江西省极端降水分类及特征分析

利用多种观测及再分析资料对江西省极端降水过程进行统计分类和天气学分析。采用百分位法、广义极值法对比计算江西省极端降水强度阈值标准,分析江西省极端降水事件的空间分布特征,筛选出2010—2019年江西省极端降水的典型过程,并进行天气学成因分析。结果表明：1） 江西省各站极端降水强度阈值空间分布差异较大,由西南向东北逐步增加,具有非常明显的地域性特征;2） 江西省典型极端降水过程发生在夏季（6—8月）,主要分为梅雨锋、强台风、西北气流类;3） 江西省梅雨锋类极端降水占典型极端降水过程的70%,该类极端降水具有稳定的大尺度环流形势,主要表现为南亚高压北跳至25°N以北,阻塞高压异常偏强,东北冷涡发展,副热带高压与大陆高压相结合,配合天气尺度稳定的切变线以及异常的西南暖湿气流,形成持续的水汽输送及异常的垂直上升运动中心。     

闽中北短时暴雨概念模型

通过对福建中北部35个站1994～2001年97次暴雨过程的环流背景、影响系统等进行分析,将天气类型分为冷式切变(或槽)影响型、西南气流影响型、副高型(Ⅰ～Ⅱ型),归纳总结了各天气型的雷达回波源地、加强区域、路径、演变及降水特征,建立了天气图等常规资料与雷达回波资料相结合的闽中北短时暴雨3种概念模型。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型的降水强度总体相差不很大,有西南风急流比没有时降水强,Ⅱ型尤其明显,Ⅲ型降水强度最弱、持续时间最短。     

Future heat vulnerability in California, Part I: projecting future weather types and heat events

Excessive heat significantly impacts the health of Californians during irregular but intense heat events. Through the 21st century, a significant increase in impact is likely, as the state experiences a changing climate as well as an aging population. To assess this impact, future heat-related mortality estimates were derived for nine metropolitan areas in the state for the remainder of the century. Here in Part I, changes in oppressive weather days and consecutive-day events are projected for future years by a synoptic climatological method. First, historical surface weather types are related to circulation patterns at 500mb and 700mb, and temperature patterns at 850mb. GCM output is then utilized to classify future circulation patterns via discriminant function analysis, and multinomial logistic regression is used to derive future surface weather type at each of six stations in California. Five different climate model-scenarios are examined. Results show a significant increase in heat events over the 21st century, with oppressive weather types potentially more than doubling in frequency, and with heat events of 2?weeks or longer becoming up to ten times more common at coastal locations.     

A study of weather types at Athens and Thessaloniki and their relationship to circulation types for the cold-wet period, part I: two-step cluster analysis

This paper presents a method for grouping weather types that occur over an area, which combines meteorological parameters, reflecting air mass characteristics at the surface, with synoptic conditions prevailing over an area. Five quantitative meteorological parameters are used in the procedure: temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind velocity and sunshine duration. In addition, two qualitative variables related to the prevailing circulation type and whether it is cyclonic or anticyclonic are also included. The study period is 43 years (1958–2000) and is restricted to the cold and wet sub-period of the year, December–March. Weather types are defined using a relatively new method of cluster analysis, two-step cluster analysis, which allows the simultaneous use of both quantitative and qualitative variables. The aim of the present study is to distinguish primary weather patterns so that the investigation into the relationship between weather patterns and circulation types will be more effective. For Athens, six weather types are created, whereas for Thessaloniki five are produced. For both stations, only two weather types are related to anticyclonic situations. The majority of the identified weather types correspond to a distinctive and well-defined synoptic situation. Each weather type differs from the others, not only in terms of the circulation conditions referring to it, but also with reference to meteorological variables such as temperature and precipitation. The results of the evaluation of the aforementioned procedure are considered to be highly satisfactory.     

乌鲁木齐市冬季严重污染日的环流分型特征

根据2000-2008年冬季逐日08时高空500 hPa、地面天气图和官方网站发布的乌鲁木齐市逐日大气污染指数API值,分析了全市大气污染概况及季节分布、月际变化特征,研究了环流形势对全市空气质量的影响。结果表明：影响乌鲁木齐市的环流形势分为高空7型和地面5型,分析各型环流形势与冬季严重污染日相关性;最易引发冬季严重污染的环流形势是高空脊中型、地面低压型,其次为脊前型或空档型、地面高压后型。     

基于CRA技术的华南前汛期强降水EC模式预报误差分析

利用CRA空间检验技术对ECMWF模式36 h时效预报的2016—2018年华南前汛期(4—6月)69个降水目标进行了检验及误差统计分析,并将预报落区偏差相似个例的环流形势及天气尺度影响系统进行了分析。(1) 87% 的强降水目标存在明显落区预报偏差,最大偏差为2.75 °。偏差以经向偏差为主,其中偏北的目标多于偏南的目标,平均偏北0.6 °;无系统性纬向偏差。(2) 模式预报的降水面积较实况偏大的个例多。(3) 不同降水落区预报偏差类型月份分布、对应的环流特征与天气尺度影响系统具有一定的差异性。4月各偏差类型出现的频次相当,5月以西北型个例为主,6月东北型个例最多。西北型个例天气尺度影响系统以长波槽或东北冷涡、冷式切变线为主,西南型、东北型个例主要受南支波动与中纬度短波槽影响,低层低涡、冷、暖式切变线等出现的频次差不多。通过降水预报落区偏差较大和较小的个例对比分析,表明模式强降水落区预报偏差可能与对流组织化发展程度以及暖区是否存在有利于对流发展条件等有关。      

HEAVY PRECIPITATION IN HONG KONG, 1951-2000*

Daily precipitation amounts greater than 50 mm from 1951 to 2000 in Hong Kong were analyzed to determine their seasonal and annual frequencies.A total of 627 extreme rainfall days happened and 334 (53.27%) days occurred in summer.Non significant increasing trends for annual precipitation and number of heavy rain days were detected.Daily surface weather maps were used to identify the synoptic weather types producing the heavy rainfall.It was discovered that tropical cyclone and low pressure induced most of the heavy precipitation.Seven out of twelve years with counts of heavy rain days over fifteen coincided with E1 Nino events.     

热带气旋影响下浙江省强降水过程延伸期预报研究

利用2000—2011年NCEP/NCAR水平风场逐日再分析资料以及浙江省逐日降水量资料,基于低频天气图工具,识别出3种与浙江省台风强降水过程相对应的典型低频大气环流型。通过合成分析,划分了与C型环流场和C+SN型环流场相适配的天气关键区。进而结合历史个例,研究了台风强降水期间关键区内低频系统的活动特征,初步建立了热带气旋影响下浙江省强降水过程预报模型,并提出依据模型开展延伸期过程预报的基本思路。对2012年的回报结果表明,模型表现出较好的性能,并针对强降水过程延伸期预报中需要解决的问题,提出了若干思考与建议。     

A study of weather types at Athens and Thessaloniki and their relationship to circulation types for the cold-wet period, part II: discriminant analysis

A discriminant analysis is applied in order to determine the relationships between circulation types in the middle troposphere and prevailing weather types over two major Greek cities, Athens and Thessaloniki. In order to describe the synoptic conditions, an automatic classification scheme for the Greek region is used. For each circulation type identified (14 in total), several meteorological parameters at the 500 hPa level are calculated such as geopotential heights and their anomalies, temperature and relative vorticity. Weather group-types that reflect the conditions at the surface, were previously defined using a two-step cluster analysis. These types result from a combination of five meteorological parameters—maximum temperature, precipitation amount, relative humidity, wind velocity and sunshine duration. The study period is 43 years long (1958–2000) and is restricted to the cold and wet period of the year, from December until March. For Athens, six weather types are developed, whereas for Thessaloniki five are produced. By means of a stepwise discriminant analysis (DA) model, the most important variables from the 500 hPa level are found and are used to generate the necessary functions that can discriminate weather types over the two stations. The aim of the present study is first to discriminate weather types effectively and to identify the most important discriminating variables, and second, to connect these weather types to elements of the prevailing synoptic pattern, through mathematical functions provided by DA. The results of the evaluation of the aforementioned procedure are considered to be very satisfactory.     

不同类型华南暖区暴雨过程的环流特征

在对34年华南暖区暴雨的筛选和客观分类研究的基础上,继续深入研究不同类型暖区暴雨的环流特征与对流发生环境变量特征的异同。主要结果如下:大部分切变线型、低涡型和回流型暖区暴雨个例的环境场斜压性较强,其中回流型暖区暴雨在关键区斜压性最强,而南风型暖区暴雨个例的环境场斜压性相对较弱;所有类型暖区暴雨发生时对流层中高层的中纬度基本为平直西风气流控制,降水区主要位于西风带短波槽槽前,低层均有低空急流的影响。各类暖区暴雨的主要差异在于高层南亚高压、中层短波槽和副热带高压的位置和强度差异以及低层低空急流的位置、强度、风向和水汽输送条件的不同。切变线型暖区暴雨发生时0～3 km垂直风切变最强,低涡型暖区暴雨对流有效位能最大,两类南风型暖区暴雨的动力和热力强迫都较弱,对其发生发展机理需要开展更深入研究。     

基于迁移CNN的江淮持续性强降水环流分型

利用新建的1981—2018年区域持续性强降水个例集、1981—2018年中国逐日降水量及NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料,运用江淮地区持续性强降水典型模态个例样本及残差神经网络（CNN）,通过迁移学习分步训练建立针对江淮强降水的环流客观分型模型;并运用该模型对1981—2015年全国持续性强降水个例的环流进行客观分型,比较其与相似量（R）分型、余弦相似系数（COS）分型的效果,且对2016—2018年逐日环流进行客观识别与分型。结果表明:迁移CNN在拟合准确率达到100%后,测试集损失函数很快稳定,准确率较高,比R分型、COS分型效果好。在强降水客观分型中,迁移CNN所得各型与典型模态降水之间的相关系数远高于R分型、COS分型,其中不一致型个例分析表明迁移CNN所得各型与典型模态降水间的相关系数明显高于R分型、COS分型。在独立样本分型中,迁移CNN所得各型与典型模态降水的相关系数也均高于R分型、COS分型,且对非持续性强降水环流分型也存在一定的识别能力。     

Euro-Atlantic circulation types and modes of variability in winter

Extra-tropical atmospheric circulation variability is addressed in this study using two complementary approaches: circulation types and modes of variability. Principal component analysis (PCA) in T- and S-modes has been used to estimate the features. An objective synoptic classification of Euro-Atlantic atmospheric circulation is described. Eight circulation types have been identified and described in terms of their spatial features, mean frequency and lifetime, transitions and trends. The most persistent type is connected with the presence of a ridge over the British Isles and Iceland, while the less persistent type is related to a tilted ridge west of the continent. Increases in the persistence of some circulation types such as the Scandinavian and the Euro-Atlantic blockings and a ridge with axis over Western Europe have been found in the 1990s. Data from two independent re-analyses are used to test the robustness of the results. The main differences between the two datasets have been found in the distribution of events as a function of their duration. In a second step, the main modes of variability over the Euro-Atlantic area have been identified using daily data. An analysis of the relationship between these modes and the circulation types suggests that specific circulation types shift the phases of certain modes of variability.     

四川省两次区域性寒潮天气过程对比分析

本文利用NCEP 1°×1°逐6小时再分析资料和实况观测资料,运用天气分析和物理量诊断的方法,对四川省两次冬季区域性寒潮天气过程进行了对比分析,结果表明:(1)两次过程均属于中亚横槽型寒潮(N型),前期欧亚中高纬度地区环流径向度加大,乌拉尔山阻高强烈发展,后期横槽转竖东移引导冷空气南下,南下冷空气与南支槽前西南气流交汇入侵四川盆地,造成寒潮过程;(2)过程发生前,盆地大部地区基础温度较历史同期偏高,利于气温进一步下降;(3)西南急流能够将水汽不断向盆地内输送,连续的降水对气温下降起到了加强作用,是造成强降温的原因之一;(4)850hPa强冷平流是寒潮过程的关键因素,冷平流的移动路径和强度中心与过程降温地区有很好的对应。      

淮河下游初夏小时内降水分级与雷达信息特征

利用淮河下游盐城市多普勒天气雷达和雷达扫描范围内建湖县降水量资料,对2008年6月的6次小时内三等级降水过程进行环流背景和局地雷达信息特征分析,其中对不同等级降水又给出夜雨及午后雨降水日变化分类。在环流背景基础上,通过综合分析对应各级各类降水的多普勒天气雷达降水回波的滤波强度分布特征,以及相应时空的雷达径向风场沿体扫倾斜面的分布结构,归纳出小时内降水量级的动力信息特征。在两类主导性天气尺度环流背景下,局地雷达要素空间分布特征为：同等量级降水,夜间的平均回波强度明显弱于白天;上游补充回波范围指示降水连续性质;上游长而强的回波带支持下一小时短时强降水;沿经建湖的局地雷达倾斜体扫半径剖面, 径向风的风向风速辐合中心的高度越低,辐合层次越宽厚,对应的降水级别越大;在同等降雨量级中,沿倾斜的体扫半径的局地风速强切变,通过上下动量传递和水汽混合,维持着更强的降水。     

湖北省梅雨期特大暴雨的环流分析和概念模型

通过对湖北省梅雨期２７例非局地特大暴雨资料的分析，概括了天气尺度、次天气尺度系统的一般特征和作用；采用动态分析方法，归纳出两类基本环流型；结合物理量场的分析，建立了强锋区和暖涡旋两类典型特大暴雨系统的概念模型。     

湘潭市大雾的时空分布特征及其发生的天气形势分类

利用1959—2012年湘潭3个观测站资料,采用线性倾向估计、普查分析等方法,研究了湘潭市大雾的时空分布特征并将大雾发生的天气形势进行分类。结果表明:全市大雾年平均日数为18.9天,辖区内湘乡最多(25.7天),韶山最少(11.8天)。所辖3站的大雾日数整体均呈逐年增加的趋势,变化速率在1.13天/10a~2.42天/10a,1977—2002年为大雾多发时期;20世纪90年代以前每年代以4~6天的趋势递增,进入21世纪后年大雾日数呈下降趋势。湘潭连续大雾天气过程最长持续时间为12 d,80%的连续大雾为2 d。低空有下沉逆温、地面有辐射逆温,是连续大雾产生的重要条件。形成大雾的500 h Pa形势场特征主要有NW型(槽后西北气流型),SW—NW型(低槽过境型),W型(持续平直气流型),SW型(槽前西南气流型),NW—W型(由脊转槽型)等5种;地面形势主要有两种类型:一种是地面上受小高压控制或处于均匀场中,另一种为地面高压底后部、低压倒槽中或弱冷锋前。     

造成北京PM10重污染的二类典型天气形势

利用北京空气质量监测资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了北京发生PM10重污染的天气形势。研究表明:1)虽然北京地区PM10重污染(API指数3级以上)每年只有10 d左右,但与之关联的轻微或轻度空气污染(API指数3级)天数,却可能占全年3级污染总天数的40%-50%。因此,分析研究造成北京PM10重污染的天气形势,对于空气污染的预警预报以及污染源的控制和管理,都具有十分重要意义。2)通过海平面气压场的主观分析,确定了二类北京PM10重污染的典型天气形势,即高压南下东移阻滞型和与北上台风(或热带低压)相关联的弱高压控制型,并指出了后者在2008年奥运会期间,对开展北京空气污染预报和污染控制的指导作用。     

The Little Ice Age climate of New Zealand reconstructed from Southern Alps cirque glaciers: a synoptic type approach

Little Ice Age (LIA) austral summer temperature anomalies were derived from palaeoequilibrium line altitudes at 22 cirque glacier sites across the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Modern analog seasons with temperature anomalies akin to the LIA reconstructions were selected, and then applied in a sampling of high-resolution gridded New Zealand climate data and global reanalysis data to generate LIA climate composites at local, regional and hemispheric scales. The composite anomaly patterns assist in improving our understanding of atmospheric circulation contributions to the LIA climate state, allow an interrogation of synoptic type frequency changes for the LIA relative to present, and provide a hemispheric context of the past conditions in New Zealand. An LIA summer temperature anomaly of ?0.56 °C (±0.29 °C) for the Southern Alps based on palaeo-equilibrium lines compares well with local tree-ring reconstructions of austral summer temperature. Reconstructed geopotential height at 1,000 hPa (z1000) suggests enhanced southwesterly flow across New Zealand occurred during the LIA to generate the terrestrial temperature anomalies. The mean atmospheric circulation pattern for summer resulted from a crucial reduction of the ‘HSE’-blocking synoptic type (highs over and to the west of NZ; largely settled conditions) and increases in both the ‘T’- and ‘SW’-trough synoptic types (lows passing over NZ; enhanced southerly and southwesterly flow) relative to normal. Associated land-based temperature and precipitation anomalies suggest both colder- and wetter-than-normal conditions were a pervasive component of the base climate state across New Zealand during the LIA, as were colder-than-normal Tasman Sea surface temperatures. Proxy temperature and circulation evidence were used to corroborate the spatially heterogeneous Southern Hemisphere composite z1000 and sea surface temperature patterns generated in this study. A comparison of the composites to climate mode archetypes suggests LIA summer climate and atmospheric circulation over New Zealand was driven by increased frequency of weak El Niño-Modoki in the tropical Pacific and negative Southern Annular Mode activity.     

近6年陕甘宁三省5—9月短时强降水统计特征

利用2005—2010年5—9月加密自动气象站1 h降水资料对陕甘宁三省不同强度短时强降水时空分布特征、天气学概念模型以及物理量特征进行研究,结果表明:短时强降水在陕甘宁三省存在4个活跃区和3个不活跃区;7—8月是短时强降水的多发期,两大峰值出现在7月下旬和8月中旬,日变化呈双峰分布,1 h降水量≥30 mm的短时强降水具有夜间多发性;通过典型个例的综合分析,建立了低槽-副高型、低涡-远距离台风型、两高切变型3类短时强降水概念模型;从物理量场来看,3类短时强降水均具有丰富的水汽和不稳定层结 (能量)、高于发生冰雹的0℃层高度、较厚的暖云厚度,且均发生在弱风切变环境中;低槽-副高型最为典型,其抬升凝结高度最高,500 hPa与850 hPa假相当位温差Δθ_se、抬升指数,K指数,对流有效位能量值最低,短时强降水发生频次高,1 h降水量大多在25 mm以内。低涡-远距离台风型水汽条件最好,深厚湿区、次天气尺度Ω系统和较低的抬升凝结高度使短时强降水发生范围最广,强度更强。两高切变型降水强度最大、持续时间最短并具有突发性, 其Δθ_se、抬升指数、K指数、对流有效位能最高,0～3 km垂直风切变最强,对流性特征明显,特别是强天气威胁指数接近300,强降水发生的同时往往伴有雷暴。     

福州市空气高污染与气象条件关系

利用地面天气图、高空天气图、地面气象要素资料,统计分析了2003-2007年福州市41个空气高污染过程与天气系统以及地面气象要素间的关系,得出冬季、春季和夏秋季福州市空气高污染发生时主要的天气形势,并对地面气象要素与高污染过程的关系进行了半定量分析,得出福州市空气高污染过程的一些天气概念模型和气象要素指标。