏,导致柱状危岩体座落崩塌。     

震裂-滑移式崩塌形成机制及变形规律研究

以四川省S303线卧龙至巴郎山段K70+340～K70+388处崩塌为研究对象,采用地质力学分析和UDEC离散元模拟相结合的方法,揭示了震裂-滑移式崩塌形成机制及其变形破坏规律。结果表明：该类型崩塌主要发生在有陡倾结构面的顺层岩质斜坡;地震波对斜坡岩体主要为拉剪破坏,并呈现出坡顶和坡面处拉应力大于坡体内部的规律;地震力对斜坡的影响表现出顶部较下部、坡面较坡内变形快、变形量大的特点;随地震波加速度的幅值的增大,斜坡动力响应也越强烈,崩塌体的位移也越大;震裂破坏过程可以归纳为6个阶段,即（1）地震作用下岩体的损伤和拉张裂缝的形成;（2）拉张裂缝的拓展和软弱滑移面的贯通;（3）崩塌体整体震散和局部岩块的滑移;（4）局部岩块失稳,产生岩体的坠落、弹射、抛射和滚落现象;（5）岩体整体产生坠落、弹射、抛射和滚落;（6）崩塌体趋于稳定。该问题的研究不仅可以为地质灾害的分析提供新方法,而且对震区防灾、减灾具有一定的指导意义。     

赤水市官渡镇立树天崩塌发育特征及其稳定性评价

文章以赤水市官渡镇立树天崩塌为例,通过对其形态及空间特征的分析,得出该崩塌总体为中型倾倒式崩塌.文章对该崩塌灾害的堆积体及危岩体的特征进行了描述,并对其危岩的稳定性进行定量分析评价,得出在天然状态下,危岩体处于基本稳定-欠稳定状态;而在暴雨与地震状态下,危岩体处于欠稳定-不稳定状态,对附近居民危害性较大.最后给出合理性...     

重庆南川甑子岩-二垭岩危岩带特征及其稳定性分析

在调查重庆南川甑子岩-二垭岩段88处近水平层状大型危岩形成的地质环境背景基础上,分析了危岩发育特征、影响因素以及稳定情况,查明了危岩体结构与失稳模式的相关性,分坠落式、倾倒式、滑移式三种失稳模式进行稳定性分析。研究表明该危岩带是金佛山向斜核部经长期地质演化形成的近水平层状厚层灰岩陡崖,受降雨、岩溶、底部软弱层及大面积地下采空影响形成的,属特大型危岩带。其中,危岩带内的塔状岩体是西南缓倾层状灰岩山区典型的危岩类型,破坏机理复杂,易形成崩塌碎屑流。通过稳定性计算并综合考虑现场调查结果,认为带内危岩体在天然工况下整体稳定性较高,但暴雨工况和地震工况下稳定性骤降,尤其是危岩分布集中的甑子岩、和尚帽以及二垭岩区段,具有较高的成灾可能性,亟需开展监测预警工作。     

2017年8月28日贵州纳雍县张家湾镇普洒村崩塌特征与成因机理研究

2017年8月28日10时30分许,贵州省纳雍县张家湾镇普洒村后山约49.1×104 m3的山体发生高位崩塌,高速运动的碎屑物质沿途铲刮坡面原有松散崩滑堆积物,最终形成体积约为82.3×104 m3的堆积体,摧毁坡脚的普洒村大树脚组和桥边组居民区,造成26人遇难,9人失踪。通过对灾害发生现场进行详细的地质调查,本文综合运用无人机航拍、地面合成孔径雷达监测等技术手段,对普洒村崩塌体特征进行了详细描述,初步阐述了崩塌发生的动力学过程和成因机理,并对周边受崩塌体失稳影响而产生的欠稳定区岩体特征的危险性进行了分析评价。初步研究结果认为,崩塌源区岩体在下部巷道采煤的影响下产生拉张裂缝,之后在长期重力作用下,山体开始变形、破碎,最终整体失稳破坏。崩塌体从小规模掉块开始到整体失稳破坏、远程运动,直至最终停积,整个过程用时约7分21秒,其中主崩塌体失稳用时约26 s,远程运动距离约788 m,是一处典型的高位崩塌-碎屑流。深入研究普洒村崩塌的形成过程和成灾机理,对我国西南山区存在的与普洒村崩塌体类似条件的灾害隐患点的减灾防灾工作,具有重要的指导意义。     

新疆维吾尔自治区乌恰县康苏红层崩塌运动学特征研究

以新疆维吾尔自治区乌恰县康苏红层崩塌为例, 基于DAN-W运动学模型进行了红层崩塌碎屑流空间预测评价, 同时根据无人机航拍图和野外地质现场调查, 结合崩塌研究区的工程地质要素, 分析该崩塌的形成特征和失稳模式。结果表明:该崩塌为拉裂式崩塌, 主要受危岩体岩性组合和坡体结构面组合控制, 其孕灾模式为差异风化阶段→岩体结构变形破坏阶段→悬挑危岩阶段→崩塌失稳落下阶段, 具有典型的碎屑流运动特征。同时利用动力学模型软件DAN-W对该崩塌碎屑流的运动过程进行计算, 得到崩塌碎屑流的运动时长约为50 s, 堆积体平均厚度达到2 m, 最大速度为11.5 m·s-1, 冲击最远距离达到315 m, 与实际情况相符。表明DAN-W模型可以用来分析红层崩塌碎屑流的动力学灾害效应, 为红层地区类似的潜在崩塌碎屑流灾害的形成特征和运动效应分析提供借鉴。     

落石冲击混凝土棚洞力学特性研究

落石冲击棚洞结构作用过程复杂,缺乏统一的落石冲击力表达式。首先,将落石简化为刚性球体,基于Hertz接触理论,推导得到落石冲击力半正弦算法的理论表达式,考虑落石冲击下棚洞的非弹性特征,根据落石与材料碰撞过程中落石加速度曲线特征,采用函数拟合法推导得到落石法向冲击下其冲击力的理论计算方法;然后,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立落石冲击棚洞数值计算模型,研究不同冲击速度下落石冲击棚洞动力特征;最后,与现存常见的多种方法进行对比,得出以下结论：Hertz半正弦法得到的落石冲击力远大于函数拟合法和数值法,而函数拟合法和数值法得到的落石冲击力时程曲线相接近,表明函数拟合法更能反映落石与棚洞接触碰撞动力关系;对比其他计算方法可以得到,Hertz算法适用于分析无能量损失下的弹性碰撞问题,而Logistic算法适用于材料大塑性变形的情况,弹塑性接触理论结果和动力有限元结果存在差异,而采用函数拟合推导的计算方法得到的落石最大冲击力和落石冲击作用时间与动力有限元法更接近,更能反映落石冲击棚洞动力响应特征,推导的落石冲击力计算方法可为工程实践中棚洞防护设计提供理论参考。     

地震作用下康定市郭达山危岩带运动特征

康定地区多为深切河谷地貌,山坡陡峻,基岩裸露,崩塌落石多发,地震频发。为开展地震作用下崩塌运动特征和规律研究,以康定市郭达山危岩带为研究对象,采用颗粒流离散元软件(particle flow code in 2 dimension,PFC^2D)模拟危岩带不同部位崩塌源(坡顶孤石、坡体上部碎裂岩体、坡体中部老崩塌堆积体、坡体下部块状危岩)在面波震级(surface ware magnitude,Ms) 8.0地震作用下的运动特征和破坏过程。研究结果表明: ①坡顶孤石质量越小越易启动,孤石越接近球形越易发生倾覆和滚动,沿临空面飞出后运动类型以坠落、碰撞、滚动为主,坡顶孤石的运动速率最大时达11.8 m/s; ②坡体上部碎裂岩体破坏过程可分为裂隙延伸贯通—启动坠落—碰撞解体—滚动堆积4个阶段,位于碎裂岩体上部的块石运动距离最远,达269 m; ③老崩塌堆积体块石自前向后形成碎屑流,沿坡面运动类型以滚动、碰撞为主; ④下部块状危岩运动特征为启动—滑动—挤压—解体—再滑动—再挤压—堆积; ⑤不同部位的崩塌在运动过程中块石会发生碰撞、摩擦、挤压、解体,快速消耗自身动能,导致运动距离和速率骤降。采用离散元模拟能够更全面更精细化的认识深切河谷区的崩塌,可为崩塌灾害的工程治理和山区城镇的防灾减灾提供科学依据。     

A fractal fragmentation model for rockfalls

The impact-induced rock mass fragmentation in a rockfall is analyzed by comparing the in situ block size distribution (IBSD) of the rock mass detached from the cliff face and the resultant rockfall block size distribution (RBSD) of the rockfall fragments on the slope. The analysis of several inventoried rockfall events suggests that the volumes of the rockfall fragments can be characterized by a power law distribution. We propose the application of a three-parameter rockfall fractal fragmentation model (RFFM) for the transformation of the IBSD into the RBSD. A discrete fracture network model is used to simulate the discontinuity pattern of the detached rock mass and to generate the IBSD. Each block of the IBSD of the detached rock mass is an initiator. A survival rate is included to express the proportion of the unbroken blocks after the impact on the ground surface. The model was calibrated using the volume distribution of a rockfall event in Vilanova de Banat in the Cadí Sierra, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. The RBSD was obtained directly in the field, by measuring the rock block fragments deposited on the slope. The IBSD and the RBSD were fitted by exponential and power law functions, respectively. The results show that the proposed fractal model can successfully generate the RBSD from the IBSD and indicate the model parameter values for the case study.     

Transport process and mechanism of the Hongshiyan rock avalanche triggered by the 2014 Ludian earthquake,China

The Hongshiyan rock avalanche is a remarkable landslide disaster with approximately volume of 12?×?10⁶ m³, triggered by the 2014 Ms. 6.5 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan Province, China. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis by the model based on discrete element (DEM-based) numerical simulation to understand the transport process and mechanism for this rock avalanche. The simulation results showed that the transport process of the rock avalanche depends on the input seismic duration and motion. The average velocity of the rock avalanche sharply increases to peak value of 27 m/s and then gradually decreases to zero, and 64% and 36% of the total energy are dissipated by collision and friction, respectively. In this process, the progressions from simple disintegration along pre-existing discontinuities to fragmentation that creates new fracture surface are documented, and gradual increase of the fragmentation degree over time results in the decrease of fragment size and the formation of well-graded and narrower-interval gradation. This fragmentation evolution creates a conductive condition to the development of internal shear, and is closely associated with the dense flow regime that dominates the main body of the rock avalanche but presents discontinuous distribution along the flow thickness direction. In addition, further analyzing the simulated results indicates that more likely effects of fragmentation on mobility of rock avalanches depend on fragmentation-induced special flow structure, which makes a rock avalanche in a flow state with lower friction and lower energy consumption.

     

边坡滚石运动轨迹分段循环算法

边坡滚石是在基本建设中常遇到的一种工程灾害。其防护结构的设计依据主要是边坡滚石的运动轨迹,因而要对这种灾害进行防治,首先要确定滚石的运动轨迹。根据落石运动全过程的三个阶段,即滚动(滑动)运动阶段、抛物运动阶段和与坡面碰撞阶段,利用分段循环算法分别得到了三个运动阶段的运动速度计算公式。以某岩质边坡构建相似模型,将该理论公式应用于落石运动轨迹预测,验证了公式的可行性和有效性。与现有方法相比,分段循环算法具有计算原理简单明确、易于使用等优点。该方法可用于斜坡区滚石运动特征的预测,并可作为斜坡区滚石灾害防治的依据。     

丰都名山崩滑体失稳的离散元模拟

以丰都名山崩滑体为研究对象,拟通过对该崩滑体失稳破坏过程的离散元模拟分析,达到对该崩滑体的稳定性进行有效分析评价的目的。研究结果发现,崩滑体的滑移崩塌过程及散落情况与其坡脚是否风化剥蚀相关,且不论坡脚是否风化剥蚀,其上部块体的运动轨迹与中下部块体的运动轨迹存在着明显差异。分析结果同时还表明,丰都名山崩滑体的确存在滑移崩塌危险,应积极采取适当防范措施。     

Dynamics and mass balance of the 2007 Cima Una rockfall (Eastern Alps, Italy)

On October 12th, 2007 about 40,000 m³ of dolomitic rock detached from the northern wall of the peak known as “Cima Una” (Val Fiscalina, Sesto Dolomites, Bolzano, Italy), and fell 900 m to Fiscalina Valley below. The event generated a dense dust cloud, which traveled up to 4 km from the source area. The failure surface was formed by two near-vertical surfaces, almost perpendicular to each other. The orientation of these surfaces is consistent with two of the main regional tectonic sets. Only a small portion of the fallen material appeared to be preserved as blocks deposited at the base of the rock wall. About a fifth of the fallen mass was deposited on a colluvial cone. The missing mass, estimated to be about 80 %, may be represented by highly fragmented rock in part deposited as sand on the valley floor and in part dispersed as a dense dust cloud generated during the rockfall. There appears to be a deficit of deposited material, which could lead underestimation in the calculation of rock–cliff recession rates. The dynamics of the rockfall, strongly conditioned by the local topography, partially explains the intense rock breakage and the generation of the dust cloud. The rockfall was not caused by an external trigger, such as an earthquake or heavy rainfall; the failure was most likely progressive due to mechanical and physical degradation along highly stressed failure surfaces, possibly promoted by permafrost degradation and freeze and thaw processes.     

基于线黏弹性接触的落石冲击地面参量理论研究

落石与坡面或者防护结构接触过程中冲击参量随时间变化特征是描述落石碰撞过程的重要指标,对于揭示落石与坡面相互作用机制以及采取合理的防护措施具有重要的意义。在现有的相关设计规范中,并没有给出关于落石冲击力时程关系的计算方法,仅参照有关规范或经验方法确定一个落石最大冲击力值。为此,首先基于线黏弹性接触理论,建立落石冲击地面力学模型,根据位移-速度组合初始条件以及速度-加速度组合初始条件分别推导得到两种落石冲击特征参量理论解析解;然后基于 ANSYS/LS-DYNA 非线性动力学软件,建立落石冲击地面三维数值模型,研究球体落石冲击地面力学特点;最后将理论结果对比室内试验和已有的研究成果,得出以下结论：（1）Hertz 弹性接触理论结果中各参量变化在加载阶段和恢复阶段均呈现对称的趋势,速度、加速度初始条件下的落石冲击特征参量和动力有限元法非常接近,而位移-速度初始条件组合并不适用于研究落石冲击下的动力特征;（2）不同速度和下落高度下,落石最大冲击力值随落石下落高度和冲击速度的增大而增加,而落石冲击作用时间随下落高度和冲击速度的增加而减小;（3）计算结果得到的落石最大冲击力以及落石冲击作用时间与室内试验结果和已有成果相接近,相比室内试验和有限元结果的震荡性,此结果更能体现落石冲击力变化规律; （4）多种冲击速度下,对比不同方法得到的落石最大冲击力,可知计算结果均在各种冲击力计算结果的范围内,具有很好的可靠性。考虑到现有研究理论的不足,难以求解落石冲击力时程关系,求解结果丰富了落石碰撞理论,可以指导工程有关落石灾害的防护设计。     

RockGIS: a GIS-based model for the analysis of fragmentation in rockfalls

A rockfall is a mass instability event frequently observed in road cuts, open pit mines and quarries, steep slopes and cliffs. After its detachment, the rock mass may disaggregate and break due to the impact with the ground surface, thus producing new rock fragments. The consideration of the fragmentation of the rockfall mass is critical for the calculation of the trajectories of the blocks and the impact energies and for the assessment of the potential damage and the design of protective structures. In this paper, we present RockGIS, a GIS-based tool that simulates stochastically the fragmentation of the rockfall, based on a lumped mass approach. In RockGIS, the fragmentation is triggered by the disaggregation of the detached rock mass through the pre-existing discontinuities just before the impact with the ground. An energy threshold is defined in order to determine whether the impacting blocks break or not. The distribution of the initial mass between a set of newly generated rock fragments is carried out stochastically following a power law. The trajectories of the new rock fragments are distributed within a cone. The fragmentation model has been calibrated and tested with a 10,000 m³ rockfall that took place in 2011 near Vilanova de Banat, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain.     

Modelling dynamic breakage in rock blocks with different elongation and flatness ratios upon impact

The two crucial shape factors (elongation ratio and flatness ratio) of brittle particles may influence the dynamic breakage of brittle particles upon impact. Hence, three-dimensional discrete element method simulations of brittle rock blocks with different shapes upon normal impact were performed. The simulated results indicate that the elongation ratio, that is, ratio of width to length and flatness ratio, that is, ratio of thickness to width can significantly affect the breakage of brittle rock blocks. Three fracture mechanisms, that is, fragmentation, horizontal tensile fracture and vertical tensile fracture, were revealed, which determine the dynamic breakage of rock blocks. The fragmentation results in numerous single-sphered fragments with velocities even larger than 2 times of the initial velocities. Fragmentation can provide a buffering effect at high impact velocities of larger than 4 m/s. With an increasing elongation ratio or flatness ratio, the phenomenon of fragmentation gradually disappears. The reflection of a compression stress wave results in horizontal tensile fracture. The expansion in the plane perpendicular to the impact velocity results in vertical tensile fracture.