基于UGC数据的乌兹别克斯坦国际游客行为时空特征研究

选取乌兹别克斯坦作为案例地，以Flickr网站上的地理标记照片为研究数据，采用时间变化分析、核密度分析以及追踪分析对数据信息进行时间和空间上的处理与表达。研究发现，在时间变化上，访乌国际游客数量及拍摄照片数量逐年上升，全年呈“M”型变化趋势；在空间变化上，访乌国际游客发布的照片沿主要交通线路分布，热点区向交通、旅游资源富集的中心城市聚集并向外辐射。游客流动主要集中在塔什干、撒马尔罕、布哈拉和希瓦四个城市之间，并向其他城市辐射延伸形成次一级流向目的地。随着停留天数的延长，访乌国际游客在乌兹别克斯坦境内形成的热点集聚区增加，其移动轨迹也逐渐复杂化。     

A context-aware personalized travel recommendation system based on geotagged social media data mining

The proliferation of digital cameras and the growing practice of online photo sharing using social media sites such as Flickr have resulted in huge volumes of geotagged photos available on the Web. Based on users' traveling preferences elicited from their travel experiences exposed on social media sites by sharing geotagged photos, we propose a new method for recommending tourist locations that are relevant to users (i.e., personalization) in the given context (i.e., context awareness). We obtain user-specific travel preferences from his/her travel history in one city and use these to recommend tourist locations in another city. Our technique is illustrated on a sample of publicly available Flickr dataset containing photos taken in various cities of China. Results show that our context-aware personalized method is able to predict tourists' preferences in a new or unknown city more precisely and generate better recommendations compared to other state-of-the-art landmark recommendation methods.     

Flower viewing from horseback? New directions in Chinese tourism in Australia

ABSTRACT

In this century Chinese tourists in Australia have rapidly become the most numerous national source. Relatively little is known about their socio-economic status, their geographical origins and expectations of tourism, and their attitudes to and perceptions of Australia, although every Australian state has devised a specific Chinese tourism strategy to tap into this market. Chinese tourism is concentrated in metropolitan areas in the eastern states, has evolved from group tours to individual plans, and is relatively high spending. Unless geographical and tourism research on Chinese tourism aligns with contemporary theoretical developments in tourism studies, the type of knowledge being produced will be limited. Whilst there is value in extending existing knowledge, important social insights into the Chinese tourists’ experience of Australia will not emerge. Although Chinese tourism is similar to earlier waves from East Asia, it constitutes a distinct component of the contemporary Australian market. A deeper understanding of this phenomenon requires the adoption of practice theories that privilege social practices as the entry point for theorising and conducting research. In advocating such an approach, we highlight challenges of linguistic and cultural differences, scale and governmentality in providing a qualitative research agenda for geographical and tourism studies’ engagements with Chinese tourism.     

FROM “INSTANT ASIA” TO “MULTI-FACETED JEWEL”: URBAN IMAGING STRATEGIES AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SINGAPORE

In order to develop their tourism industry and attract visitors, urban destination sites often adopt imaging strategies. These marketing and promotional tools often portray the cities as unique and distinct from other urban areas. In Singapore, different tourism images have been deployed over time—for example, the “Instant Asia” theme in the 1960s and 1970s, the “Surprising Singapore” image in the 1980s, and the “Multi-Faceted Jewel” motif in the 1990s. This paper argues that tourism imaging is a dynamic process not only because promotional campaigns have evolved over time but also because they are shaped by diverse global and local forces at different points in time. On the one hand, such images attempt to capture the imagination and interests of international tourists, and on the other hand they fulfill local objectives such as providing Singaporeans a sense of national identity and selfhood. Simply put, urban imaging policies embody both economic goals and sociopolitical functions and are directed at both visitors and residents. This paper illustrates the relationship between these economic and political forces over the last 40 years in Singapore.     

基于双赢战略的澳门-珠海旅游互动发展

通过对澳门和珠海旅游业发展现状及优劣势的分析, 探讨了两地合作发展旅游业的可能, 指出澳门珠海两市的旅游互动发展, 是一种基于双赢互惠战略的举措, 两地应积极利用澳门回归契机, 通过全面、真正意义上的合作和协调, 通过在政策、合作手段及合作项目等方面的突破和最大限度的变通,力求达到发挥集中和集团优势的目的, 即依靠发挥１ ＋ １ ＞ ２ 效应, 提升两地在国内、国际旅游市场竞争中的地位, 以期促进两地旅游业的持续稳定发展。     

文化旅游吸引物表征符号理论体系的探讨

通过文献总结法,理论探讨文化旅游吸引物表征符号系统。根据文化结构的三层次说,建立文化旅游吸引物表征符号结构与表征符号内容:历史文化表征符号、现代文化表征符号、民俗文化表征符号、伦理道德文化表征符号。认为制度文化表征系统与精神文化表征系统可视为"舞台"的"帷幕",引导游客由"前台"向"后台"探索,从而避免对目的地文化认识的肤浅化和片面化。对符号意义和价值的编码存在着一种社会选择机制,需根据主流价值观进行社会建构,以符合社会心理取向和游客兴趣。     

From stay to play – A travel planning tool based on crowdsourcing user-generated contents

Conventional ways of trip planning using online reviews from multiple sources are often cumbersome and uncustomizable. The advance in information and communication technology (ICT) and the surge in user-generated contents (UGC) provide great opportunities to facilitate trip planning. This paper proposes a travel-planning tool by crowdsourcing multiple UGCs to provide customized information for tourists. We harvested hotel customer reviews from TripAdvisor, photo information from Flickr, and travel costs between destinations from Uber. First, we used geospatial data mining approaches to extract tourism attractions information from Flickr; identified multi-facet characteristics of hotels with natural language processing (NLP); and provided travel route recommendations with graph analysis. Second, we developed a web-based interface to let users communicate with the system interactively, which provides integrated recommendations including attractions, hotels, and visit route sequences. Two cities in the United States (i.e. Atlanta and Chicago) were used as cases to illustrate our approaches. The proposed travel planning tool is not only beneficial to support customized travel decision-making, but also supportive for hotel managers with strategic management implications.     

Heritage as a Tourism Commodity: Traversing the Tourist–Local Divide

In developing tourist attractions, government planning authorities and entrepreneurs face a challenging task trying to cater to the interests of foreign visitors while meeting the needs of the local community. This paper presents the case of tourism development as a dynamic process in which the "tourist–local divide" is negotiated and the welfare of both groups monitored. This argument is empirically developed with the aid of two case studies on heritage tourism in Singapore: the adaptive re–use of old shophouses after their conversion into boutique hotels, and the re–invention of street activities as tourist sites. The commoditisation thesis advanced by many tourism writers is critiqued. I argue that heritage development is geared towards Singaporeans as much as it is towards tourists, and the effects of commoditisation are not always negative for the host community. Rather than a static object, heritage is an ever–changing product influenced by the combined effects of economic development, tourism and socio–cultural forces at the local scale. For this reason, the notion that commoditisation leads to "inauthenticity" is re–evaluated and a more optimistic prognosis on heritage tourism is offered.     

加拿大入境美国旅游流的地域对接分析

加拿大游客入境美国旅游是北美最大的国际旅游流。依据2006～2007年的有关统计资料,采用游客到访率、市场占有率和二维矩阵模型等,分析了加拿大10个省到美国22个州旅游流的0-D对接关系。结果发现:加拿大游客入境美国旅游,多以北部边界、五大湖区,沿环美高速铁路分东西两线流向美国南部;从加拿大各省到美国各州旅游流,遵循以"三择原理"为特征的0-D对接关系。其中,东部各省游客主要分布在五大湖区和东部沿海,中部各省游客分布在相邻的边界各州,西部各省游客主要分布在美国西部沿海,受趋"阳光性"影响沿环美高铁可抵达南部的佛罗里达。加拿大各省游客在美国各州的分布,主要受距离衰减原理、沿高铁和航空线分布、以及顶极旅游资源吸引的控制。这个研究拓展了旅游流0-D对接中的多源对多汇,为我国沿边省区与周边国家开展跨国旅游合作提供借鉴。     

中国大陆游客的赴日旅游活动空间格局

日本是中国游客重要的出境旅游目的地。以中国游客的赴日旅游作为研究对象,梳理其发展演变,并以县域为研究单元,结合集中指数、竞争态,分析中国游客的空间分布特征及变化趋势。发现：①出入境门槛的降低极大地促动着中国公民赴日旅游的快步发展,中国业已成为日本最大的入境旅游市场;②赴日中国大陆游客的旅游活动空间特征看,广域化和聚集化兼具,即分布广泛,但区域差异显著且日趋扩大,导致“富益富,贫益贫”的局面;③不同竞争态类型的目的地在空间上类聚,造成增长区和落后区的空间分异,东京-大阪连线区域显示绝对优势。这种格局的形成是由目的地区域旅游供给能力的区域差异、中国游客需求的初级性特点、旅行社产品供给等各方利益诉求的结果。     

基于用户生成内容的成渝城市群旅游客流网络结构演化及机理研究

基于社交平台的旅游大数据能够反映旅游者出行过程中的移动轨迹,为旅游流研究提供丰富的数据来源和崭新的研究视角。对2011—2019年游客展现在穷游网上的成渝城市群16个城市的网络游记进行抓取和整理,并结合GIS空间分析、社会网络分析和地理探测器分析,动态刻画旅游者的空间移动演变轨迹,识别演化的影响因素和作用机理。结果表明:旅游客流以成都和重庆为双核心的空间极化现象显著且具有持久性,旅游客流的重心向东南方向偏移且呈现长半轴缩短、短半轴增长的趋势。在旅游客流节点-轴线特征方面,点的程度中心度、接近中心度和中介中心度绝对差异扩大,相对差异缩小;整体网络结构洞水平较低,效能值上升,约束值缩小;客流轴线指向由相对分散向相对集中转变,指向空间邻近城市的城市数量减少,指向核心城市和旅游资源禀赋较高的城市数量增加。旅游资源禀赋和旅游信息化水平两个因素对成渝城市群旅游客流空间格局的塑造和演化影响力值最大。     

基于地理标记照片的城市旅游意象空间分异研究——以五大世界著名旅游城市为例

城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的匹配程度是城市旅游形象建设与宣传效果的重要评价,景观尺度下旅游感知与投射意象的空间分异特征可以有效评估游客对城市旅游意象的感知偏差,以此把握旅游者的旅游动机与景观偏好,更好地提升旅游地形象建设。本研究以五大世界著名旅游城市为例,以Flickr网站的地理标记照片数据和政府旅游网站宣传的旅游信息为数据源,利用ArcGIS空间分析技术分析城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的要素构成和空间分异特征。结果表明,城市旅游感知与投射意象的差异既体现在要素构成的偏差上,也体现在空间分布特征的差异方面。除东京旅游感知与投射意象要素结构基本一致以外,其他城市均存在一定程度的偏差。局部空间聚集异常值可视化了五大城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的空间分布偏差,相比城市旅游投射意象的空间集聚,城市旅游感知意象的范围更为离散。同时,双变量空间自相关指数分析结果验证了五大城市旅游感知意象与投射意象均呈显著的空间正相关,但是相关程度和依赖度并不高,说明了从感知与投射视角进行旅游意象空间特征分析的重要性,应以需求为导向进行城市旅游景观规划与宣传。结合地理标记照片数据的空间分析方法为城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的空间分异研究提供了普适性的方法,以服务于城市可持续发展和旅游形象建设。     

Identification of tourist hot spots based on social networks: A comparative analysis of European metropolises using photo-sharing services and GIS

New sources of geolocated information, associated with big data and social networks, show great promise for geographical research, especially in the field of tourism geography. Photo-sharing services comprise one of these sources. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the potential of photo-sharing services for identifying and analyzing the main tourist attractions in eight major European cities: Athens, Barcelona, Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Rome and Rotterdam. Geotagged photographs on Panoramio were differentiated according to whether they had been taken by tourists or local residents, and their spatial distribution patterns were analyzed using spatial statistical techniques in a GIS. The results indicated the concentration and dispersion of photographs in each city and their main hot spots, and revealed marked differences between tourists' and residents' photographs, since the former showed higher spatial concentrations. In addition, differences were observed between cities; Barcelona and Rome presented a strong spatial concentration compared with London or Paris, which showed much greater dispersion.     

加拿大的城市旅游开发评述

旅游业是加拿大发展最快的产业之一,加拿大也是国际上开展城市旅游比较成熟的国家,其城市和地方政府都把旅游业看作创造就业机会和增加税收的源泉。加拿大的城市旅游开发包括文化旅游、体育旅游、会议旅游三个主要方面。文章指出加拿大城市在城市吸引旅游者方面采取和其他商业活动类似的竞争手段,如参与市场促销、创建城市形象和建设基础设施等。30多年来城市增加了博物馆、体育运动场、会议中心和大型节事活动等项目吸引旅游者。这些投资重新塑造了城市结构,城市旅游景观也已经有了雏形。本文对此作出了评述。     

基于游客的旅游资源分类及旅游空间模型构建——以西安"十一"游客为例

选取西安国内游客为研究样本,运用合图法(co-plot)综合游客的特性和游客造访的景点(区)特征对西安旅游资源进行分类,结果发现西安旅游资源划分成四大类,属于同一类的旅游资源在游客旅行特征和资源特性方面存在共性,各类之间的旅游资源在此两方面存在差异,并进一步构建了西安的游客旅游空间模型。通过研究可以得出合图法在图形展示上具有传统多元统计方法不具有的优势,同时,基于游客和资源的综合分析为旅游资源分类和旅游空间模型的认识提出了新的方法和思路。     

“国际友城”的入境游效应及其时空异质性研究

近年来交叉研究已成为国内外旅游研究的主流范式。入境旅游研究一直以来又是旅游交叉研究的重点和热点。国际友城关系是一种重要的城市外交关系。探讨国际友城关系的入境游效应及其时空异质性,有助于挖掘入境旅游的驱动力。基于此,论文将国际友城关系(城市外交)纳入城市入境旅游影响因素模型,以中国60个典型城市1973—2017年的面板数据,运用工具变量两阶段回归法实证检验了城市缔结国际友城、国际友城累计数对城市外国游客规模增长的推动作用,以及这种作用是否因城市的区位差异而呈现出异质性。研究发现：① 城市缔结国际友城关系,显著增加了城市外国游客接待规模。平均而言,城市缔结国际友城比未缔结国际友城接待的外国游客多约150%~160%。② 城市缔结的国际友城累计数的增加对城市外国游客接待规模的正向促进作用平均达3.6%~3.9%,即城市缔结的国际友城累计数每增加1%,城市接待的外国游客规模平均将增加3.6~3.9个百分点。③ 缔结国际友城以及国际友城数量的增加对城市外国游客规模的推动作用存在显著的区域异质性。其中,中西部城市的异质性强于东部和东北部城市,这主要源于不同区域城市开展国际友城关系的时间长短以及与国际友城外方城市间的交流合作密切程度等因素所致。④ 理论上城市缔结的国际友城累计超过50对时,再增加国际友城数量对城市外国游客规模的推动作用将不再明显。研究成果不仅拓宽了传统入境旅游的研究视角,更丰富了入境旅游驱动力理论,同时为中国城市借助国际友城关系推动外国游客规模增长提供了理论依据。     

旅游地地方感的游客认知研究

体现旅游地地方特征的元素是各种类型旅游体验设计的源泉,引导不同文化背景的游客进行体验认知.形成游客的综合体验感.地方感包含了地方的客观特征和人们的主观认知两方面,而旅游地地方感的认知由地方认同和地方依赖两方面构成:其中地方认同主要来源于游客对地方独特性的感官、情感,以及对地方原真性的思考体验:地方依赖则主要来源于游客对地方依赖性的功能要素的体验.本文归纳旅游地地方感的构成要素,构建了由3大部分、11个因子构成的游客地方感认知测量的指标体系,通过问卷调查对游客的地方感认知进行定量调查.基于调查数据统计得到所有因子的评价得分,采用皮尔森相关分析的方法分析所有凶子之间的相关关系,归纳得到游客地方感认知的规律,以便为旅游地开发、规划、管理提供参考.     

世界遗产空间分布的统计分析

通过计算比例和密度,分析各大洲及全球世界遗产的分布特征。除欧洲和美洲外,各洲世界遗产的数量与面积呈正相关,欧洲、亚洲、非洲、美洲到大洋洲,总的遗产密度依次递减。与人口占全球人口比例相比,欧洲、大洋洲各类遗产较多,亚洲较少,美洲和非洲自然遗产较多。每千万人口总的世界遗产数量从大洋洲、欧洲、美洲、非洲到亚洲依次递减,欧洲、亚洲文化遗产最多,美洲、非洲文化与自然遗产相近,大洋洲自然遗产占优势。统计各纬度带遗产密度,除自然遗产密度低纬最高外,其他遗产密度中纬最高,低纬和高纬次之;各纬度带文化遗产最多,自然遗产居中,双重遗产最少。比较同一大洲同一纬线不同国家的遗产比例,沿海地区自然遗产密度高于内陆,文化遗产密度低于内陆。这些特征与近年世界遗产委员会评选世界遗产侧重某些类型和所在区域的原因相符。     

文化遗产旅游解说与翻译:评述与启示

文化独特性是文化遗产型景区的核心吸引力,了解和欣赏异质文化遗产是文化旅游者的主要动机,解说翻译是跨文化遗产旅游的桥梁。由于国内旅游规划对文化遗产旅游解说特点研究不够,景区管理者对双语解说信息创作对象不了解,导致文化遗产解说与翻译的质量影响了跨文化遗产旅游的解说教育效果,错过了通过文化遗产旅游平台对外宣传中华文化的良好机会。综述了旅游解说的概念、内涵以及有效解说和信息创作的原则,在总结文化遗产旅游特点的基础上,提出了文化遗产型景区英文解说翻译应针对国际旅游者特点的信息再创造的观点。建议文化遗产旅游景区制定针对国际旅游者消费特点的双语解说规划;旅游规划和翻译学术界应重视旅游双语解说规划和翻译的研究;翻译者在具备双语、双文化翻译能力的同时,还应该了解旅游解说和信息创作的跨学科知识。     

旅游对古镇地方性的影响研究——基于周庄的多案例考察

综合运用倾听、照相、参与式观察、访谈、笔记等多种调研方法,选择能代表周庄旅游发展不同阶段、不同类型的游憩场所,收集田野调查数据,游客、居民、旅游从业者、旅游管理者的访谈数据,分析周庄古镇地方性多样化建构的过程。研究发现资本权力是空间生产的主要动力,是地方性形成的物质基础;文化知识影响社会空间的氛围,通过对社会秩序和关系的再生产影响地方性,文化中的艺术扮演了营造氛围的重要角色,间接培育地方性;民俗生活属于社会文化层面的软实力,发自内心的民俗活动促进了睦邻友好和相互交流,当地居民日常生活对权力和资本规训进行诗意的抵制,增加了地方的日常生活性。