数字高程模型的裁剪与拼接技术

DEM数据裁剪与拼接方法的好坏，直接影响DEM的应用。本文以规则矩形格网GRID数据形式为基础，分别叙述了地理坐标和高斯平面坐标DEM数据的裁剪与拼接方法，实现了对任意经纬度区域范围内DEM数据的快速裁剪与拼接。     

一种基于点云数据的DEM生成方法

利用机载激光雷达点云滤波已成为获取高精度数字高程模型的重要手段之一。本文充分考虑规则格网和虚拟格网的优势,利用规则格网进行建筑物区域与非建筑物区域的初步分离;然后,利用虚拟格网进行非地面点的去除,最后,用获得的地面点生成DEM,取得了较好的实验效果,具有一定的实用价值。     

高精度数字高程模型的构建方法研究

在分析构建数字高程模型优缺点和Hutchinson算法特点的基础上,探讨运用GIS和遥感软件生产高精度格网DEM的构建方法,并从软件构建方法、软件运行时间效率、格网DEM构建精度等方面进行分析比较,同时运用对比分析法对构建DEM的精度进行评价分析,得出利用ArcGIS中Topogridtool法是目前常用遥感和GIS软件中构建高精度格网DEM的最优方法,然后将该方法实际运用到玛尔挡地区,构建出该区域的高精度数字高程模型,该方法的运用在山地区域的建模误差最小、效果较好,为今后构建高精度数字高程模型提供一种更为精确和合理的方法。     

规则格网DEM内插精度与效率分析

规则格网DEM是DEM的主要表示方式，应用最为广泛，影响DEM质量的关键因素便是内插过程，包括内插精度和效率两个方面。现有的诸多规则格网DEM内插方法基本都不能兼顾内插精度和效率，很大程度上制约了DEM的生产。本文在分析已有方法的基础上，提出了基于Delaunay冲突区域搜索策略的TIN内插规则格网DEM方法，并以实验对该方法进行验证和分析。实验结果表明文中所提方法对规则格网DEM内插精度与效率行之有效。     

Delaunay三角网的鄱阳湖水陆地形数据整合研究

针对如何提高水域的综合开发管理能力,实现水陆一体化地形整合的问题,该文在原有DEM格网数据整合的基础上,提出利用基于约束边Delaunay三角网方法进行水陆地形数据整合的方法,即利用迭代交换法实现约束线的嵌入,从而构建约束Delaunay三角网。以鄱阳湖为研究区域,以DEM格网数据和鄱阳湖岸线矢量数据为数据源,利用约束Delaunay三角网方法,创建基于岸线的Delaunay三角网,实现水陆地形无缝整合。实验结果表明,与利用DEM规则格网数据拼接方法进行比较分析,得出在岸线约束条件下构建的Delaunay三角网能更好地表达边缘处地形数据的整合,平滑效果较好。     

基于局部坐标系的嫦娥二号月面影像自动拼接方法

针对嫦娥二号影像分辨率高、数据量大的特点,提出了一种新的投影坐标系-局部坐标系。该坐标系建立过程简单,便于数据管理,投影后的影像变形极小。通过转换可将单轨的DOM和DEM进行分解,并生成各局部坐标系对应的分块DOM和DEM。创建了分块数据后,基于重叠影像同名像点,以有理多项式作为校正模型,采用一种全局优化方法来校正重叠影像坐标偏差,使校正后各影像能够很好地配准。校正只在影像子网内进行,各子网间互不影响,有效地控制了误差的传递。实验表明,该拼接方法可以在微机上有效地对海量月表影像进行拼接处理,并达到很好的拼接效果,最终生成全景三维月图。     

DEM线性建模过程中的高程误差传播

在建立数字高程模型(DEM)时,基于规则格网数据和基于三角形网数据的线性建模是常用的方法。在建模过程中,结点的高程误差会随之传播。研究了DEM在基于规则格网数据和基于三角形网数据的线性建模过程中的高程误差传播问题,推导出了在结点高程误差相关情形下的高程误差传播公式,求出了在规则格网和不规则格网面上的平均高程传播误差。平均高程传播误差可以作为DEM线性插值过程中高程误差传播的度量指标。     

DEM 地形描述误差的概率分布特征研究

以黄土丘陵1:1万DEM为基础数据,通过稀疏抽点法获取不同格网点布设位置下的DEM,进而分析不同分辨率DEM中单个地面点和区域地形单元的Et概率分布特征。实验结果表明:对于任意格网分辨率DEM,无论是不同布设方案下的单个地面点,还是区域地形单元,其Et的概率密度均呈现正态分布特征。对于单个地面点,如果以其为中心的3×3DEM格网单元区域以凸地形为主,其Et概率密度呈现出右偏正态分布特征;如果以凹地形为主,则呈现左偏正态分布特征,其他区域则呈现标准正态分布特征。     

DEM线性建模过程中的高程误差传播

在建立数字高程模型(DEM)时,基于规则格网数据和基于三角形网数据的线性建模是常用的方法.在建模过程中,结点的高程误差会随之传播.研究了DEM在基于规则格网数据和基于三角形网数据的线性建模过程中的高程误差传播问题,推导出了在结点高程误差相关情形下的高程误差传播公式,求出了在规则格网和不规则格网面上的平均高程传播误差.平均高程传播误差可以作为DEM线性插值过程中高程误差传播的度量指标.     

基于数据库的任意区域DEM拼接与裁剪

随着地理信息技术的发展,人们期望在数字地图产品的应用中能够突破以图幅为单位的管理机制,实现对数字地图产品的自动拼接和裁剪,实现对3维可视场的无级缩放和无缝漫游等功能。而要实现这些功能,基于数据库的任意区域的拼接和裁剪技术实现是其中的关键。仅针对DEM的拼接和裁剪方法进行一些粗浅的尝试,提出基于数据库的任意区域DEM拼接与裁剪的实现思路和具体过程,以及针对不规则三角网(TIN)的裁剪方法。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。