基于总位移指标的反倾岩质边坡倾倒变形影响因子敏感性分析

为分析反倾边坡倾倒变形影响因子敏感性差异,本文采用数值模拟与灰色关联相结合的方法进行研究。首先将边坡几何特征参数、岩体物理力学参数、岩层力学参数定为反倾边坡第一级倾倒变形影响因子,并从各一级因子中进一步划分出边坡坡度、岩层倾角、岩层柔度等12个次级影响因子;然后对各二级影响因子分别选取11个水平数,并将12个二级影响因子、11级水平数随机组合成11套数值模拟方案,采用UDEC进行各方案数值模拟分析;最后采用灰色关联理论以坡顶倾倒变形水平位移为参考序列对12个二级影响因子进行关联度计算,并进一步分析出了3个一级影响因子敏感性大小。研究结果表明：（1）12个二级影响因子对倾倒变形影响最大的是岩层倾角;（2）三个一级影响因子中几何特征参数对倾倒变形影响最大,岩层层理力学参数对反倾边坡变形影响次之,岩块物理力学参数对反倾边坡变形影响最小。     

层状反倾-顺倾边坡倾倒变形形成条件及发育规模特征

以往研究中倾倒变形研究在反倾边坡较多而在顺倾边坡中很少,对两种不同结构的边坡形成倾倒体的异同点更是存在较多空白。在总结大量倾倒体实例基础上,对层状反倾和顺倾边坡倾倒变形形成条件及发育规模特征进行了详细研究。结果表明,顺倾边坡若发生倾倒,通常表现为坡高 100 m,边坡坡角 35°,岩层倾角 60°,岩性为薄层或薄层与中层互层的软岩、软硬相间的岩石;反倾边坡当坡角 30°及岩层倾角 30°就可能发生倾倒,其岩性为薄层～中厚层状的软岩、硬岩及具有似层状结构的坚硬岩石均可;提出层状岩质边坡“倾倒临界倾角 ”的概念,对于顺倾边坡, 60°,当 时边坡将可能产生倾倒破坏,当 时边坡通常产生顺层面的“滑移-弯曲”或“滑移-拉裂”型破坏;反倾边坡 30°,当 时边坡才可能演化成明显倾倒变形,当 时边坡不会倾倒或倾倒不明显;对于地质条件基本相同而坡体结构不同的两种边坡,反倾边坡形成的倾倒体无论是发育分布面积还是倾倒深度通常是大于顺倾边坡的,而且一旦形成倾倒体,二者的规模通常是深层的、大型或特大型的;倾倒体的分布面积和倾倒深度均呈现一种随坡高的增加而增加的趋势,坡高 250 m时其分布面积和倾倒深度表现为陡然增加,并且反倾边坡增加幅度大于顺倾边坡。     

反倾软硬互层岩质边坡倾倒变形破坏机理与影响因素研究

倾倒变形常见于反倾结构边坡,特别在具有软硬互层结构边坡中,甚至可发育为深度上百米的大型滑坡。为进一步探明此类反倾边坡倾倒变形的破坏机制,以及边坡形态结构及岩体力学参数等因素的影响规律,以离心模型试验为原型,结合离散元数值模拟,分析了倾倒变形的形成过程以及在外界扰动下的破坏机制。并通过单因素分析法、正交设计法等,研究了多种因素对反倾边坡倾例变形的影响,通过极差分析获得了各因素的敏感性。通过在岩层内预置大量多边形随机裂隙,数值模拟较好地实现了对破裂面起裂及延展规律的模拟。结果表明:离心模型试验可较好地还原倾倒变形过程,而离散元数值模拟则可对实验结果进行有效的重现与扩展,两者吻合度良好;岩体变形过程存在3个阶段,即起始变形、稳态变形和失稳破坏等阶段;破裂面呈弧形,在变形积累到一定程度后快速形成;边坡可自下而上形成多级破裂面,并伴随岩层的强烈弯曲变形,在外界扰动下,倾倒变形体将由外到内沿不同破裂面形成渐进后退式破坏;多种影响因素中,边坡形态结构影响最大,层面参数次之,软硬岩岩石力学参数的差异影响较小;具体而言,边坡形态与坡体结构对倾倒变形的影响性大小表现为坡角＞倾角＞坡高＞坡形＞层厚比＞层厚,坡角、倾角、坡高越大,坡形越外凸,软硬岩层厚差越小,倾倒变形越容易发生;边坡变形规模主要受形态结构因素控制,倾角和坡角影响最显著。     

Deep-seated toppling deformations of rock slopes in western China

Toppling is the foremost failure pattern of anaclinal rock slopes, and deep-seated toppling deformations (DSTDs) are common on high anaclinal slopes on the sides of gorges in western China. The DSTDs can develop to depths of more than 200 m, and may show distinct signs of zonal failure. Many DSTDs undergo transformation to large landslides involving rock volumes of more than 10⁶ m³. However, the conditions for the formation and the basic evolving processes of DSTDs remain unclear. This study seeks to develop an inventory to classify the distribution, and the conditioning factors which govern the formation and deformation modes of DSTDs in western China and to analyze the effect of the geological and geomorphological variables on the toppling intensities. To this end, forty-nine DSTDs were analyzed. The results indicate that DSTDs in western China are commonly distributed along large deeply incised rivers in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The steep-dip anaclinal metamorphic soft or soft-hard-interbedded strata with near parallel strikes in the river channel, V-shaped deeply incised river channels, and convex slopes are favorable conditions for the formation of DSTDs in these settings. The dip angle, the gradient, and the height of most slopes which develop DSTDs are 60–90°, 30–50°, and 200–800 m, respectively. There is a highly positive relationship between the depth of toppling and the height of the slope. The toppled rock masses can be classed as extremely intense, intense, moderate, and weak toppling zones characterized by complete block detachment, tensile-shear fracture, tensile fracture, and reverse slip along foliations, respectively. Each zone corresponds to a specific range of the dip angle of the toppled strata, the aperture of the tensile cracks, the P-wave velocity, the state of rock weathering, and the degree of unloading. The extremely intense and the intense toppling zones tend to evolve into sliding failures. Overall, 94% of the DSTDs were derived from flexural toppling and 33% have developed into large landslides.

     

反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒变形机理与影响因素的离散元模拟

为进一步研究层状反倾边坡的弯曲倾倒变形机制,以离心试验为原型,通过离散元数值模拟,研究了层状岩质反倾边坡的变形机理与影响因素。通过预置层内随机裂隙,实现了破裂面的形成和贯通。研究结果表明：模拟结果与试验吻合较好,边坡变形可分为起始蠕变、稳态变形和失稳破坏3个阶段;边坡破裂面在达到破坏荷载（G_f）后瞬间贯通,呈直线型,产状受岩层倾角控制,G_f值与坡角幂函数相关;反倾边坡的破坏需满足倾角和坡角启动条件,且变形破坏与岩层所受弯矩关系密切,当倾角为70°~80°、坡角大于60°时,最易破坏;典型破坏模式有倾倒-折断-块体式、倾倒-弯曲-折断式、倾倒-反折式3种,其受倾角、坡角组合控制;对材料参数的正交试验表明,各参数对G_f的敏感性从大到小依次为密度、层面内摩擦角、层厚、密度比、层面黏聚力,且G_f与层厚、层面内摩擦角及密度比具有良好的线性相关性;层面内摩擦角可影响破裂面产状,从而控制变形体规模,其他参数仅影响G_f的大小。     

反倾边坡影响倾倒稳定的几种因素探讨

倾倒破坏是岩石边坡主要的失稳类型之一,而分析岩石边坡倾倒破坏的极限平衡方法主要还是Goodman和Bray提出的G-B方法,尽管该方法采用的是一个比较理想化的模型,但其计算结果能够较好的反映出倾倒破坏的基本规律。本文主要讨论岩层倾角、厚度以及切坡角度对倾倒体稳定的影响。     

基于底摩擦试验的硬岩岩质边坡变形过程及破坏机制研究

针对不同倾向、不同倾角条件下,边坡变形破坏特征不同但缺乏相互对比分析研究的现状,在充分考虑硬岩岩质边坡变形破坏特征的基础上,配制硬岩相似材料,采用底摩擦试验方法,分析不同倾向、不同倾角边坡变形破坏模式,并借助PIVlab技术进行分析。结果表明:顺倾和反倾边坡变形破坏模式和破坏范围有明显区别。在45°坡度条件下,当顺倾边坡倾角由30°→45°→60°→80°转换时,变形破坏模式由滑移-拉裂→轻微滑移-弯曲（或滑移-剪切）→未有明显变形（整体稳定）→浅表部倾倒-拉裂逐渐演化。在45°坡度、反倾边坡条件下,变形破坏模式由岩层倾角30°和45°条件下无明显变形,逐渐向60°和80°条件下的倾倒-拉裂演化。当岩层倾角较陡时,反倾边坡破坏范围相对顺倾边坡更大,倾倒弯曲转折端更深。PIVlab结果反映出不同结构边坡条件下,不同位置的速度和位移矢量特征不同,且与宏观观察结果相吻合。研究成果能够为同类边坡的稳定性评价和治理设计提供一定参考。     

Cut Slope Design Recommendations for Sub-Horizontal Hard Sedimentary Rock Units in Ohio, USA

Although most cut slopes in Ohio consist of inter-layered, sub-horizontal units of hard and soft sedimentary rocks (sandstone, limestone, dolostone, shale, claystone, mudstone), slopes consisting of relatively thick hard rock units are not uncommon. Design of stable cut slopes in hard rock units needs to consider rock mass strength and orientation of discontinuities with respect to slope face. Results of kinematic stability analyses show that hard-rock cut slopes are less likely to have conventional plane and wedge failures, caused by unfavorable orientation of discontinuities. The main cause of failure is identified to be the undercutting-induced toppling, which is not amenable to traditional kinematic or rock mass strength-based analyses. Therefore, to recommend a suitable slope angle, numerical models, using UDEC software, were employed to study how various slope angles affect the process of undercutting-induced toppling failures. The UDEC models showed a slope angle of 45° (1H:1 V) to be the most stable angle. However, a 63° (0.5H:1 V) slope angle can significantly reduce the potential for such failures and is therefore more appropriate than the widely used angle of 76° (0.25H:1 V).     

基于离心机和数值模拟的软硬互层反倾层状岩质边坡变形特征分析

我国西部山区建设揭露了众多大型弯曲倾倒变形体,它们多具有软硬互层结构。为进一步探明软硬互层反倾岩质边坡的变形破坏规律,本研究融合大型土工离心机试验与自开发的可以综合考虑节理面拉剪和压剪破坏的Hoek-Brown与Mohr-Coulomb联合强度准则,对此类边坡进行试验与数值模拟分析。首先,结合监测点位移和应力曲线对边坡的变形破坏过程进行详述并验证了所提出的强度准则及所建立的数值模型的正确性;然后,基于此数值模型研究不同几何因素对此类边坡倾倒破坏特征的影响。结果表明:（1）节理单元采用Hoek-Brown与Mohr-Coulomb联合强度准则可以较准确地模拟软硬互层反倾边坡的层间错动以及岩层弯折;（2）此类坡体倾倒变形破坏全过程为:层间先出现相互错动,然后边坡自坡脚部位开始出现弯曲变形,随后坡体后缘出现拉张裂缝,与此同时边坡整体向临空面弯曲倾倒,最终形成2个或3个破坏面;（3）随着岩层倾角的增大,边坡一级破坏面逐渐向坡体深处发展;（4）随着硬/软岩层厚比的减小,坡顶竖向位移变小,且坡体滑动的整体性逐渐增强;（5）随着软/硬岩层厚比的增加,坡体破坏面逐渐由粗糙的“锯齿状”向平滑的“圆弧状”过渡。     

基于黏聚力裂缝模型的反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏模拟

反倾层状岩质边坡的倾倒破坏是一种常见的地质灾害。为探究开挖条件下反倾层状岩质边坡的倾倒破坏机制以及层间剪切强度、岩层厚度因素对破坏特征的影响,利用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立黏聚力裂缝模型（Cohesive Crack Model,CCM）,基于连续-离散方法,经参数标定和对比,建立反倾层状岩质边坡CCM,采用开挖并增重的方式诱发边坡倾倒破坏。数值模拟结果与古水水电站坝前倾倒变形体离心模型试验结果基本一致,验证了CCM的正确性。进一步,基于以上参数及模型,研究了反倾层状岩质边坡的破坏演化过程和应力分布特征,并探讨层间剪切强度对边坡倾倒破坏特征的影响。结果表明:坡体前缘首先发生局部折断,后缘出现明显拉裂缝,反倾岩层由下往上依次折断直至倾倒体中部（一级破裂面）。随后,坡体前缘的表层岩层被挤出,形成二级破裂面,最后一级破裂面扩展至坡体后缘,形成连通宏观的破裂面。最后,二级破裂面扩展至坡体中部,边坡完全倾倒破坏;破裂面基本沿层间法向应力峰值位置连线发育;层间剪切强度对边坡倾倒破坏特征具有显著的影响,随着层间剪切强度的增大,岩层初始折断位置逐渐降低,垮塌范围逐渐减小,破裂面倾角增大;坡体层厚越大,一级破裂面分布越深,垮塌区范围越大,坡体滑动的整体性越强。研究成果可为反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏的分析和监测提供有效计算方法及依据,为此类滑坡灾害的防治提供一定参考。     

Controls on Block Toppling Using a Three-Dimensional Distinct Element Approach

Analysis methods for block toppling are most commonly undertaken in two dimensions. This paper investigates the influence of discontinuity orientations on three-dimensional block toppling mechanisms using a three-dimensional distinct element code. The three-dimensional models allow one to kinematically appraise if toppling conditions derived for two-dimensional geometries can be extended into three dimensions. Two conceptual model geometries were considered in order to represent a road cut or open-pit bench. The first geometry examined a slope with fixed vertical lateral boundaries, while the second geometry assumed an unrestrained lateral slope as a model boundary condition. This “along-strike slope profile” of the models was found to play an important role in the failure mechanism and displacement direction. The dip direction and dip angle of the toppling, basal and lateral release discontinuities were varied one at the time using angular ranges of up to 30° from an assumed mutual orthogonal relationship. This made it possible for the influence and importance of each discontinuity set to be independently evaluated. The results are presented in a stereographic format with preliminary zones outlining discontinuity aspect combinations that potentially result in block toppling failures.     

Identification of deformation and failure characteristics in cataclinal slopes using physical modeling

This study investigates the deformation characteristics of cataclinal slopes in central Taiwan prior to landslide failure. Field surveys and physical model tests were performed to explain the gravitational deformation characteristics of cataclinal slopes under various conditions and to derive the deformation process and failure characteristics. The results show that the distribution of erosion gullies (different length of the slope mass), the extent of erosion (different thickness of the slope mass), the foliation dip angle, and the geological material critically affect the deformation of cataclinal slope masses in the study area. The results of physical model tests indicate that increasing the foliation dip angle, the thickness and the length of sliding mass, particle size (spacing between foliations) increases the depth of slope deformation. Foliation dip angle is the most critical factor that controls the deformation of slate slopes. When the cataclinal slopes reached maximum deformation, a shear failure and translational slide occurred within a short period. The deformation zone exhibited significant cracking at the scarp and the bulging of the slope toe, which facilitated the infiltration of surface water and groundwater, accelerating the deformation to failure.     

重庆市涪陵区厚层软硬相间岩体失稳模式

重庆市涪陵区厚层软硬相间公路高边坡的详细调查发现,不同的岩层产状,不同开挖方向其斜坡变形破坏模式不同。本文根据野外实例总结了不同岩层产状与开挖方向对应的破坏模式,平缓层状斜坡破坏方式有滑塌式崩塌、倾倒式崩塌和坠落式崩塌;中倾角层状斜坡破坏方式有顺层滑移和崩塌;高陡倾角层状斜坡坡破坏方式有滑移式崩塌和坠落式崩塌。表明斜坡变形破坏地质力学模式与斜坡岩体结构之间存在着密切的成生联系。通过对不同倾角的斜坡岩体破坏方式研究,可以达到系统评价预测斜坡稳定性的目的;通过公路开挖对不同产状岩层可能造成灾害的预期,可以采用不同的预防措施,避免大型灾害的发生。     

A toppled structure with sliding in the Siwalik Hills, midwestern Nepal

Not only the high mountainous regions but also the southern hilly regions of Nepal frequently suffer from landslides and debris flows. An interesting toppled structure with sliding was distinguished on an excavated slope facing the major highway in one such region, the Siwalik Hills. These hills are mostly composed of alternating beds of sandstones and mudstones of the Siwalik Group. A distinct contrast in the direction of dip of the strata was recognized on the excavated slope; the strata in the upper portion of the slope dipped southward, whereas those of the foot slope dipped northward. This indicated that toppling of strata had occurred. The northward direction of toppling and the angle and axis of rotation of the block were determined by examining the distribution of the attitudes of the strata.

Steeply dipping strata influenced by southward thrusting along the major tectonic line, contrasting rigidity between sandstone and mudstone, and rapid dissection by a river were the major causes of the toppling. The bottom surface of the toppled part dipped gently not only northward but also partially westward, showing that the toppled block slid westward after toppling. Evidence for tension cracking and scarplets on the top slope indicated that the block was still actively sliding.

Because steeply dipping sandstone and mudstone strata are widely distributed in the Siwalik Hills, similar structures are inferred to exist in many places. Therefore, the investigation of such slope structures is important, and their instability must be evaluated before road construction and excavation projects are carried out in Nepal.     

反倾岩坡倾倒变形结构面影响效应研究

为探究斜坡内赋存不同角度裂隙对反倾岩质斜坡倾倒变形影响效应,设计9组底摩擦试验,对比无裂隙、含一组陡裂隙和一陡一缓两组裂隙的3种类型试验,并研究不同裂隙角度对破裂面影响效应。研究发现:陡倾裂隙倾角的变化对岩坡变形及主破裂面形态有明显规律性影响,陡倾裂隙倾角越陡,发生倾倒破坏的初始破坏部位逐渐偏浅,破坏面积相对减小,破裂面从近直线型逐渐转变成近弧形;缓倾裂隙的赋存,使陡倾裂隙顺尖端开裂增长并且相互沟通形成贯通的破裂面过程更加快捷;主破裂面上覆层状岩体在倾倒变形时,会在其中部产生反向弯曲折断;通过定量分析,发现随着陡倾裂隙倾角增大,岩坡倾倒变形破坏幅度降低,而主破裂面无论是长度还是反映迹线复杂度的分维值亦随之降低。     

层状岩质边坡破坏模式及稳定性的数值分析

运用FLAC3D模拟层状岩质边坡的破坏模式,并采用强度折减法分析结构面倾角与稳定性之间的关系。结果表明:①水平层状边坡坡顶变形破坏早于坡面和坡脚,形成拉破坏区。当结构面倾角较小时,顺倾向层状边坡主要发生滑移破坏;当结构面倾角较大时,发生弯折-溃曲破坏。直立层状边坡主要发生弯曲-板间拉裂-塌落破坏。逆倾向层状边坡的破坏形式为对于小倾角为滑移破坏,对于陡倾角为倾倒破坏。②对于顺倾向边坡,整体安全系数随结构面倾角先减小后增大,呈现两头高、中间低的形态,在倾角为30°时安全系数最小;对于逆倾向边坡,曲线呈现增大-减小-增大的态势,并且大部分高于顺倾向边坡曲线,符合实际情况。③所采用的低强度弹塑性单元能够比较真实地模拟软弱结构面的变形。     

3D modeling of stratified and irregularly jointed rock slope and its progressive failure

Little has been published on the three-dimensional (3D) simulation of the progressive failure of rock slopes, possibly because the process of failure involves a complex, nonlinear evolution from initiation, through propagation and crack. In addition, rock is typically anisotropic, which makes it difficult to identify and describe the slope constituents and failure processes accurately. Despite such difficulties, further study of the fracture process is just as important as analyzing stress fields in 3D rock slope failures. In this paper, the 3D realistic failure process analysis code using finite element programming, and an extended version of numerical centrifugal method, is used to simulate slopes failure with different dip angles. The numerical centrifugal analysis results in this paper are found that the critical failure surface develops along the weak structural surface when the slope dip angle β is below 30°; conversely, the failure surface is formed along the toe of circular sliding when β is above 30°. In addition, it is also found that whether or not including the irregularity of joint into modeling to analyze the 3D slope stability problem will lead to a significant difference in factors of safety, it can reach 8.41 % at the same slope angle. Furthermore, the acoustic emission analyzing reveals deformed location characters of rock slope during the failure processes. With such capabilities, the approach contributes significantly to the in-depth study of the mechanisms of rock slope instability process.     

顺层岩质边坡开挖模型试验及稳定性影响因素分析

用地质力学模型试验方法,对顺层岩质边坡进行开挖破坏试验。同时在有限元分析的基础上,采用多层结构模型对顺层岩质路堑边坡稳定性的影响因素进行了分析。指出当边坡走向与岩层走向夹角超过30后,边坡发生顺层滑动破坏的可能性很小,基本上可不视为顺层边坡。同时也阐明了岩层倾角以及结构面抗剪强度对顺层岩质边坡稳定性的影响。文中结论可为顺层岩质边坡的科研、设计和施工提供参考。     

Stability Assessment of a Pit Slope Under Blast Loading: A Case Study of Pasir Coal Mine

In Pasir mine, coal seams and host rocks of varying thickness have been uniquely deposited with an average dip angle of 85°. The host rocks are weak and mainly composed of mudstone and sandstone comprising of 90–95% of the total pit volume. The thickness of coal seams and host rocks ranges from sub-metric to few tenths of meter. The overall safe pit slope angle was evaluated to be 27° for mining depth of 50–150 m. Several slopes failure incidents have occurred in the mine causing considerable disruption in production and monetary loss. It is envisaged that slope failures may be triggered due to blasting conducted in steeply dipping stratified deposit. In order to investigate the causes of slope failures, peak particle velocity (PPV) and accelerations at various locations from the blast site have been measured. In addition, finite element models of pit slope have been analyzed by applying static or gravity loading as well as blasting or dynamic loading. This paper elaborates the results of in situ measurements of ground vibration and numerical investigation and suggests possible causes of slope failures in Pasir mine.     

The relationship between slope gradient and lateritic cobble orientation with respect to shape, northwestern Taiwan

In situ investigations of lateritic cobble slopes have demonstrated that where the grain orientation is more uniform, the anisotropy is more obvious. Grain orientation will also affect the slope gradient and slope surface. The slope forms an escarpment when the intersection between the cobble orientation strike and the slope surface ranges between 90 and 180°. By contrast, there is a dip-slope geometry when the angle of intersection is 0°. The slope gradient increases and has an angle of 50 to 80° when the intersected angle ranges from 0 to 180°. The results indicate a positive relationship between these two factors. The slope grade will increase when the disk and bladed grain shape of the cobbles increase their percentage relative to the material composition. On the other hand, the slope gradient decreases when the proportion of equant and roller grain shapes of cobble increase in the composition.