电力行业温室气体排放核算方法体系研究

调研了主要发达国家的温室气体清单编制方法和国内相关经验,结合我国电力行业特点和温室气体清单编制目标、尺度、方法等,提出以IPCC推荐的详细技术为基础的第二类(T2)方法为主,更精确的第三类(T3)方法为辅的我国电力行业温室气体清单编制方法的基本原则;借鉴国外温室气体排放核算的优良做法,结合我国电力行业实际情况,对我国电力行业温室气体清单编制进行实体分类和分析,根据清单编制的范围、定义和数据可得性等建立符合我国国情的电力行业温室气体清单编制方法体系框架。     

对地方气象事业编制的调研与思考

本文对云南省地方气象事业编制现状、作用、意义及存在问题作了调研分析,提出加强现有编制规范化管理、因地制宜争取地方编制、发挥积极作用等对策与措施。     

利用自定义词组快速输入气表-1封面封底

目前,我省各台站普遍采用机制气表-1封面封底,使用时,对文字输入部分普遍感到费时费力。本文采用ucdos系统下的自定义词组功能,编制封面固定词组及封底常用词组,以期达到封面封底快速输入之目的。 目前微机的中文平台普遍采用ucdos系统,因此,本文利用ucdos系统中的自定义词组功能,编制自定义词组。编制自定义词组有多种方法,本文采用WPS文字处理系统编制。     

树立科学发展观做好山西省气象事业发展"十一五"规划编制工作

按照中国气象局的部署,山西省气象局认真贯彻计财司有关“十一五”规划编制的指导意见和要求,积极吸收和借鉴中国气象局和地方政府“十一五”规划各阶段的成果,把“十一五”规划编制作为重大任务来抓。从2004年开始启动,到目前为止“十一五”规划编制进展顺利,分别完成报中国气     

澳大利亚能源活动温室气体排放清单编制经验及对我国的借鉴意义

通过对澳大利亚能源活动温室气体排放清单编制的分析,介绍了澳大利亚清单编制的研究框架、组织管理形式,在此基础上提出了健全我国清单编制管理机构、建立稳定畅通的数据来源渠道、逐步开展企业联网直报等建议。这些工作将有助于促使我国清单编制工作逐步常规化和标准化,及时为政策研究和决策制定提供基础数据并积极应对可能面临着递交频率增加和接受国际磋商和分析的挑战。     

气象探测环境保护专项规划编制介绍

根据中国气象局的要求,全国气象台站都要组织编制气象探测环境保护专项规划（以下简称《规划》。嘉兴市气象局于2008年初开始与市规划设计院合作,在省气象局业务职能机构的指导下,以嘉兴气象观测站为实例,进行了《规划》编制试点工作。经过数月的努力,《规划》已获市人民政府批准实施,成为全国首个由地（市）级政府批准的《规划》,具有一定的示范推广作用。本文介绍了《规划》编制的技术思路、《规划》主要内容、观测场四周障碍物控制的技术方法,《规划》完善和报批过程,提出了《规划》编制的有关建议。     

如何编制和预审气象辐射记录月报表

根据编制和预审气象的实践，结合台站经验，就如何编制好辐射月报表谈谈自己的做法。     

杭州地区一般气象站微机编制气表—1 业务流程取得进展

利用微机编制报表,是一项现代化新技术在测报、审核、资料处理业务上的重大改革。它改变了气象台站用手工编制、抄录报表和地区局、省局人工审核、手工作业状态,建立了微机数据收集、记录审核(或人机结合)、资料自动加工处理、报表输出新的业务流程。杭州地区于1987年9月26日在建德县气象站开展 PC—1500→CCS400一般站微机编制报表的业务试验工作,又于1988年11月,在淳安开展了一般站 APPLE-Ⅱ编制气表—1的试验     

参加“IPCC温室气体排放因子数据库编委会第7次会议”和“第3次关于农田、草地土壤碳的数据收集专家会议”总结

1 IPCC温室气体排放因子数据库编委会第7次会议 IPCC温室气体排放因子数据库（EFDB：Greenhouse Gas Emission Factor Database）作为世界范围内的温室气体清单编制的免费资源,伴随着《IPCC温室气体清单指南》,供编制者在编制清单时使用。     

谈谈气象应用软件的标准

随着计算机在我国气象工作中配置的不断增加,计算机的应用范围越来越广泛,使用计算机的人员也越来越多,这样,就编制了一些繁杂的应用程序。对于同一个题目来说,往往有许多人在编制程序。在84年初国家气象局科教司召开的软件会议上,许多软件工作人员都发现这个问题,有许多程序在各省都自己编制,而且在一个省内也不断出现重复编制现象。另一方面,广大的气象科技人员又     

Editorial

Despite the increasing interest in climate change policy in the US, little systematic research has been conducted on the willingness of individuals to change their behaviour to mitigate the problem. Understanding behavioural change is critical if federal and local governments intend to implement programmes requiring actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This understudied aspect of climate change policy is addressed by quantitatively examining the degree to which residents living in the US are willing to alter their behaviour to mitigate climate change impacts, and by identifying the major factors contributing to this willingness. Based on a national survey, the reported willingness of individuals to alter behaviours is explained, using the components of risk, individual stress, capacity and ecological values. The findings indicate that specific personal traits and contextual characteristics trigger a significantly greater willingness to change longstanding behavioural patterns. These insights into the factors motivating behavioural change can provide guidance to decision makers at both federal and local levels on how best to implement climate change policies.     

气候变化影响与适应问题的谈判进展

 从《气候变化框架公约》（以下简称《公约》）第一次缔约方会议到目前为止，几乎历次会议都涉及气候变化影响与适应的谈判内容，但谈判进展甚微。通过综述《公约》谈判进程中与适应气候变化有关的主要决定，分析了适应气候变化影响与适应问题谈判的制约因素，最后提出了我国在气候变化影响与适应问题谈判中应持的立场。     

Food security in the face of climate change: Adaptive capacity of small-scale social-ecological systems to environmental variability

Improving the adaptive capacity of small-scale irrigation systems to the impacts of climate change is crucial for food security in Asia. This study analyzes the capacity of small-scale irrigation systems dependent on the Asian monsoon to adapt to variability in river discharge caused by climate change. Our study is motivated by the Pumpa irrigation system, a small-scale irrigation system located in Nepal that is a model for this type of system. We developed an agent-based model in which we simulated the decisions farmers make about the irrigation strategy to use according to available water flow. Given the uncertainty associated with how climate change may affect the Asian monsoon, we simulated the performance of the system under different projections of climate change in the region (increase and decrease in rainfall, reduction and expansion of the monsoon season, and changes in the timing of the onset of the monsoon). Accordingly to our simulations, farmers might need to adapt to rainfall intensification and a late onset in the monsoon season. The demands for collective action among farmers (e.g. infrastructure repair, meetings, decisions, etc.) might increase considerably due to climate change. Although our model suggests that investment in new infrastructure might increase the performance of the system under some climate change scenarios, the high inequality among farmers when water availability is reduced might hinder the efficiency of these measures due to a reduction of farmers’ willingness to cooperate. Our modeling exercise helps to hypothesize about the most sensitive climate change scenarios for smallscale irrigation farming in Nepal and helps to frame a discussion of some possible solutions and fundamental trade-offs in the process of adaptation to improve for food and water security under climate change.     

第二承诺期土地利用、土地利用变化与林业规则的各方观点及对策建议

由土地利用、土地利用变化和林业（LULUCF）活动产生的生态系统的固碳作用,是降低大气中温室气体浓度增加速度的重要途径之一。1997-2001年,经历了长达4 a的艰苦谈判,最终达成了第一承诺期附件一国家利用LULUCF的规则。2008年开始,国际社会开始磋商第二承诺期附件一国家如何利用LULUCF活动的规则。主要缔约方就第二承诺期LULUCF规则提出了各自的观点,发达国家的观点主要包括提高开展碳汇活动的积极性、降低LULUCF规则的复杂性和减少成本、增加《京都议定书》3.4条款下的合格活动等,其目的是在第二承诺期能够利用更多的碳汇完成减排义务;发展中国家主要提出要系统地考虑土地利用造成的温室气体排放和CO2的吸收。最后,针对附件一缔约方在第二承诺期利用LULUCF活动规则,提出了我国应采取的对策建议。     

Vulnerability of water supply from the Oregon Cascades to changing climate: Linking science to users and policy

Despite improvements in understanding biophysical response to climate change, a better understanding of how such changes will affect societies is still needed. We evaluated effects of climate change on the coupled human-environmental system of the McKenzie River watershed in the Oregon Cascades in order to assess its vulnerability. Published empirical and modeling results indicate that climate change will alter both the timing and quantity of streamflow, but understanding how these changes will impact different water users is essential to facilitate adaptation to changing conditions. In order to better understand the vulnerability of four water use sectors to changing streamflow, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with representatives of each sector, in which we presented projected changes in streamflow and asked respondents to assess how changing water availability would impact their activities. In the McKenzie River watershed, there are distinct spatial and temporal patterns associated with sensitivity of water resources to climate change. This research illustrates that the implications of changing streamflow vary substantially among different water users, with vulnerabilities being determined in part by the spatial scale and timing of water use and the flexibility of those uses in time and space. Furthermore, institutions within some sectors were found to be better positioned to effectively respond to changes in water resources associated with climate change, while others have substantial barriers to the flexibility needed to manage for new conditions. A clearer understanding of these opportunities and constraints across water use sectors can provide a basis for improving response capacity and potentially reducing vulnerability to changing water resources in the region.     

Methods and approaches to modelling the Anthropocene

The ‘Anthropocene’ concept provides a conceptual framework that encapsulates the current global situation in which society has an ever-greater dominating influence on Earth System functioning. Simulation models used to understand earth system dynamics provide early warning, scenario analysis and evaluation of environmental management and policies. This paper aims to assess the extent to which current models represent the Anthropocene and suggest ways forward. Current models do not fully reflect the typical characteristics of the Anthropocene, such as societal influences and interactions with natural processes, feedbacks and system dynamics, tele-connections, tipping points, thresholds and regime shifts. Based on an analysis of current model representations of Anthropocene dynamics, we identify ways to enhance the role of modeling tools to better help us understand Anthropocene dynamics and address sustainability issues arising from them. To explore sustainable futures (‘safe and operating spaces’), social processes and anthropogenic drivers of biophysical processes must be incorporated, to allow for a spectrum of potential impacts and responses at different societal levels. In this context, model development can play a major role in reconciling the different epistemologies of the disciplines that need to collaborate to capture changes in the functioning of socio-ecological systems. Feedbacks between system functioning and underlying endogenous drivers should be represented, rather than assuming the drivers to be exogenous to the modelled system or stationary in time and space. While global scale assessments are important, the global scale dynamics need to be connected to local realities and vice versa. The diversity of stakeholders and potential questions requires a diversification of models, avoiding the convergence towards single models that are able to answer a wide range of questions, but without sufficient specificity. The novel concept of the Anthropocene can help to develop innovative model representations and model architectures that are better suited to assist in designing sustainable solutions targeted at the users of the models and model results.     

Cultivating resilience by empirically revealing response diversity

Intensified climate and market turbulence requires resilience to a multitude of changes. Diversity reduces the sensitivity to disturbance and fosters the capacity to adapt to various future scenarios. What really matters is diversity of responses. Despite appeals to manage resilience, conceptual developments have not yet yielded a break-through in empirical applications. Here, we present an approach to empirically reveal the ‘response diversity’: the factors of change that are critical to a system are identified, and the response diversity is determined based on the documented component responses to these factors. We illustrate this approach and its added value using an example of securing food supply in the face of climate variability and change. This example demonstrates that quantifying response diversity allows for a new perspective: despite continued increase in cultivar diversity of barley, the diversity in responses to weather declined during the last decade in the regions where most of the barley is grown in Finland. This was due to greater homogeneity in responses among new cultivars than among older ones. Such a decline in the response diversity indicates increased vulnerability and reduced resilience. The assessment serves adaptive management in the face of both ecological and socio-economic drivers. Supplier diversity in the food retail industry in order to secure affordable food in spite of global price volatility could represent another application. The approach is, indeed, applicable to any system for which it is possible to adopt empirical information regarding the response by its components to the critical factors of variability and change. Targeting diversification in response to critical change brings efficiency into diversity. We propose the generic procedure that is demonstrated in this study as a means to efficiently enhance resilience at multiple levels of agrifood systems and beyond.     

低碳经济——江西崛起的后发优势

气候变暖是当今时代所面临的最大挑战之一。在全球应对气候变暖的同时,作为前沿经济理念和发展模式的低碳经济应运而生了。按照低碳经济的内涵,江西发展低碳经济面临着机遇和挑战,总体上对正在实现“进位赶超、跨越发展、加快崛起”的江西是后发优势。为此,要做好八个方面的工作：坚持发展与保护并重不动摇,全社会树立低碳经济理念与方式,持续开展节能减排,大力发展低碳能源,着力改善自然生态系统质量,建立低碳与生态工业园区,加强农村环境综合整治,以科技创新支持低碳经济。     

CMIP6火山强迫的气候响应模拟比较计划（VolMIP）概况与评述

为揭示造成火山强迫气候响应模拟不确定性的原因,第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）设立了火山强迫的气候响应模拟比较计划（VolMIP)。该计划由基于历史火山爆发的理想火山扰动试验组成,包括三组主要的试验：第一组关注短期（季节至年际）大气动力响应;第二组关注海气耦合系统的长期（年际至年代际）响应;第三组关注气候系统对火山群的响应。VolMIP旨在通过给定相同的辐射强迫并进行多成员集合模拟,揭示模式对外强迫响应的不确定性,通过设定不同的背景气候态,阐明内部变率和外强迫对气候响应的相对贡献。     

将适应气候变化纳入国土空间规划：进展、困境与思路

空间规划是适应气候变化的重要政策工具之一,将适应气候变化目标纳入空间规划已经成为国际主流政策。中国适应气候变化的空间规划仍面临诸多问题和挑战,包括气候适应目标和理念薄弱、气候变化风险评估与空间规划尺度不匹配、适应和减缓策略的协同机制欠缺、技术标准和法律法规不完善等。文章结合国家适应气候变化战略和国土空间规划体系重构的目标要求,研究提出适应气候变化导向的国土空间规划框架体系和技术思路,以及将适应气候变化纳入空间规划编制审批、技术标准、实施监督以及法规政策等各个环节的思路与建议,以期通过空间规划的编制与监督实施促进适应气候变化目标的实现。