Shape similarity measures of linear entities

The essential of feature matching technology lies in how to measure the similarity of spatial entities. Among all the possible similarity measures, the shape similarity measure is one of the most important measures because it is easy to collect the necessary parameters and it is also well matched with the human intuition. In this paper a new shape similarity measure of linear entities based on the differences of direction change along each line is presented and its effectiveness is illustrated.     

基于空间相似性的面实体匹配算法研究

同一地物在不同来源的地图上通常存在着差异,其识别或匹配对于不同数据源的地图编制来说很关键。面状地物要素在很多地图表示中都占有很大的比例。基于人眼综合已有信息来识别同名实体的思想,本文提出了基于空间相似性的面实体匹配算法。该算法将面实体作为一个整体看待,采用加权平均法来综合面实体的位置、形状、大小等特征的相似度,进而根据获得的总相似度大小确定匹配实体。算法在确定位置相似度时选择形状中心点对面实体进行惟一标识;采用形状描述函数来计算形状相似度,不容易受各种干扰而影响精度,避免了形状信息的丢失;面实体的大小通过其覆盖面积来度量。实验结果表明该方法具有良好的稳定性和可靠性。     

应用于面状地理实体聚类分析的线段链形状相似性准则

提出了一种满足旋转与平移不变性的线段链形状相似性评价方法。该方法计算简便，适用于面状地理实体聚类分析，并给出了该评价方法的实现算法，分析了参数对评价方法可能产生的影响及影响程度。     

A Back‐Propagation Neural Network‐Based Approach for Multi‐Represented Feature Matching in Update Propagation

Spatial data infrastructures, which are characterized by multi‐represented datasets, are prevalent throughout the world. The multi‐represented datasets contain different representations for identical real‐world entities. Therefore, update propagation is useful and required for maintaining multi‐represented datasets. The key to update propagation is the detection of identical features in different datasets that represent corresponding real‐world entities and the detection of changes in updated datasets. Using polygon features of settlements as examples, this article addresses these key problems and proposes an approach for multi‐represented feature matching based on spatial similarity and a back‐propagation neural network (BPNN). Although this approach only utilizes the measures of distance, area, direction and length, it dynamically and objectively determines the weight of each measure through intelligent learning; in contrast, traditional approaches determine weight using expertise. Therefore, the weight may be variable in different data contexts but not for different levels of expertise. This approach can be applied not only to one‐to‐one matching but also to one‐to‐many and many‐to‐many matching. Experiments are designed using two different approaches and four datasets that encompass an area in China. The goals are to demonstrate the weight differences in different data contexts and to measure the performance of the BPNN‐based feature matching approach.     

SAR和光学异源遥感图像匹配方法的探讨

本文针对SAR和光学遥感图像的异源遥感图像匹配的问题,采用6种基于图像灰度信息的相似性度量方法进行研究和实验。在求得图像间旋转和尺度参数的基础上,重点比较了如何提取平移量。采用了包括归一化互相关、相似率、结构相似性、交互方差、互信息和f散度的方法,并根据SAR图像特性进行了部分改进,得到了不同场景下的实验结果,最后对结果进行了比较和分析。结果表明针对不同场景中匹配方法各有优势,其中归一化互相关方法和f散度方法在场景适应性及精度上表现出了很好的适应性。     

一种多特征转换的高光谱影像自适应分类方法

:光谱相似性测度用来衡量像元光谱的相似程度,是高光谱影像光谱匹配分类的重要工具之一,一般通过设置阈值判断像元光谱和参考光谱是否相似来进行分类。在此基础上,本文提出了一种多特征转换的高光谱影像自适应分类方法,实现了各种光谱相似性特征和分类器相结合的一种自适应分类。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法相比于传统的SVM方法,分类的总体精度更高,还可以避免部分传统光谱匹配分类方法中需要专家经验确定分类阈值的复杂过程。     

结合空间信息的EDCC测度光谱匹配分类方法

光谱匹配分类方法以光谱相似性测度为分类准则,一种相似性测度只对应于光谱曲线的一种特征,用于光谱匹配分类效果并不好;组合不同类型的相似性测度能够有效改善分类效果,但光谱匹配分类往往忽略了相邻像元间的相关性。为了更好地利用空间信息,提高光谱匹配分类精度,首先组合欧氏距离测度和相关系数测度,得到欧氏距离-相关系数测度;其次通过加入空间乘子,得到结合空间信息的欧氏距离-相关系数测度,从而在光谱匹配分类中增加了空间信息约束。采用两组高光谱影像进行实验验证,结果表明,相比于单一相似性测度及组合相似性测度,结合空间信息的欧氏距离-相关系数测度用于光谱匹配分类能够有效改善分类精度。     

一种形状多级描述方法及在多尺度空间数据几何相似性度量中的应用

利用多级弦长函数和中心距离函数从全局整体到局部细节逐级描述几何形状,建立通用多尺度空间数据几何相似性度量模型。基于高斯概率统计模型改进传统的Hausdorff距离,引入信息检索中的相关反馈技术解决相似度量模型中各指标阈值的确定问题。最后将相似度量模型分别应用于不同比例尺数据匹配和空间目标化简前后的相似度量,试验表明,基于该描述方法的相似度量模型可有效实现不同比例尺水域数据的匹配和相似度量。     

Mobile user identification based on road networks and multiple distance measures

Mobile user identification aims at matching different mobile devices of the same user using trajectory data, which has attracted extensive research in recent years. Most of the previous work extracted trajectory features based on regular grids, which will lead to incorrect feature representation due to lack of geographic information. Besides, most trajectory similarity models only considered one single distance measure to calculate the similarity between users, which ignore the connection between different distance measures and may lead to some false matches. In light of this, we present a novel user identification method based on road networks and multiple distance measures in this article. The proposed method segments a city map into several grids and road segments based on road networks. Then it extracts location and road information of trajectories to jointly construct user features. Multiple distance measures are fused by a discriminant model to improve the effect of user identification. Experiments on real GPS trajectory datasets show that our proposed method outperforms related similarity measure methods and is stable for mobile user identification. Meanwhile, our method can also achieve good identification results even on sparse trajectory datasets.     

动态调整权重的光谱匹配测度法分类的研究

提出了动态调整权重的光谱匹配测度的分类方法，它可以根据不同影像、不同分类目的等自适应调整光谱距离和光谱形状测度在分类中的权重，从而达到正确分类的目的。通过对高光谱影像分类的试验，验证了该方法的正确性。     

The effectiveness of spectral similarity measures for the analysis of hyperspectral imagery

In geological imaging spectrometry (i.e., hyperspectral remote sensing), surface compositional information (e.g., mineralogy and subsequently chemistry) is obtained by statistical comparison (by means of spectral matching algorithms) of known field- or library spectra to unknown image spectra. Though these algorithms are readily used, little emphasis has been given to comparison of the performance of the various spectral matching algorithms. Four spectral measures are presented: three that calculate the angle (spectral angle measure, SAM), the vector distance (Euclidean distance measure, ED) or the vector cross-correlation (spectral correlation measure, SCM), between a known reference and unknown target spectrum and a fourth measure that measures the discrepancy of probability distributions between two pixel vectors (the spectral information divergence, SID). The performance of these spectral similarity measures is compared using synthetic hyperspectral and real (i.e., Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer, AVIRIS) hyperspectral data of a (artificial or real) hydrothermal alteration system characterised by the minerals alunite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and quartz. Two statistics are used to assess the performance of the spectral similarity measures: the probability of spectral discrimination (PSD) and the power of spectral discrimination (PWSD). The first relates to the ability of the selected set of spectral endmembers to map a target spectrum, whereas the second expresses the capability of a spectral measure to separate two classes relative to a reference class. Analysis of the synthetic data set (i.e., simulated alteration zones with crisp boundaries at 1–2 nm spectral resolution) shows that (1) the SID outperforms the classical empirical spectral matching techniques (SAM, SCM and ED), (2) that SCM (SID, SAM and ED do not) exploits the overall shape of the reflectance curve and hence its outcomes are (positively and negatively) affected by the spectral range selected, (3) SAM and ED give nearly similar results and (4) for the same reason as in (2), the SCM is also more sensitive (again in positive and negative sense) to the spectral noise added. Results from the study of AVIRIS data show that SAM yields more spectral confusion (i.e., class overlap) than SID and SCM. In turn, SID is more effective in mapping the four target minerals than SCM as it clearly outperforms SCM when the target mineral coincides with the mineral phase on the ground.     

Approaches to Semantic Similarity Measurement for Geo-Spatial Data: A Survey

Semantic similarity is central for the functioning of semantically enabled processing of geospatial data. It is used to measure the degree of potential semantic interoperability between data or different geographic information systems (GIS). Similarity is essential for dealing with vague data queries, vague concepts or natural language and is the basis for semantic information retrieval and integration. The choice of similarity measurement influences strongly the conceptual design and the functionality of a GIS. The goal of this article is to provide a survey presentation on theories of semantic similarity measurement and review how these approaches – originally developed as psychological models to explain human similarity judgment – can be used in geographic information science. According to their knowledge representation and notion of similarity we classify existing similarity measures in geometric, feature, network, alignment and transformational models. The article reviews each of these models and outlines its notion of similarity and metric properties. Afterwards, we evaluate the semantic similarity models with respect to the requirements for semantic similarity measurement between geospatial data. The article concludes by comparing the similarity measures and giving general advice how to choose an appropriate semantic similarity measure. Advantages and disadvantages point to their suitability for different tasks.     

居民地要素化简的形状识别与模板匹配方法

针对居民地要素的分布和表达具有典型模板化特点,本文通过对其形状结构和区域环境进行分析,运用形态抽象概括和区域环境典型化基本原则构建一批模板作为居民地目标化简与典型化表达的候选形状,并基于转角函数的形状描述算子,计算居民地目标与模板之间的相似性程度。该方法从形状认知的角度出发,通过寻找与目标形状结构特征相似的模板替换原目标来完成化简操作,能较好地保持居民地目标的整体形状结构特征,同时兼顾了综合前后的面积均衡。通过真实数据进行试验,结果表明该方法具有较强的可靠性和实用性,可规模化应用于地形图上的地图综合实践。     

一种应用三角形划分的空间对象形状匹配方法

为解决现有空间对象形状相似性匹配准确率较低的问题,提出一种应用三角形划分的形状相似性匹配方法。该方法按形状主方向对面状空间对象进行分割,按串联、并联和组合形式对空间对象进行三角形划分,准确描述面状空间对象的形状特征,度量空间对象间的形状相似性。通过形状数据集匹配、不同年份面状水系图层匹配和矢量地图草图检索,测试本方法的形状检索性能,并和其他空间对象形状匹配方法进行对比。实验结果表明,本方法具有更高的形状检索准确率。三角形划分形状匹配方法具有平移、旋转、尺度不变性和较强的形状描述识别能力。     

Hyperion高光谱影像坏线修复的局部空间-光谱相似性测度方法

Hyperion高光谱影像中的坏线将直接影响后续应用的准确性。针对Hyperion高光谱辐射率数据的特点,考虑影像中坏线像元与邻近像元在空间和光谱上的相似性,提出了一种局部空间-光谱相似性测度（local spectral-spatial similarity measure,LS₃M）,以实现对Hyperion高光谱数据的描述和坏线修复。LS₃M由空间和光谱两部分的相似性测度构成,前者为欧氏距离度量,后者组合了Canberra距离和光谱相关角（spectral correlation angle,SCA）。考虑到Hyperion高光谱不同波段的辐射率特性,引入信息熵对SCA进行约束。针对相似像元的邻近搜索问题,引入相似度均值与方差对光谱相似性阈值进行动态调整。为验证该方法的有效性,选取了沙漠、草原、森林、城郊、沿海城市和内陆城市6种典型场景的Hyperion高光谱数据进行模拟坏线的定量误差分析和真实坏线的定性评价;通过与邻域均值法及常规光谱相似性测度的对比,证实LS₃M法坏线修复精度更高,稳定性更好。     

Polygonal Clustering Analysis Using Multilevel Graph‐Partition

Existing methods of spatial data clustering have focused on point data, whose similarity can be easily defined. Due to the complex shapes and alignments of polygons, the similarity between non‐overlapping polygons is important to cluster polygons. This study attempts to present an efficient method to discover clustering patterns of polygons by incorporating spatial cognition principles and multilevel graph partition. Based on spatial cognition on spatial similarity of polygons, four new similarity criteria (i.e. the distance, connectivity, size and shape) are developed to measure the similarity between polygons, and used to visually distinguish those polygons belonging to the same clusters from those to different clusters. The clustering method with multilevel graph‐partition first coarsens the graph of polygons at multiple levels, using the four defined similarities to find clusters with maximum similarity among polygons in the same clusters, then refines the obtained clusters by keeping minimum similarity between different clusters. The presented method is a general algorithm for discovering clustering patterns of polygons and can satisfy various demands by changing the weights of distance, connectivity, size and shape in spatial similarity. The presented method is tested by clustering residential areas and buildings, and the results demonstrate its usefulness and universality.     

同名边界点的面状居民地要素匹配

针对空间数据集成与地图增量更新过程中的面实体匹配环节,该文提出利用同名边界点集进行面状居民地要素匹配的方法。该方法从边界点的相似性考虑面状居民地要素的相似性,通过计算候选匹配要素上边界点在位置、转角、关联边等方面的一致性,把面实体相似性的比较转换为同名要素边界点集相似性的比较,简化了面状居民地实体匹配的复杂度。在面状居民地要素的匹配过程中,该文方法可以处理一对一、一对多和多对一的匹配关系。实验证明,该方法在匹配面状居民地要素时,准确率可以达到98%。     

A weighted multi-attribute method for matching user-generated Points of Interest

To a large degree, the attraction of Big Data lies in the variety of its heterogeneous multi-thematic and multi-dimensional data sources and not merely its volume. To fully exploit this variety, however, requires conflation. This is a two-step process. First, one has to establish identity relations between information entities across different data sources; and second, attribute values have to be merged according to certain procedures that avoid logical contradictions. The first step, also called matching, can be thought of as a weighted combination of common attributes according to some similarity measures. In this work, we propose such a matching based on multiple attributes of Points of Interest (POI) from the Location-based Social Network Foursquare and the local directory service Yelp. While both contain overlapping attributes that can be used for matching, they have specific strengths and weaknesses that make their conflation desirable. For instance, Foursquare offers information about user check-ins to places, while Yelp specializes in user-contributed reviews. We present a weighted multi-attribute matching strategy, evaluate its performance, and discuss application areas that benefit from a successful matching. Finally, we also outline how the established POI matches can be stored as Linked Data on the Semantic Web. Our strategy can automatically match 97% of randomly selected Yelp POI to their corresponding Foursquare entities.