Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Lisiguangite, CuPtBiS3, a New Platinum-Group Mineral from the Yanshan Mountains, Hebei, China

Lisiguangite, CuPtBiS3, is a new mineral spedes discovered in a PEG-bearing, Co-Cu sulfide vein in garnet pyroxenite of the Yanshan Mountains, Chengde Prefecture, Hebei Province, China. It is associated with chaicopyrite and bornite, galena, minor pyrite, carrolite, molybdenite and the platinum-group minerals daomanite (CuPtAsS2), Co-bearing malanite (Cu(Pt, Co)2S4) sperrylite, moncheite, cooperite and malyshevite (CuPdBiS3), rare damiaoite (Pt2In3) and yixunite (Pt3In). Lisiguangite occurs as idiomorphic crystals, tabular or lamellae (010) and elongated [100] or as aggregates, up to 2 mm long and 0.5 mm wide. The mineral is opaque, has lead-gray color, black streak and metallic luster. The mineral is non-fluorescent. The observed morphology displays the following forms: pinacoids {100}, {010}, {001}, and prism {110}. No twining is observed. The a:b:c ratio, calculated from unit-cell parameters, is 0.6010:1:0.3836. Cleavage: {010} perfect, {001} distinct, {100} may be visible. H Mohs: 21/2; VHN25=46.7-49.8 (mean 48.3) kg/mm2. Tenacity: brittle. Lisiguangite is bright white with a yellowish tint. In reflected light it shows neither internal reflections nor bireflectance or pleochroism. It has weak to moderate anisotropy (blue-greenish to brownish) and parallel-axial extinction. The reflectance values in air (and in oil) for R3, R4 and (imR3,/imR4), at the standard Commission on Ore Mineralogy wavelengths are: 37.5, 35.7 (23.4, 22.3) at 470 nm; 38.6, 36.5 (23.6, 22.6) at 546 nm; 39.4, 37.5 (23.6, 22.7) at 589 nm and 40.3, 38.2 (23.7, 22.9) at 650 nm. The average of eight electron-microprobe analyses: Cu 12.98, Pt 30.04, Pd 2.69, Bi 37.65 and S 17.55, totaling 100.91%, corresponding to Cu1.10(Pt0.83, Pd0.14)∑0.97Bi0.97S2.96 based on six atoms apfu. The ideal formula is CuPtBiS3. The mineral is orthorhombic. Space group: P212121,a=7.7152(15)A, b=12.838(3) A, c=4.9248(10)A, V=487.80(17)A3, Z=4. The six strongest lines in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in A (I) (h k l) are 6.40(30)(020), 3.24(80)(031), 3.03(100)(201), 2.27(40)(051), 2.14(50)(250), 1.865(60)(232).     

Early diagenesis of trace metals (Cd, Cu, Co, Ni, U, Mo, and V) in the freshwater reaches of a macrotidal estuary

Vertical profiles from the water column, including the maximum turbidity zone (MTZ) to the consolidated sediment were sampled in September 2000 in the freshwater reaches of the Gironde Estuary during a complete neap tide-spring tide cycle. The vertical distributions of dissolved major redox parameters and metals (Mn, Fe, Cd, Cu, V, Co, Ni, Mo, and U) were determined. Reactive particulate metal fractions were also determined from selective leaching. The studied system is characterized by density layers functioning at different time-scales, consisting of two mobile layers, i.e., the liquid (LM) and the soft mud (SM), overlying consolidated sediments (CS). This results in a three-zone diagenetic regime where (1) O₂ dynamics are fast enough to show depletion in the rapidly mixed LM sequence (tidal time-scale), (2) denitrification occurs on the weekly time-scale mixing SM sequence, and (3) the Mn, Fe, and sulfate cycling occurs in the CS layer (annual time-scale). The studied trace metals show differential behavior during early diagenesis: (1) Cd, Cu, and V are released into pore water preferentially from organic matter in the SM, (2) Co, Ni, and U are released in the CS from Mn and Fe oxides during reductive dissolution, and (3) Mo from both processes. Transient conditions (i.e., oscillations of redox fronts and reoxidation processes), due to the dynamics of the mobile layers, strongly influence the trace metal distributions as inducing resolubilization (Cd, Cu, and Mo). In the CS, authigenic metal phases accumulate, either by direct precipitation with sulfides (Cu, Cd) or co-precipitation with Fe-sulfides (Mo). Microbially mediated reduction of Fe oxides is proposed to control U removal from pore water by reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) at depth. However, a significant fraction of the trace metals is trapped in the sediment in exchangeable forms, and therefore is susceptible to be mobilized due to resuspension of estuarine sediment during strong river flood periods and/or dredging activities.     

Titanium,Ti, A New Mineral Species from Luobusha,Tibet, China

We describe the new mineral species titanium,ideally Ti,found in the podiform chromitites of the Luobusha ophiolite in Tibet,People’s Republic of China.The irregular crystals range from 0.1 to 0.6 mm in diameter and form an intergrowth with coesite and kyanite.Titanium is silver grey in colour,the luster is metallic,it is opaque,the streak is grayish black,and it is non-fluorescent.The mineral is malleable,has a rough to hackly fracture and has no apparent cleavage.The estimated Mohs hardness is 4,and the calculated density is 4.503 g/cm3.The composition is Ti 99.23-100.00 wt%.The mineral is hexagonal,space group P63 /mmc.Unit-cell parameters are a 2.950(2),c 4.686(1),V 35.32(5) 3,Z = 2.The five strongest powder diffraction lines [d in(hkl)(I/I0)] are: 2.569(010)(32),2.254(011)(100),1.730(012)(16),1.478(110)(21),and 0.9464(121)(8).The species and name were approved by the CNMNC(IMA 2010–044).     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Environmental contamination of Zn,Cd, Ni,Cu, and Pb from industrial areas in Hamadan Province,western Iran

Eleven surface soil samples from calcareous soils of industrial areas in Hamadan Province, western Iran were analyzed for total concentrations of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu and Pb and were sequentially extracted into six fractions to determine the bioavailability of various heavy metal forms. Total Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu and Pb concentrations of the contaminated soils were 658 (57–5,803), 125.8 (1.18–1,361), 45.6 (30.7–64.4), 29.7 (11.7–83.5) and 2,419 (66–24,850) mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The soils were polluted with Zn, Pb, and Cu to some extent and heavily polluted with Cd. Nickel values were not above regulatory limits. Copper existed in soil mainly in residual (RES) and organic (OM) fractions (about 42 and 33%, respectively), whereas Zn occurred essentially as RES fraction (about 69%). The considerable presence of Cd (30.8%) and Pb (39%) in the CARB fraction suggests these elements have high potential biavailability and leachability in soils from contaminated soils. The mobile and bioavailable (EXCH and CARB) fractions of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soils averaged (7.3, 40.4, 16, 12.9 and 40.8%), respectively, which suggests that the mobility and bioavailability of the five metals probably decline in the following order: Cd = Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn.     

柴北缘双口山石英正长岩锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素特征

本文报道了柴北缘西段双口山地区石英正长岩锆石U-Pb年代学,全岩地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素等分析结果。石英正长岩岩体具有高硅(SiO_2=59.47%～68.66%)、碱性?过碱性(全碱含量为11.18%～14.04%),贫CaO(0.31%～3.30%)的特征。其里特曼指数σ为4.87～9.55、铝饱和指数(A/CNK)=1.12～1.36,属钾玄岩系列,过铝质范围。稀土元素总量高(ΣREE=231.31×10^–6～569.26×10^–6),富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素((La/Yb)_N=24.03～58.33),具弱Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.72～0.95);微量元素亏损Ba、Sr、Ti、P,富集Rb、Th、U、Zr、Y和Ga,具有A型花岗岩特点,根据微量元素组成判别其产出于板内环境。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年获得加权平均年龄为243.5±1.6 Ma,属中三叠世。样品的?_Nd(t)介于–1.08～–2.15,二阶段模式年龄t_DM2=1.10～1.19 Ga,表明其具有多源特征,是受到俯冲组分改造或影响的岩石圈地幔熔体和中新元古代变质基底熔体发生岩浆混合作用的结果,其形成与三叠纪古特提斯洋向北俯冲导致弧壳增厚和发生弧后拉裂有关。     

Eclarit, (Cu,Fe) Pb9Bi12S28, ein neues Sulfosalz von Bärenbad,Hollersbachtal, Salzburg, Österreich

Zusammenfassung Eclarit kommt in goldführenden Kupfererzen in Bärenbad westlich des Hollersbachtales in SH 1600 m ca. 1.5 km nördlich der Bleiglanz-Zinkblende-Flußspat-Lagerstätte der Achsel-Alm vor. Eclarit tritt in fächerförmigen Gruppierungen nadelförmiger Kristalle bis zu 1,5 cm Länge und in Aggregaten xenomorpher Körner rißausfüllend in kataklastischem Pyrit und Arsenkies in einer Quarzmatrix auf. Weitere Begleiterze sind: Kupferkies, Pyrrhotin, Sphalerit, Stannit s.str., ein joseitähnliches Mineral, ged. Wismut und ged. Gold. Mikrosonden-Analysen zeigen nur geringfügige Variation im Chemismus von Kom zu Kom. Die mittlere Zusammensetzung ist: Cu 0,9, Fe 0,6, Ag 0,3, Pb 34,5, Bi 45,8, Sb 1,5 und S 17,3 Gew.-% (Summe: 100,7). Die durchKupcik (1983) durchgeführte Strukturuntersuchung führte zu folgender Formel: (Cu,Fe)Pb₉(Bi,Sb)₁₂S₂₈, oder idealisiert: (Cu,Fe)Pb₉Bi₁₂S₂₈. Die empirische Formel auf der Basis S=28 lautet daher: (Cu_0,73 Fe_0,57 Ag_0,16) _1,46 Pb_8,61 (Bi_11,36 Sb_0,62) _11,98 S₂₈. Die daraus errechnete Dichte ist 6,88 g·cm^–3, somit in guter Übereinstimmung mit dem gemessenen Wert von 6,85 g·cm^–3. Eclarit kristallisiert orthorhombisch, RaumgruppePnma, und hat die Gitterkonstanten:a=54,76(4),b=4,030(3),c=22.75(3) Å,Z=4. Die stärksten Linien des Pulverdiagrammes sind: 3.63 (30) (905), 3.49 (40) (10.0.5, 606), 3.41 (100) (16.0.0, 811, 513, 712, 706), 3.01 (60) (0.15, 11.0.6, 115, 18.0.1), 2.89 (70) (11.1.3, 914), 2.74 (40) (216, 11.1.4, 116, 20.0.0), 2,14(50) (21.0.6, 119, 19.0.7, 019), 2,04(45) (16.1.7, 18.1.6, 22.1.3, 4.0.11), 2.01 (80) (020, 23.1.2, 5.0.11, 23.0.6), 1.73(35) (16.2.0, 10.2.5, 726). Eclarit ist weißgrau (Luft) bzw. bläulichgrau (Öl) gegen Bleiglanz, der Reflexionspleochroismus ist mittel bis deutlich, die Anisotropie deutlich (Luft) bzw. stark (Öl). Das Reflexionsvermögen in Luft gemessen bei den vier Standard-Wellenlängen ist: 480 nm: 51,2–45,2; 546 nm: 47,2–42,9; 589 um: 46,1–42,0; 644 nm: 45,0–40,2%. Die Mikrohärte (VHN₅₀) ist 87–191 kp·mm^–2, im Durchschnitt 163 kp·mm^–2.

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Eclarite, (Cu, Fe) Pb₉Bi₁₂S₂₈, a new sulfosalt from Bärenbad, Hollersbachtal, Salzburg Province, Austria

Summary Eclarite has been observed in gold-bearing copper ores at Bärenbad W of Hollersbachtal (ev. 1600 m), about 1.5 km north of the galena-sphalerite-fluorite deposit Achsel-Alm, Salzburg Province, Austria. It occurs as fan shaped aggregates of needle-like crystals up to 1.5 cm length, or as granular fracture-fillings of pyrite and arsenopyrite. Other associated minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, stannite s.str., a joseite-type mineral, native bismuth and native gold, in a matrix of quartz. Microprobe analyses showed the mineral to be homogeneous, with only very limited variation in chemistry from grain to grain. The composition is (mean value of 16 analyses); Cu 0.9, Fe 0.6, Ag 0.3, Pb 34.3, Bi 45.8, Sb 1.5 and S 17.3 wt.-% (total 100.7). The structure analysis (Kupcik, 1983) showed the structural cell formula to be (Cu,Fe)Pb₉(Bi,Sb)₁₂S₂₈ or ideally (Cu,Fe)Pb₉Bi₁₂S₂₈. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of S=28 is: (Cu_0,73 Fe_0,57 Ag_0,16) _1,46 Pb_8,61 (Bi_11,36 Sb_0,62) _11,98 S₂₈. This gives a calculated density of 6.88, which is in good agreement with the measured value of 6.85 g·cm^–3. Eclarite is orthorhombic,Pnma,a=54.76(4),b=4.030(3),c=22.75(3) Å,Z=4. The strongest lines in the powder diffraction pattern are: 3.63(30) (905), 3.49(40) (10.0.5, 606), 3.41 (100) (16.0.0, 811, 513, 712, 706), 3.01 (60) (015, 11.0.6, 115, 18.0.1), 2.89 (70) (11.1.3, 914), 2.74 (40) (216, 11.1.4, 116, 20.0.0), 2.14 (50) (21.0.6, 119, 19.0.7, 019), 2.04 (45) (16.1.7, 18.1.6, 22.1.3, 4.0.11), 2.01 (80) (020, 23.1.2, 5.0.11, 23.0.6), 1.73 (35) (16.2.0, 10.2.5, 726). Eclarite is whitish-grey (air) and bluish-grey (oil) against galena, respectively; bireflectance is moderate to distinct, anisotropism distinct (air) and strong (oil), respectively. Reflectances in air are (wavelength,R _max ,R _min ): 480 nm: 51.2–45.2; 546 nm: 47.2–42.9; 589 nm: 46.1–42.0; 644 nm: 45.0–40.2%. Micro indentation hardness VHN₅₀ is 87–191 (av. 163) kp·mm^–2.

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Mit 3 Abbildungen

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Herrn Professor Dr.Josef Zemann zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Naquite,FeSi, a New Mineral Species from Luobusha,Tibet, Western China

A new mineral species, named naquite(FeSi), is found in the podiform chromitites of the Luobusha ophiolite in Qusong County, Tibet, China. The detailed composition is Fe 65.65, Si 32.57 and Al 1.78 wt%. The mineral is cubic, space group P213. The irregular crystals range from 15 to 50 μm in diameter and form an intergrowth with luobusaite. Naquite is steel grey in color, opaque, with a metallic lustre and gives a grayish-black streak. The mineral is brittle, has a conchoidal fracture and no apparent cleavage. The estimated Mohs hardness is 6.5, and the calculated density is 6.128 g/cm3. Unit-cell parameters are a 4.486 (4) ?, V 90.28 (6) ?3, Z=4. The five strongest powder diffraction lines [d in ? (hkl) (I/I0)] are: 3.1742 (110) (40), 2.5917(111) (43), 2.0076 (210) (100), 1.8307 (211) (65), and 1.1990 (321) (36). Originally called ‘fersilicite’, the species and new name have now been approved by the CNMNC (IMA 2010–010).     

Relationships Between Geochemical Parameters (pH, DOC, SPM, EDTA Concentrations) and Trace Metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) Concentrations in River Waters of Texas (USA)

Water samples from eight major Texas rivers were collected at different times during 1997–1998 to determine the dissolved and particulate trace metal concentrations, expected to show differences in climate patterns, river discharge and other hydrochemical conditions, and human activities along the different rivers. Specifically, two eastern Texas rivers (Sabine, Neches) lie in a region with high vegetation, flat topography, and high rainfall rates, while four Central Texas rivers (Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, and San Antonio) flow through large population centers. Relatively high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the eastern Texas rivers and lower pH led to higher Fe and Mn concentrations in river waters. The rivers that flow through large population centers showed elevated trace metal (e.g., Cd, Pb, Zn) concentrations partly due to anthropogenically produced organic ligands such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) present in these rivers. Trace metal levels were reduced below dams/reservoirs along several Texas rivers. Statistical analysis revealed four major factors (suspended particulate matter [SPM], EDTA, pH, and DOC) that can explain most of the observed variability of trace metal concentrations in these rivers. SPM concentrations directly controlled particulate metal contents. Variation in pH correlated with changes of dissolved Co, Fe, Mn, and Ni, and particulate Mn concentrations, while DOC concentrations were significantly related to dissolved Fe concentrations. Most importantly, it was found that, more than pH, EDTA concentrations exerted a major control on dissolved concentrations of Cd and Zn, and, to a lesser extent, Cu, Ni, and Pb.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).     

Reef geometries, erosion surfaces and high-frequency sea-level changes, upper Miocene Reef Complex, Mallorca, Spain

The upper Miocene Reef Complex of Mallorca is a 20-km prograding unit which crops out in sea cliffs along the southern side of the island. These vertical and exceptionally clean outcrops permit: (i) identification of different facies (lagoon, reef front, reef slope and open platform) and their geometries and boundaries at different scales, ranging from metre to kilometre, and (ii) construction of a 6-km-long high-resolution cross-section in the direction of reef progradation. This cross-section shows vertical shifts of the reefal facies and erosion surfaces linked to a general progradational pattern that defines the accretional units. Four hierarchical orders of magnitude (1-M to 4-M) of accretional units are identified by consideration of the vertical facies shifts and by which erosion surfaces are truncated by other erosion surfaces. All these orders show similar patterns: horizontal beds of lagoonal facies in the upper part (landward), reefal and slope facies with sigmoidal bedding in the central part, and open-platform facies with subhorizontal bedding in the lower part (basinwards). The boundaries are erosion surfaces, horizontal over the lagoon facies, dipping basinwards over the reef-front facies and connecting basinwards with their correlative conformities over the reef-slope and open-platform facies. The four orders of accretional units are interpreted in terms of four (1-M to 4-M) hierarchies of sea-level cycles because (i) there is a close relation between the coral growth and the sea surface, (ii) there are vertical shifts in the reefal facies and their relation to the erosion surfaces, and (iii) there was very little tectonic subsidence in the study area during the late Miocene. Additionally, all these units can be described in terms of their position relative to the sea-level cycle: (i) the reefs prograde on the open-platform sediments during low stands of sea-level; (ii) aggradation of the lagoon, reef and open-platform facies dominates during sea-level rises, and the lagoonal beds onlap landwards upon the previous erosion surface; (iii) reefal progradation occurs during high stands of sea-level; and (iv) the 2-M sea-level fall produces an off-lapping reef and there is progradation with downward shifts of the reefal facies and erosion landward on the emerged (older) reefal units (A-erosion surfaces); the 3-M and 4-M sea-level falls produce only erosion (B-and C-erosion surfaces). Although precise age data do not exist at present, some speculations upon the frequency of these Miocene relative sea-level cycles can be made by comparisons with Pleistocene cyclicity. There is a good correlation between the Miocene 2-M cycles and the 100-ka Pleistocene cycles. Consequently, the 1-M cycles can be assigned to a fourth order in relation to previously proposed global cycles and the 2-M to fifth-order cycles. All these accretional units could be defined as ‘sequences’, according to the definition as commonly used in sequence stratigraphy. However, they represent higher than third-order sea-level cycles, but are not parasequences. The term subsequence, therefore, is suggested to define ‘a part of a sequence bounded by erosion surfaces (mostly subaerial) and their correlative conformities basinwards'. A hierarchy of subsequences can be established.     

Field setting,mineralogy, chemistry,and genesis of arc picrites,New Georgia,Solomon Islands

The field setting, petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry of a suite of picrite basalts and related magnesian olivine tholeiites (New Georgia arc picrites) from the New Georgia Volcanics, Kolo caldera in the active ensimatic Solomon Islands arc are presented. These lavas, with an areal extent in the order of 100² km and almost 1 km thick in places, are located close to the intersection of the Woodlark spreading zone with the Pacific plate margin. They contain abundant olivine (Fo_94-75) and diopside (Cr₂O₃ 1.1-0.4%, Al₂O₃ 1–3%), and spinels characterised by a large range in Cr/(Cr+Al) (0.85–0.46) and Mg/(Mg+ Fe⁺⁺) (0.65–0.1). The spinels are Fe⁺⁺⁺ rich, with Fe⁺⁺⁺/ (Fe⁺⁺⁺+Cr+Al) varying from 0.06 to 1.0. A discrete group of spinels with the highest Cr/(Cr+Al) (0.83–0.86) and lowest Fe⁺⁺⁺ contents are included in the most Mg-rich olivine (Fo_91–94) and both may be xenocrystal in origin.The lavas, which range between 10–28% MgO, define linear trends on oxide (element) — MgO diagrams and these trends are interpreted as olivine (0.9) clinopyroxene (0.1) control lines. For the reconstructed parent magma composition of these arc picrites, ratios involving CaO, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, Zr, V and Sc are very close to chondritic. REE patterns are slightly LREE — enriched ((La/Sm)^N 1.3–1.43) and HREE are flat. All lavas show marked enrichments in K, Rb, Sr, Ba, and LREE relative to MORB with similar MgO contents, but the TiO₂ content of the proposed parent magma is close to those of postulated primary MORB liquids. It is proposed that the arc parent magma was produced by partial melting of sub-oceanic upper mantle induced by the introduction of LILE — enriched hydrous fluids derived by dehydration and/or partial melting of subducted ocean crust and possibly minor sediments.     

Polymetallic Mineralization at the Shin-Ohtoyo Deposit, Harukayama District, Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract: The Shin-Ohtoyo Cu–Au deposit is located in the Harukayama district, 20 km west of Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. Both acid-type disseminated and adularia–quartz–type vein Au mineralizations have been recognized within a small distance of less than 500 m in the district. Mineralogical characteristics of sulfide ores from the Shin-Ohtoyo deposit have been proved to be polymetallic. Ore minerals containing Sn, V, Bi and Te are recognized. Nine ore types are recognized in terms of characteristic mineral assemblage; (1) chalcedonic quartz veinlets in silicified zone around the deposit, (2) bismuthinite, emplectite, friedrichite and tetrahedrite, (3) an unnamed Cu–Sn–Fe–Zn sulfide, colusite-series minerals, stannoidite, emplectite and tetrahedrite, (4) bournonite, Se-bearing galena and tetrahedrite, (5) luzonite/famatinite and Ag-bearing tetrahedrite, (6) colusite-series minerals, emplectite, aikinite and tetrahedrite/goldfieldite, (7) luzonite/famatinite, colusite-series minerals, mawsonite and tetra–hedrite/goldfieldite, (8) enargite, luzonite/famatinite and tetrahedrite, and (9) colusite-series minerals and tetrahedrite. The first occurrence of friedrichite and stibiocolusite from Japan are reported. The chemical formula of the unnamed phase corresponds to Cu₆(Cu, Fe, Zn)Sn₃S₁₀. Sulfur isotopic ratios (δ³⁴S) of sulfides from the stockpile range from –0. 5% to +1. 9%, and those from drill cores recovered by Metal Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ) vary from –2. 7% to +0. 8%. Sulfur isotopic ratio of barite in a cavity in the silicified tuff breccia collected from the stock pile yields +27. 1%, while that of barite collected from MMAJ core is +21. 7%. Sulfur isotopic thermometry applied for a pair of barite (+21. 7%) and associated pyrite (+1. 8%) indicates about 300°C. High–Te tetrahedrite composition from both the chalcedonic quartz vein in the silicified zone around the Shin-Ohtoyo deposit and the polymetallic sulfide ores from the adit of the deposit, suggests that the Au mineralization in the former is attributed to a hydrothermal system marginal to the polymetallic mineralization.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Determination of REE,Ba, Fe,Mg, Na and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites

Precise determination of REE and Ba abundances in three carbonaceous (Orgueil Cl, Murchison C2 and Allende C3) and seven olivine-bronzite chondrites were carried out by mass spectrometric isotope dilution technique. Replicate analyses of standard rock and the three carbonaceous chondrites demonstrated the high quality of the analyses (accuracies for REE are ±1–2 per cent). Certain carbonaceous chondrite specimens showed small positive irregularities in Yb abundance. The Yb ‘anomaly’ (approximately + 5 per cent relative to the average of 10 ordinary chondrites) in Orgueil may relate to high temperature components. The REE pattern of Guareña (H6) exhibits comparatively extensive fractionation (about factor 2) with a negative anomaly for Eu (17 ± 1 percent) compared to the average H chondrite. This could be interpreted in terms of extensive thermal metamorphism leading to melting.Apart from absolute abundance differences, there appears to be small but recognizable fractionation among the average relative REE abundances of Cl, E, H and L chondrites. However, individual chondrites within these groups showed more or less fractionated REE patterns relative to each other. The distinction between H and L chondrites was well demonstrated in Eu-Sm correlation curves and absolute abundance differences of REE and major elements.Si-normalized atomic ratios of the REE abundances in different kinds of chondrites to those in Orgueil (Cl) chondrite were 0.58 (E), 0.75 (H), 0.81 (L), 1.07 (C2) and 1.32 (C3).     

MORPHOLOGY, INTERNAL STRUCTURE, AND ORIGIN OF GLAUCONITE PELLETS

Glauconite pellets exhibit considerable variety in morphology and internal structure. Recognized morphological types are: (1) ovoidal or spheroidal; (2) tabular or discoidal; (3) mammillated; (4) ellipsoidal; (5) vermicular; (6) composite; and (7) fossil casts, internal molds, or replacements. Types of internal structures include: (1) random microcrystalline, (2) oriented microcrystalline, (3) micaceous, (4) organic (?) replacements, (5) coatings on detrital grains, and (6) fibroradiated rims. These characteristics can be used to interpret the origin and/or subsequent history of pellet types. Suggested origins include: (1) chemical precipitation, (2) expansion and alteration of detrital mica, (3) alteration of fecal pellets, (4) alteration of clay fillings of fossil tests, (5) mechanical aggregation, and (6) chemical replacement. Not all glauconite pellets exhibit diagnostic characteristics with regard to their genesis. Original morphologies may be obscured by abrasion (reworking) prior to final burial. Internal structures may be changed by recrystallization or other diagenetic processes. It is concluded that glauconite pellets have multiple origins. They can form from several different parent materials and by several different processes. Frequently, however, characteristics which might reveal the original nature of the pellets have been lost during reworking and diagenesis. Inasmuch as glauconite occurrences differ in kind and variety of pellets, recognition of pellet types and their distribution is potentially useful for stratigraphic correlation or environmental determinations.     

The Kalar Compex, Aldan-Stanovoi shield, an ancient anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite association: Geochronologic, geochemical, and isotopic-geochemical characteristics

The autonomous (massif-type) anorthosite massifs of the Kalar Complex (2623 ± 23 Ma) intrude high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Kurulta tectonic block at the junction of the Aldan and Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoi fold area. These rocks belong to the most ancient anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite (AMCG) magmatic association, whose origin was constrained to the Mesoproterozoic (1.8–1.1 Ga). The charnockites are typical high-potassium reduced granites like rapakivi, which affiliate with the A type. The Nd and Pb isotopic composition of these rocks suggests their predominantly crustal genesis, whereas the anorthosites were most probably produced by a mantle magma that was significantly contaminated by crustal material at various depth levels. The intrusions of the Kalar Complex were emplaced in a postcollision environment, with the time gap between the collisional event and the emplacement of these massifs no longer than 30 m.y. The southern Siberian Platform includes two definitely distinguished and spatially separated AMCG associations, which have different ages and tectonic settings: (i) the Late Archean (2.62 Ga) postcollision Kalar plutonic complex and (ii) the Early Proterozoic (1.74–1.70 Ga) anorogenic Ulkan-Dzhugdzhur volcano-plutonic complex.     

The Silent Lake Pluton,Ontario: a nodular,sedimentary, intrusive complex

The Precambrian Silent Lake pluton, Cardiff township, Ontario, consists of granitic rocks containing, in many localities, abundant quartz-sillimanite nodules.The intrusive form of the Pluton and massive character of most rocks suggests a magmatic origin. Lack of (a) sharp contacts, (b) apophyses, (c) contact metamorphism, (d) evidence of systematic magma evolution in the haplogranite system, (e) country-rock xenoliths, suggest non-magmatic origin. Polyhedral textures indicate annealing after emplacement. Bulk chemical composition, including very low Ca, low Mg, low Sr, high Sr/Ca indicate sedimentary (arkosic) origin. The rocks appear to be Hermon formation leptites mobilized and emplaced by ductile flow, followed by annealing.Structural, mineralogical, chemical and oxygen isotopic evidence indicate the nodules to have formed by deformation and de-alkalization of quartz-feldspar veins within the mobilized leptites.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.