2019年3月大气环流和天气分析

2019年3月大气环流的主要特征是极涡偏强且呈单极型分布,中高纬环流呈三波型分布,东亚槽偏东偏弱,导致弱冷空气频繁影响我国且路径偏东,西太平洋副热带高压强度较常年偏强,南支槽强度较常年偏弱但短波活跃,与频繁南下的东路冷空气交汇造成江南华南降雨显著偏多。3月全国平均气温为5.6℃,较常年同期（4.1℃）偏高1.5℃;全国平均降水量为30.0 mm,接近常年同期（29.5 mm）。月内我国出现1次全国强冷空气过程;南方地区有7次区域性暴雨天气过程;北方地区有1次沙尘天气过程;3月强对流天气过程频繁,江西、广东、广西、湖南等省(区)多地遭受风雹袭击。     

2018年3月大气环流和天气分析

2018年3月大气环流的主要特征是极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬环流呈3波型,西太平洋副热带高压强度较常年偏弱,南支槽强度与常年相当。3月全国平均气温7.0℃,较常年同期（4.1℃）偏高2.9℃,为1961年以来同期最高;全国平均降水量29.4 mm,接近常年同期（29.5 mm）。月内我国中东部地区出现1次全国中等（南方强）冷空气过程,1次北方强冷空气过程;南方地区有5次主要降水过程;北方地区有3次沙尘天气过程;江西、湖北、湖南和广西等省(区)局地遭受风雹袭击。     

2012年3月大气环流和天气分析

2012年3月大气环流主要特征是:北半球极涡呈多极型分布,强度较常年同期略偏强;中高纬度环流呈4波型分布,中低纬地区南支槽略偏强,有利西南暖湿空气向我国的输送;西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱。3月全国平均气温为3.5℃,比常年同期(3.8℃)略偏低0.3℃。全国平均降水量为31.4 mm,较常年同期(28.9 mm)偏多8.7%。月内我国出现了3次主要的冷空气过程,北方出现今年首次沙尘天气过程,南方持续低温阴雨天气。     

2017年5月大气环流和天气分析

2017年5月大气环流的主要特征是极涡偏强且呈单极型分布,中高纬环流呈多波型,西太平洋副热带高压强度较常年偏强,南支槽强度较常年偏弱。5月全国平均气温17.1℃,较常年同期偏高0.9℃,为1961年以来第4高;全国平均降水量59.4 mm,比常年同期（69.5 mm）偏少14.5%,但5月7日广州出现破历史极值的极端强降水。月内我国南方地区有5次区域性暴雨天气过程;北方出现极端高温过程;东北西部、华北等地发生严重气象干旱;北方地区有2次沙尘天气过程。     

2018年4月大气环流和天气分析

2018年4月大气环流的主要特征是极涡偏强且呈偶极型分布,中高纬环流呈4波型,西太平洋副热带高压强度较常年偏弱,南支槽强度较常年偏强。4月全国平均气温12.4℃,较常年同期偏高1.4℃;全国平均降水量43.6 mm,比常年同期（44.7 mm）偏少2.5%。月内我国有3次冷空气过程,其中2—7日为一次全国性强冷空气过程,造成大范围剧烈降温和雨雪天气;北方地区出现5次沙尘过程;南方地区出现3次暴雨过程,其中22—24日的暴雨过程给长江中下游地区造成严重的暴雨洪涝灾害。     

2021年3月大气环流和天气分析

2021年3月大气环流呈双极型分布,中高纬环流为三波型,东亚大槽偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压强度与常年相当。3月全国平均气温为6.6℃,较常年同期(4.1℃)偏高2.5℃,为1961年以来同期第二高。全国降水量为27.8 mm,较常年同期(29.5 mm)偏少6%。本月有3次大范围沙尘天气过程,较常年偏强偏多,其中13—18日为近十年我国最强沙尘天气过程。强对流天气偏少,仅月底在长江流域发生一次强对流天气过程。月内冷空气偏弱,仅于15—17日发生一次中等强度冷空气过程。云南等地干旱持续,华南干旱开始发展。     

2017年4月大气环流和天气分析

2017年4月大气环流的主要特征是极涡呈偶极型分布,强度偏弱,中高纬环流呈4波型分布,西太平洋副热带高压强度较常年偏强,南支槽强度与常年相当。4月全国平均气温为12.0℃,较常年同期偏高1.0℃;全国平均降水量为44.0 mm,较常年同期偏少2%。月内出现1次全国大范围较强冷空气过程;南方多降水天气,共出现3次区域性暴雨天气;北方出现2次扬沙天气;多省(区、市)局地遭遇风雹灾害。     

2012年10月大气环流和天气分析

2012年10月环流特征如下:北半球高纬度地区为单一极涡,强度较常年同期偏弱,中高纬环流呈现4波型,欧亚地区中高纬环流经向度较常年偏大,南支槽偏强,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱.10月,全国平均降水量为29.1 mm,比常年同期(36.9 mm)偏少18.9％,全国平均气温为10.3℃,与常年同期(10.3℃)持平.月内,冷空气活动频繁,先后有4次冷空气过程影响我国;受台风山神影响,我国华南地区出现一次强降水过程;西南地区阴雨寡照天气及华南秋旱天气持续,在中下旬均有所好转;我国中东部大部地区出现雾霾天气;个别地区出现低温冰冻、局地洪涝及风雹灾害.     

2018年5月大气环流和天气分析

2018年5月大气环流的主要特征是北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,强度偏强;中高纬环流呈三波型,欧亚环流经向度不大;西太平洋副热带高压偏强,南支槽强度比常年略偏弱。全国平均气温为17.1℃,较常年同期（16.2℃）偏高0.9℃,全国平均降水量73.1 mm,较常年同期（69.5 mm）偏多5.2%。月内,我国南方地区出现7次大范围强降雨天气过程,且多省遭受风雹袭击,局部地区受灾较重。此外,东北地区发生干旱,下旬有所缓和;中下旬江南、华南地区出现持续高温天气;北方地区出现2次沙尘天气过程。     

2017年2月大气环流和天气分析

2017年2月大气环流的主要特征是极涡偏强且呈单极偏心型分布,中高纬环流呈3波型,西太平洋副热带高压强度接近常年,南支槽强度较常年偏弱。2月全国平均气温0℃,较常年同期偏高1.7℃;全国平均降水量14.4 mm,比常年同期（17.4 mm）偏少17.1%。2月我国有两次强冷空气过程;3次降水过程,其中新疆出现了一次暴雪过程,日降水量打破历史极值;中东部出现两次雾 霾天气。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.