湘中晏家铺向斜两翼的飞来峰构造

晏家铺向斜位于湖南省涟源县城以北 ,涟邵煤田北段中部 ,由石炭系、二叠系、三叠系等地层组成。向斜形似纺缍 ,轴向ＮＥ３５°左右 ,两翼发育一些飞来峰构造（图略）。本区的飞来峰构造按其成因可分两类 :推覆类型和滑覆类型。１推覆类型的飞来峰构造西北翼杨家山勘探区的朱家凼飞来峰（图１）及鲫鱼塘飞来峰。其形成机制是由于集云断层由东向西将测水组（Ｃ１ｃ）推覆在壶天群（Ｃ２ ３）灰岩之上 ,再遭侵蚀作用而形成的。这种类型的飞来峰是比较常见的传统类型。是老地层在新地层之上 ,具有老压新的特点。２滑覆类型的飞来峰构造在南翼有…     

龙门山中段清平飞来峰的构造变形特征及形成机制

在野外考察、室内分析的基础上对清平飞来峰的构造特征、形成机制进行了研究。其结果表明清平飞来峰具有明显的叠覆式特征,共分5层。各层峰体特征、成因各具特色,下部两层为推覆体,上部三层为滑覆体。推覆体与滑覆体共同构成同一飞来峰,为龙门山飞来峰中所少见。从而证实了龙门山飞来峰先发育推覆体,后发育滑覆体的地质景观确实存在。     

龙门山北段宝珠寺飞来峰的特征及形成演化

龙门山飞来峰主要有挤压推覆和重力滑覆两种形成观点,飞来峰的成因对龙门山的构造演化具有重要意义。通过对其北段宝珠寺飞来峰野外实地考察及其构造变形特征的研究,得出该飞来峰主体为向斜构造,具有多层结构,由北西—南东向逆冲推覆形成,为推覆说提供了有力的证据;并且该区域构造具有典型的后展式逆冲推覆构造,区别于整个龙门山前展式推覆构造模式。     

甘孜-理塘断裂带上巨大的推覆构造

甘孜－理塘断裂带上,四川德格县错阿乡地区的一系列逆冲推覆岩席及其从属的飞来峰群可归并为三大逆冲推覆体系。本文描述了推覆断裂及推覆岩席的典型特征,以及滑动断层面呈犁式的典型铲状断裂之特征。同时根据小构造判断了岩席的运动方向,确定了推覆断裂的扩展形式为后展式,为陆内推覆堆垛造山提供了典型例证;讨论了形成机制、推覆作用时间、推覆位移距离等问题。     

一种新的造山类型—江苏南部茅山叠覆造山

褶皱造山，推覆造山，火山造山，断块造山等造山类型已屡人们所认识。江苏南部茅山等地存在一种新的造山类型滑覆叠置造山，简称叠覆造山，其概念是：构成原始山体的岩片沿其底部拆离面滑移，并脱离母体叠覆于异地低洼处形成新的山体，多个岩片可依次滑覆呈反序叠置。以茅山叠覆造山为例，论述了叠覆造山的特征，构造要素，形成机制及叠覆构造与推覆构造之区别     

江西萍乡一带中—新生代构造特征及其意义

江西萍乡地区位于扬子地块和华夏地块两大构造单元对接带的西段。自中生代以来，北部形成了大规模的逆冲推覆构造，南部形成了复杂的滑覆构造，铸成了本区北推、南滑的构造格局。通过调研发现，许多推、滑覆体之下掩覆了大片含煤岩系，为寻找隐伏煤田带来了新的希望，南、北构造“交汇带”也是钴多金属矿床较理想的找矿靶区。     

再论龙门山飞来峰

龙门山飞来峰广泛分布于推覆构造带前缘,规模巨大。多年调研查明,龙门山飞来峰在地层组成、内部构造及其与区域构造的关系等方面均很有规律,明显反映出其构造成因,并以滑覆作用为主,其形成与龙门山构造带的发展演化密切相关。     

滇西一些新生代飞来峰的构造演化

在印度和欧亚大陆相互作用下,滇西三江造山带在新生代中期发生了强烈的东西向缩短,地壳物质的大规模推覆作用形成众多的飞来峰。野外调查发现:这些飞来峰中有的在就位后没有再发生过变形,如分布在兰坪——思茅盆地中段的无量山东北山麓一带的一系列上三叠统灰岩飞来峰;有的飞来峰在就位后再次遭受到强烈的变形,如分布在兰坪盆地金顶一带的上三叠统灰岩飞来峰,在渐新世时与下伏岩层一同卷入了强烈的褶皱变形;分布在大理地区鹤庆盆地西侧的中三叠统灰岩飞来峰因受到后期东西向伸展构造的破坏,已被改造成分选极差的重力滑塌沉积。这些古近纪飞来峰由于在就位后再次发生了变形,所以不应称之为飞来峰,应称为异地岩或者是外来岩块。     

桐柏-大别碰撞造山带大型推覆-滑脱构造及其演化

桐柏-大别山是从志留至三叠纪连续发展演化的碰撞型造山带,以大规模推覆-滑脱构 为特征,推覆距离可达140km。造山带可分为超叠陆壳、混杂岩片及俯冲陆壳三个构造单元。地层对比、同位素年龄及变形分析可追溯其演化史:晚元古代泛中国板块解体;志留纪末期,古特提斯洋壳俯冲消减;石炭纪时,扬子与华北板块碰撞,陆间俯冲开始,华北板块推覆到扬子板块北缘之上;三叠纪末,形成前陆褶冲带;侏罗-白垩纪以来,造山带收缩隆起,伴随岩浆活动,大型走滑断裂及断陷盆地。     

四川锦屏山地区推覆构造带特征及其研究意义

锦屏山地区推覆构造带滑移面均为韧性剪切带,而且整个推覆构造带由多个岩片推覆堆叠在一起,在其前缘则出现飞来峰群。通过对韧性剪切带和飞来峰群的精细研究,厘定其缩短距离约30km。同时厘定了扬子西缘的边界断裂——茶铺子-巴折区划性(“槽-台”边界)复活断裂带(韧性剪切带),修正了锦屏山断裂为扬子西缘的边界断裂的认识。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.